AKN-028
CAS 1175017-90-9
Chemical Formula: C17H14N6
Molecular Weight: 302.33
N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-5-pyridin-4-yl-pyrazine-2,3-diamine
N2-(1H-indol-5-yl)-6-(pyridin-4-yl)pyrazine-2,3-diamine
- Originator Swedish Orphan Biovitrum
- Developer Akinion Pharmaceuticals
- Class Antineoplastics; Small molecules
- Mechanism of Action Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitors; Proto oncogene protein c-kit inhibitors
- Phase I/II Acute myeloid leukaemia
- 01 Mar 2016 Akinion Pharmaceuticals terminates phase I/II trial in Acute myeloid leukaemia in Czech Republic, Poland, Sweden and United Kingdom (NCT01573247)
- 17 Sep 2015 AKN 028 is still in phase I/II trials for Acute myeloid leukaemia in Czech Republic, Poland and Sweden
- 09 Apr 2014 AKN 028 is still in phase I/II trials for Acute myeloid leukaemia in Czech Republic, Poland and Sweden
AKN-028, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is a potent FMS-like receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitor (IC(50)=6 nM), causing dose-dependent inhibition of FLT3 autophosphorylation. Inhibition of KIT autophosphorylation was shown in a human megakaryoblastic leukemia cell line overexpressing KIT. In a panel of 17 cell lines, AKN-028 showed cytotoxic activity in all five AML cell lines included. AKN-028 triggered apoptosis in MV4-11 by activation of caspase 3. In primary AML samples (n=15), AKN-028 induced a clear dose-dependent cytotoxic response (mean IC(50) 1 μM). However, no correlation between antileukemic activity and FLT3 mutation status, or to the quantitative expression of FLT3, was observed. Combination studies showed synergistic activity when cytarabine or daunorubicin was added simultaneously or 24 h before AKN-028. In mice, AKN-028 demonstrated high oral bioavailability and antileukemic effect in primary AML and MV4-11 cells, with no major toxicity observed in the experiment. (source: Blood Cancer J. 2012 Aug 3;2:e81. doi: 10.1038/bcj.2012.28.)
SYN
WO 2013/089636
Clip
Development of a Synthesis of Kinase Inhibitor AKN028
The novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor AKN028 has demonstrated promising results in preclinical trials. An expedient protocol for the synthesis of the compound at kilogram scale is described, including an SNAr reaction with high regioselectivity and a Suzuki coupling. Furthermore, an efficient method for purification and removal of residual palladium is described.
yellow or faint-orange powder. Mp 300 °C (dec.);
IR 3133 broad, 1689, 1597, 1554, 1480 cm–1; 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 11.01 (s, 1H), 8.62–8.50 (m, 2H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.89–7.82 (m, 2H), 7.39 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (t, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (s, 2H), 6.42 (dd, J1 = 8.7 Hz, J2 = 2.0 Hz, 1H);
13C NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 149.9, 145.2, 145.0, 139.6, 132.8, 132.4, 132.2, 128.4, 127.6, 125.6, 118.7, 116.1, 111.2, 111.0, 101.0.
PATENT
WO 2009095399
PATENT
WO 2013089636
https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2013089636A1/ko
Protein kinases are involved in the regulation of cellular metabolism, proliferation, differentiation and survival. The FLT-3 (fms-like tyrosine kinase) receptor is a member of the class III subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases and has been shown to be involved in various disorders such as haematological disorders, proliferative disorders, autoimmune disorders and skin disorders.
In order to function effectively as an inhibitor, a kinase inhibitor needs to have a certain profile regarding its target specificity and mode of action. Depending on factors such as the disorder to be treated, mode of administration etc. the kinase inhibitor will have to be designed to exhibit suitable properties. For instance, compounds exhibiting a good plasma stability are desirable since this will provide a pharmacological effect of the compounds extending over time. Another example is oral administration of the inhibitor which may require that the inhibitor is transformed into a prodrug in order to improve the bioavailability.
WO 2009/095399 discloses pyrazine compounds acting as inhibitors of protein kinases, especially FTL3, useful in the treatment of haematological disorders, proliferative disorders, autoimmune disorders and skin disorders. This document discloses methods for manufacturing such compounds. However these methods are not suitable for large scale processes and the chemical yields are moderate. Furthermore, the compounds obtained by these methods are in amorphous form.
n one aspect of the invention, there is provided a process for preparing a compound of formula (I)
said process comprises the steps of:
a) reacting a compound of formula (1) with a compound of formula (2) in an inert solvent and in the presence of an (C1-6alkyl)3amine, providing a compound of formula (3):
, b) Suzuki coupling of a compound of formula (3) and a compound of formula (4) in an inert solvent and in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a base, providing a crude product comprising a compound of formula (I) and palladium
and
c) removing the palladium from the crude product in step b).
The compound of formula (I) may be obtained in amorphous or crystalline form using the processes outlined below.
Step 1:
Reaction of 2-amino-3,5-dibromopyrazine (1) and 5-aminoindole (2) in a
nucleophilic substitution reaction in the presence of a C1-6alkylamine and an inert polar solvent yields 3-bromo-N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-pyrazine-2,3-diamine (3). Examples of inert polar solvents are DMSO, water and NEP. Examples of (C1-6alkyl)3amine are triethylamine, trimethylamine and tributylamine. The reaction may be performed at reflux temperature or at about 100-130°C.
Step 2:
A Suzuki coupling of 3-bromo-N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-pyrazine-2,3-diamine) (3) and 4- pyridyl-boronic acid (4) in an inert polar solvent in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a base yields N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-5-pyridin-4-yl-pyrazine-2,3-diamine (I) in amorphous form. Examples of inert solvents are DMF, water and DMA. Examples of palladium catalysts are Pd(dppf) and Pd(OAc)2-DTB-PPS. Example of a base is
K2CO3 The reaction may be performed under inert and oxygen-free atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon.
Heating may take place during step 1 and/or step 2. Steps 1 and 2 may be performed at reflux or in a temperature range of from 100 to 140°C, such as from 105 to 135°C, such as from 110 to 130°C, such as from 130-135°C, such as from 110-115ºC.
Step 3:
A compound of formula (I), also denominated N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-5-pyridin-4-yl-pyrazine-2,3-diamine, in amorphous form may be dissolved in acetic acid (HOAc) after which potassium hydroxide (KOH) is added. The compound of formula (I) in amorphous form may be obtained from the process outlined in steps 1 and 2.
Alternatively, the compound of formula (I) may be obtained according to the process described in WO 2009/095399. The obtained crystalline form is removed from the slurry by, for instance, filtration. Step 3 may be repeated. Step 3 may be performed at a temperature of about 40°C followed by cooling to room temperature.
The process for preparing a compound according to formula (I) may comprise an additional step (step i) between step 2 and step 3 in order to remove palladium from the crude product of the compound of formula (I). The step comprises; forming a slurry comprising an acid and the compound according to formula (I) in a solvent, adding a siloxane compound to said slurry, removing the solvent from the slurry and adding an organic solvent, such as DMF and/or toluene, to the solid formed whereby a mixture is formed and then potassium hydroxide is added to the formed mixture, Alternatively, palladium may be removed from the crude product comprising (I) using a palladium scavenger such as TMT and/or 3-mercaptopropyl ethyl sulfide silica.
The crystalline form of the compound according to formula (I) may also be prepared from an amorphous form of the compound according to formula (I) by dissolving said amorphous form of the compound in a solvent mixture of
dichloromethane/methanol followed by evaporation of the solvent in a rotary evaporator. The amorphous form of the compound of formula (I) may obtained using the process disclosed in WO 2009/095399.
Example 1. Preparation of 5-Bromo-N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-pyrazine-2,3-diamine (compound 3)
DMSO (10 L, 11 kg), 2-amino-3,5-dibromopyrazine (1) (4.5 kg, 17.8 mol, 1 eq.), 5- amino indole (2) (3.06 kg, 23.15 mol, 1.3 eq.) and triethylamine (7.4 L, 5.4 kg, 53.36 mol, 3 eq.) were charged to a reactor. The reaction mixture was heated to 95°C while agitated. After 12 hours, the heating was discontinued and the conversion was 88% of 2-amino-3,5-dibromopyrazine. The reaction was heated again to 95°C and
agitated for an additional 2.5 hours. There was no improvement in conversion. The reaction mixture was agitated at ambient temperature overnight. Triethylamine (3.5 kg) was removed under vacuum and the remaining reaction mixture was transferred to a stainless steel container from which it was charged into another reactor.
Subsequently, 18.4 kg of 50% acetic acid (aq.) was introduced over a period of 20 minutes under agitation, followed by purified water (61 L) charged over a period time of 60 minutes. The slurry was then filtered and the isolated material was washed with 2 x 20 L of 1% acetic acid (aq.).
The isolated 3-bromo-N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-pyrazine-2,3-diamine) (3) was transferred to a drying cabinet and dried to invariable weight at 40 ±3°C, (19 hours), to afford 4.36 kg, 14.34 mol, 81 % yield, with a purity of 96% by HPLC.
The reaction temperature in the batch record was set to be 130-135°C. However, at 95°C the reaction mixture was at reflux.
Example 2. Preparation of N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-5-pyridin-4-yl-pyrazine-2,3- diamine (compound I)
To a reactor was charged N,N-dimethylformamide (46.7 L, 45 kg), 4-pyridylboronic acid (4) (2.64 kg, 21.5 mol, 1.5 eq.) and 5-bromo-N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-pyrazine-2,3- diamine (3) (4.36 kg, 14.3 mol). The reactor was then flushed with nitrogen prior to the charging of Pd(dppf)Cl2-catalyst (0.47 kg, 0.55 mol, 0.04 eq.). To reactor was then charged, over a period of 20 minutes, 24.9 kg of a 2 M solution of potassium carbonate (aq.). The reactor was flushed with nitrogen and heated under agitation to 110-115°C for 1.5 hours, after which 98.3% conversion of (3) was showed. The reaction mixture was quenched by addition of purified water (180 L) under vigorous agitation. The precipitated material was isolated on a hastalloy filter and washed with purified water (50 L), The isolated material was transferred to a drying cabinet and dried to invariable weight at 40 ±3°C (18 hours), to afford a compound of formula (5), i.e. a compound of formula (!) also denominated N-3-(1H-lndol-5-yl)-5-pyhdin-4-yl-pyrazine-2,3-diamine, (3.64 kg, 12.1 mol, 85 % yield).
During the process precipitated material was observed in the solutions, after the reactions, in both steps not previously seen in lab-scale. These impurities were not removed.
Example 3. Purification and crystallisation
In order to remove residual solvents from the material, two consecutive re-precipitations of the material from acetic acid were performed. This also gave crystallinity of the isolated substance. The purification is performed in order to remove palladium.
Purification
To a 1 L round bottomed flask was added 37.8 g of a compound according to formula (I) followed by 600 mL 2 M HOAc (aq.). The material was stirred at RT until a clear, dark red solution was obtained. To the solution was added 30 g Hyflo Super Celite and the slurry was filtered. The filter cake was washed with 25 mL 2 M HOAc
(aq) and 2×35 mL purified water. The obtained filtrate was transferred to a 2 L round bottomed flask containing 950 mL of Me-THF. The mixture was then stirred and heated to 40°C for 30 minutes. To the solution was then added 290 mL 8 M KOH (aq.) at 40°C and pH in the solution was 14.
The aqueous phase was removed and the organic phase washed with 2×100 mL of purified water. The remaining organic phase was then transferred to a 2 L round bottomed flask, followed by 95 mL of DMF, 20 g scavenger 3-Mercaptopropyl ethyl sulphide silica, Phosphonics LTD and 20 g scavenger 2-Mercaptoethyl ethyl sulfide silica purchased from Phosphonics LTD. The solution was vigorously stirred and heated at 60°C. A sample was withdrawn from the slurry after 12 hours, and showed 6 ppm of palladium remaining in the solution. The mixture was allowed to cool and was then filtered to remove the scavenger. The round bottomed flask and filter were rinsed with a mixture of 90 mL Me-THF and 10 mL DMF. Me-THF was then removed on a rotary evaporator and the remaining slurry was azeotropically dried with two portions of 100 mL toluene. To the remaining slurry was then added 85 mL of DMF to a total of 185 mL DMF (5ml DMF/g substance). To the clear solution was then added, slowly, while agitated, 1500 mL of toluene which produced a heavy precipitate. The slurry was filtered off and washed with 2×50 mL of toluene where after the material was dried overnight at 35°C under vacuum to afford 30.9 g of a compound according to formula (I) in a yield of 82%.
Crystallisation:
Example i
1. First re-precipitation
The N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-5-pyridin-4-yl-pyrazine-2,3-diamine material (30.9 g) was added to a 1 L round bottomed flask and 450 mL 2 M HOAc (aq.) was added. The slurry was agitated and heated to 40°C for 1 hour, until the material had dissolved. To the solution was then added 158 mL 8 M KOH (aq.) at 40°C. The pH in the solution was 11.4. The slurry was then allowed to cool to 25°C and filtered. The filter cake was washed with 3x 80 mL of purified water and the material was dried overnight at 95°C under vacuum to afford 28.7g N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-5-pyridin-4-yl- pyrazine-2,3-diamine in a yield of 93%.
2. Second re-precipitation
N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-5-pyridin-4-yl-pyrazine-2,3-diamine material (28.7 g) was added to a 1L round bottomed flask and 430 mL 2 M HOAc (aq) was added. The slurry was agitated and heated to 40°C for 1 hour, until the material had dissolved. To the solution was then added 15 mL 8M KOH (aq) at 40°C. The pH in the solution was 12.3. The slurry was then allowed to cool to 25°C and filtered. The filter cake was washed with 5×50 mL of purified water, and the solid was then dried overnight at 95°C under vacuum to afford 28.3 g N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-5-pyridin-4-yl-pyrazine-2,3- diamine in a yield of 99%.
Example ii
The N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-5-pyridin-4-yl-pyrazine-2,3-diamine material (2.1 kg, 7 mol) was added to a reactor, followed by 2M HOAc (aq.) (59.6 L, 60.2 kg) . The solution in the reactor was then heated to 40°C and stirred for 20 minutes. To the clear solution was then charged, slowly, 30% KOH (aq.) (25 kg) under vigorous agitation. The slurry was agitated for 15 minutes. pH in the solution was 6.2, and a total of 1.5 kg 30% KOH (aq.) was then added to the solution to give pH 12.1. The precipitated material was isolated on a Hastelloy filter and washed with purified water (5×30 L). The solid was then transferred to a drying cabinet and dried to invariable weight at 85 ±3°C under vacuum (16 hours; a sample was withdrawn after 16 hours, showing 1400 ppm HOAc and 75 ppm DMF), to afford N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-5-pyridin-4-yl-pyrazine-2,3-diamine (2.0 kg, 7 mol, 95 % yield).
Hence, N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-5-pyridin-4-yl-pyrazine-2,3-diamine is obtained in an uniform crystalline form, which was achieved by precipitating the product from aqueous acetic acid by introduction of aqueous potassium hydroxide.
Example 5. Synthesis of 5-Bromo-N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-pyrazine-2,3-diamine (compound 3)
2-Amino-3,5-dibromopyrazine (45 g, 1.0 eq.), 5-aminoindole (30,6 g, 1.3 eq.), 67.5 mL NEP, i.e. 1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone, and 74.5 mL triethylamine were added to a 250 mL reactor. The jacket temperature was set to 130°C and the reaction mixture was stirred for 22 h. HPLC after 22 h showed 87% conversion of the 2-amino-3,5-dibromopyrazine. After 24 h HPLC showed 92% conversion and the reaction slurry was cooled to 80°C and quenched by addition of addition of 50% HOAc(aq) and water. The obtained slurry was then allowed to cool to room temperature over night while agitated. The material was isolated on a glass filter funnel and was washed with water. The material was dried at 80 °C under vacuum until dry to afford 71% of the compound 5-bromo-N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-pyrazine-2,3-diamine as a dark brown powder. The purity was 99.8% as measured by HPLC.
Example 6. Synthesis of N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-5-pyridin-4-yl-pyrazine-2,3-diamine (Compound I)
5-Bromo-N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-pyrazine-2,3-diamine (15.0 g, 49 mmol, 1.0 eq.), 4-pyridyl boronic acid (6.6 g, 59 mmol, 1.2 eq.), Pd(OAc)2 (166 mg, 0.74 mmol, 0.015 eq.), DTB-PPS, i.e. 3-(di-tert-butylphosphino)propane-1-sulfonic acid, (199 mg, 0.74 mmol, 0.015 eq.), and DMA, i.e. N,N-dimethylacetamide, (75 mL) were added to a three-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer,
thermometer, and a nitrogen atmosphere. Through a septa was added 2M K2CO3 (aq) (27 ml, 54 mmol, 1.1 eq.) with a syringe. The temperature was increased to 100 °C. Samples for HPLC-analysis of the conversion were drawn and when the conversion had reached 100% the temperature was cooled to 25 °C. At that temperature a water solution of 0.5 M L-cysteine (150 ml) was added by a syringe pump over 1 hour with a rate of 2.5 mL/minute. After 3 hours maturing time at room temperature the material was isolated on a glass filter funnel and was washed with water. The material was dried at 40 °C under vacuum over the weekend, and 15 grams of N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-5-pyridin-4-yl-pyrazine-2,3-diamine (101%) were obtained as a brown powder.
Example 7. Purification of N-3-(1H-indol-5-yl)-5-pyridin-4-yl-pyrazine-2,3-diamine (Compound I)
The crude (7.0 g, 23 mmol) and 2M HOAc (98 mL) was added to a 250 mL round-bottomed flask. To this was added TMT, i.e. trithiocyanuric acid, (1.4 g) and SPM32, i.e. 3-mercaptopropyl ethyl sulfide silica, (1.4 g). The mixture was stirred in room temperature for 24 hours. After 24 hour a polish filtration through hyflo super cel was performed. To the clear filtrate was added 50 mL 5 M KOH(aq) under 15 minutes to precipitate the product. After 18 hours maturing time at room temperature the material was isolated on a glass filter funnel and was washed with 2×20 mL water. The first was being a slurry wash and the second a displacement wash. The material was dried at 40 °C under vacuum over the weekend, and 3.9 grams (56%) was obtained as a light yellow powder. The Pd content was 3.7 ppm.
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REFERENCES
1: Eriksson A, Hermanson M, Wickström M, Lindhagen E, Ekholm C, Jenmalm Jensen A, Löthgren A, Lehmann F, Larsson R, Parrow V, Höglund M. The novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor AKN-028 has significant antileukemic activity in cell lines and primary cultures of acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Cancer J. 2012 Aug 3;2:e81. doi: 10.1038/bcj.2012.28. PubMed PMID: 22864397; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3432483.
////////////AKN028 , AKN-028 , AKN 028, phase 2, Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, Akinion Pharmaceuticals, Acute myeloid leukaemia
NC1=NC=C(C2=CC=NC=C2)N=C1NC3=CC4=C(NC=C4)C=C3