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CEFADROXIL

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Cefadroxil.svg
ChemSpider 2D Image | Cefadroxil | C16H17N3O5S

CEFADROXIL

  • Molecular FormulaC16H17N3O5S
  • Average mass363.388 Da

(6R,7R)-7-{[(2R)-2-Amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
256-555-6[EINECS]
50370-12-2[RN]
5-Thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 7-(((2R)-amino(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl)amino)-3-methyl-8-oxo-, (6R,7R)-
5-Thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 7-[[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]-3-methyl-8-oxo-, (6R,7R)-
цефадроксил [Russian] [INN]
سيفادروكسيل [Arabic] [INN]
头孢羟氨苄 [Chinese] [INN]

ChemSpider 2D Image | Cephos | C16H19N3O6S

Cephos

  • Molecular FormulaC16H19N3O6S
  • Average mass381.404 Da

5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 7-[[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]-3-methyl-8-oxo-, (6R,7R)-, monohydrate
66592-87-8[RN]
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid hydrate
(6R,7R)-7-{[(2R)-2-Amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid hydrate (1:1)

Product Ingredients

INGREDIENTUNIICASINCHI KEY
Cefadroxil hemihydrateJ9CMF6461M119922-85-9AJAMDISMDZXITN-QXBGZBSVSA-N
Cefadroxil monohydrate280111G16066592-87-8NBFNMSULHIODTC-CYJZLJNKSA-N
Cefadroxil sodiumSSZ6380I0I42284-83-3GQOVFIUWRATNJC-CYJZLJNKSA-M

CefadroxilCAS Registry Number: 66592-87-8 
CAS Name: (6R,7R)-7-[[(2R)-Amino-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid monohydrate 
Additional Names: 7-[D-(-)-a-amino-a-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-3-methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid monohydrate; p-hydroxycephalexine monohydrate 
Manufacturers’ Codes: BL-S578; MJF-11567-3 
Trademarks: Baxan (BMS); Bidocef (BMS); Cefa-Drops (Fort Dodge); Cefamox (BMS); Ceforal (Farmoffer); Cephos (CT); Duracef (BMS); Duricef (BMS); Kefroxil (Torre); Oracéfal (BMS); Sedral (BMS); Ultracef (BMS) 
Molecular Formula: C16H17N3O5S.H2O 
Molecular Weight: 381.40 
Percent Composition: C 50.39%, H 5.02%, N 11.02%, O 25.17%, S 8.41% 
Literature References: Semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic. Prepn: NL6812382; L. B. Crast, Jr., US3489752 (1969, 1970 both to Bristol-Myers); T. Takahashi et al.,DE2216113eidem,US3816253 (1972, 1974, both to Takeda). Prepn of crystalline monohydrate: D. Bouzard et al.,US4504657 (1985 to Bristol-Myers). Antimicrobial activity: R. E. Buck, K. E. Price, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.11, 324 (1977). Pharmacology: M. Pfeffer et al.,ibid. 331; A. I. Hartstein et al.,ibid.12, 93 (1977). Review:J. Antimicrob. Chemother.10, Suppl. B, 1-162 (1982). Series of articles on clinical trials in respiratory tract infections: Drugs32, Suppl. 3, 1-56 (1986).Properties: White crystals, mp 197° (dec). 
Melting point: mp 197° (dec) 
Therap-Cat: Antibacterial. 
Therap-Cat-Vet: Antibacterial. 
Keywords: Antibacterial (Antibiotics); ?Lactams; Cephalosporins.

Cefadroxil is a cephalosporin antibiotic used in the treatment of various bacterial infections, such as urinary tract infections, skin and skin structure infections, and tonsillitis.

Cefadroxil (formerly trademarked as Duricef) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the cephalosporin type, effective in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections. It is a bactericidal antibiotic.

It was patented in 1967 and approved for medical use in 1978.[1]

DURICEF (cefadroxil) is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic intended for oral administration. It is a white to yellowish-white crystalline powder. It is soluble in water and it is acid- stable. It is chemically designated as 5-Thia-l-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 7-[[amino(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]-3-methyl-8-oxo-, monohydrate[6R- [6α,7β(R*)]]-. It has the formula C16H17N3O5S•H20 and the molecular weight of 381.40. It has the following structural formula:

DURICEF (cefadroxil monohydrate) structural formula illustration

DURICEF (cefadroxil) film-coated tablets, 1 g, contain the following inactive ingredients: microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, simethicone emulsion, and titanium dioxide.

DURICEF (cefadroxil) for Oral Suspension contains the following inactive ingredients: FD&C Yellow No. 6, flavors (natural and artificial), polysorbate 80, sodium benzoate, sucrose, and xanthan gum.

DURICEF (cefadroxil) capsules contain the following inactive ingredients: D&C Red No. 28, FD&C Blue No. 1, FD&C Red No. 40, gelatin, magnesium stearate, and titanium dioxide.

SYN

a) : IR spectrum of pure cefadroxil drug. 

IR spectrum of pure cefadroxil drug.

Synthesis Reference

Leonardo Marsili, “Substantially anhydrous crystalline cefadroxil and method for producing it.” U.S. Patent US5329001, issued April, 1978.

US5329001

SYN

Antibiotics

R.S. Vardanyan, V.J. Hruby, in Synthesis of Essential Drugs, 2006

Cefadroxil

Cefadroxil, [6R-[6α,7β(R)]]-3-methyl-8-oxo-7-[[amino(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetyl]amino]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-en-2-carboxylic acid (32.1.2.14), is an analog of cephalexin and differs only in the presence of a hydroxyl group in the fourth position of the phenyl ring of phenylglycine, and is synthesized by a scheme analogous to the scheme of cephradin synthesis [90–96].

Cefadroxil has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial action; it is active with respect to Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Like all of the other drugs described above, it acts as a bactericide by disrupting the process of restoring the membranes of bacteria. Synonyms of this drug are bidocef, cefadril, duracef, ultracef, and others.SYN

Cefadroxil

  • ATC:J01DA09
  • MW:363.39 g/mol
  • CAS-RN:50370-12-2
  • InChI Key:BOEGTKLJZSQCCD-UEKVPHQBSA-N
  • InChI:InChI=1S/C16H17N3O5S/c1-7-6-25-15-11(14(22)19(15)12(7)16(23)24)18-13(21)10(17)8-2-4-9(20)5-3-8/h2-5,10-11,15,20H,6,17H2,1H3,(H,18,21)(H,23,24)/t10-,11-,15-/m1/s1
  • EINECS:256-555-6
  • LD50:>1.5 g/kg (M, i.v.); >10 g/kg (M, p.o.);
    >1 g/kg (R, i.v.); >10 g/kg (R, p.o.);
    >2 g/kg (dog, p.o.)

 

Synthesis

Substances

CAS-RNFormulaChemical NameCAS Index Name
22252-43-3C8H10N2O3S7-amino-3-deacetoxycephalosporanic acid5-Thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 7-amino-3-methyl-8-oxo-, (6R-trans)-
53487-89-1C13H15NO5d(–)-4-hydroxy-N-(2-methoxycarbonyl-1-methylethenyl)phenylglycineBenzeneacetic acid, 4-hydroxy-α-[(3-methoxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-1-propenyl)amino]-, (R)-

PATENT

 Seo, Dae-Won; WO 2005042543

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2005042543A1/enOral cephalosporin antibiotics, including cefprozil, cefatrizine, and cefadroxii, commonly have a 4-hydroxyphenylglycine group, as represented by the following formula:

Figure imgf000002_0001

The compound of the above formula is cefprozil when A is -C=CH-CH3, cefatrizine when A is 1 H-1 ,2,3-triazole-4-yl-thiomethyl, and cefadroxii when A is -CH3. Conventionally, there have been known various processes for preparing oral cephalosporin antibiotics, such as cefprozil, cefatrizine, and cefadroxii, by reacting reactive derivatives of 4-hydroxyphenylglycine with 3-cephem compounds. For example, U.S. Patent No. 3,985,741 discloses a process for preparing a cefadroxii, which includes reacting 4-hydroxyphenylglycine and ethylchloroformate inN-methylmorpholine to obtain an anhydride, followed by reaction with7-amino-deacetoxy-cephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA). However, the yield and quality of the product are poor. U.S. Patent Nos. 4,520,022, 4,591 ,641 , and 4,661 ,590 disclose a condensation reaction between 4-hydroxyphenylglycine with a protected amino group and a cephem compound in the presence of Λ/.Λ/’-dicyclohexylcarbodimide. However,Λ/,Λ/’-dicyclohexylurea produced after the condensation reaction is not easily removed, which restricts industrial applications. U.S. Patent No. 4,336,376 discloses a process for preparing a cefadroxii, which includes reacting a 4-hydroxyphenylglycine salt having a protected amino group with trimethylsilyl-2-oxazolidinone to protect a 4-hydroxyl group followed by reaction with acylchloride to obtain a 4-hydroxyphenylglycine anhydride and then reaction with 7-ADCA. However, silylation is prerequisite and these reactions are annoying, and thus, this process is not suitable for industrial application. U.S. Patent No. 4,708,825 discloses a technique of reacting4-hydroxyphenylglycine having a substituted amino group with thionyl chloride using a gaseous hydrogen chloride to obtain a 4-hydroxyphenylglycyl chloride hydrochloride followed by reaction with a cephem compound. However, handling property of the thionyl chloride and the gaseous hydrogen chloride is poor, and thus, this technique is not suitable for industrial application. U.S. Patent Nos. 3,925,418, 4,243,819, and 4,464,307 disclose a process for producing 4-hydroxyphenylglycine using excess phosgene. However, difficulty in handling of highly toxic phosgene, removal of excess residual phosgene, and control of reaction conditions renders mass production difficult. As a process for preparing a reactive anhydride of 4-hydroxyphenylglycine, there are reported a method for the preparation of acid chloride using phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus oxychloride, or thionyl chloride, and a method for the preparation of active ester using imidazole, mercaptobenzothiazole, or hydroxybenzotriazole. However, an acid chloride of 4-hydroxyphenylglycine has poor reactivity due to a hydroxyl group and an active ester of 4-hydroxyphenylglycine has poor reactivity and involves a side reaction. In addition, Korean Patent Laid-Open Publication Nos. 2002-69431 , 2002-69432, 2002-69437, and 2002-69440 disclose a process for preparing a pivaloyl or succinimide derivative of 4-hydroxyphenylglycine and a process for preparing a cephem compound such as cefprozil using the pivaloyl or succinimide derivative of 4-hydroxyphenylglycine. Meanwhile, there have been known various preparation processes for 3-(Z)-propenyl cephem derivative which is a compound useful as an intermediate for preparation of cefprozil which is an oral cephalosporin antibiotic. WO93/16084 discloses a process of selectively separating a 3-(Z)-propenyl cephem compound by means of a hydrochloride, metal, or tertiary amine salt of7-amino-3-(1-propen-1-yl)-3-cephem-carboxylic acid or by adsorption chromatography. However, there is a disadvantage in that separation and purification are cost-ineffective. U.K. Patent No. 2,135,305 discloses a process for preparing cefprozil from a4-hydroxyphenylglycine compound with a t-butoxycarbonyl-protected amino group and a cephem compound with a benzhydryl-protected carboxyl group. However, incorporation of a 3-propenyl group after acylation lowers reaction efficiency and high-performance liquid chromatography is required for isomer separation, which render industrial application difficult. U.S. Patent No. 4,727,070 discloses a technique of removing an E-isomer cefprozil from a mixture of 27E cefprozil, which includes incorporating an active group such as sodium imidazolidinone into the mixture of 2VE cefprozil by reaction of the mixture of 27E cefprozil with acetone followed by deprotection. However, purification by chromatography incurs enormous costs. In view of the above problems, Korean Patent Laid-Open Publication No.2002-80838 discloses a process for preparing a 3-(Z)-propenyl cephem compound by reacting a phosphoranylidene cephem compound with acetaldehyde in a mixed solvent essentially consisting of ether in the presence of a base. According to a disclosure in this patent document, ether is essentially used. In this respect, in the case of using methylenechloride or tetrahydrofuran, even when other reaction conditions, for example, reaction temperature, reaction duration, base, catalyst, and the like are adjusted, it is very difficult to adjust the content of the Z-isomer to more than 83%.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Technical Goal of the Invention The present invention provides a process for simply preparing a cephalosporin antibiotic in high yield and purity using a novel reactive intermediate, i.e., a 4-hydroxyphenylglycine derivative. The present invention also provides a novel reactive intermediate, i.e., a 4-hydroxyphenylglycine derivative which is used in simply preparing a cephalosphorin antibiotic in high yield and purity, and a preparation process thereof. While searching for a process for stereospecifically preparing a novel3-(Z)-propenyl cephem derivative, the present inventors found that use of a mixed solvent including methylenechloride, isopropylalcohol, and water in a predetermined ratio can stereospecifically and efficiently produce the 3-(Z)-propenyl cephem derivative, which is in contrary to the disclosure in Korean Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2002-80838. Therefore, the present invention also provides a process for stereospecifically preparing a 3-(Z)-propenyl cephem derivative using a mixed solvent including methylenechloride, isopropylalcohol, and water in a predetermined ratio.

Figure imgf000007_0002
Figure imgf000009_0003
Figure imgf000012_0002

 Example 9 Preparation of7-r2-amino-2-(4-hvdroxyphenyl)acetamido1-3-methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid(cefadroxii) The reaction solution obtained in step A of Example 1 was cooled to -40 °C and a solution obtained by dissolving 6.21 g (0.029mol) of 7-amino-3-methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid in 40 ml of methylenechloride, 10 ml of water, and 6.5 g of triethylamine was gradually dropwise added thereto for 1 hour. Then, the reaction mixture was incubated at the same temperature for 2 hours and cooled to 0°C to obtain an insoluble solid. The insoluble solid was filtered. A filtrate was sent to a reactor and then stirred for 1 hour after addition of 20 ml of 6N HCI. The reaction solution was adjusted to pH of 3.2 by addition of 10% NaOH, stirred at0°C for 2 hours, and filtered to give 9.1g (83%) of the titled compound as a white solid. H-NMR( δ , D20-d2) : 1.79(3H, d, 8.6Hz, -CH3), 3.22(1 H, d, 18Hz, 2-H),3.55(1 H. d. 18Hz, 2-H), 5.15(1 H, d, 4.6Hz, 6-H), 5.66(1 H, d, 4.6Hz, 7-H), 6.91 (2H, d,8.0Hz, phenyl-H), 7.38(2H, d, 8.0Hz, phenyl-H)

PAPER

Deshmukh, J. H.; Asian Journal of Chemistry 2010, V22(3), P1760-1768 

Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (Weinheim, Germany), 66(12), 1649-1657; 2019

Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 93(6), 593-598; 2016

 Biotechnology Letters, 34(9), 1719-1724; 2012

PATENT

WO 2011113486

By Gupta, Niranjan Lal et alFrom Indian, 184842, 30 Sep 2000

PAPER

European Journal of Organic Chemistry, (10), 1817-1820; 2001

PAPER

 Organic Letters, 2(18), 2829-2831; 2000

The cephalosporin antibiotic Cefadroxil can be epimerized at the α-carbon of its amino acid side chain using pyridoxal as the mediator. By clathration with 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene, the desired diastereomer can be selectively withdrawn from the equilibrating mixture of epimers. In this way, an asymmetric transformation of Cefadroxil can be accomplished. This opens the possibility of the production of Cefadroxil starting from racemic p-hydroxyphenylglycine, in contrast to the current industrial synthesis that employs the d-amino acid in enantiopure form.

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Medical use

Cefadroxil is a first-generation cephalosporin antibacterial drug that is the para-hydroxy derivative of cephalexin, and is used similarly in the treatment of mild to moderate susceptible infections such as the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes, causing the disease popularly called strep throat or streptococcal tonsillitisurinary tract infectionreproductive tract infection, and skin infections.

Cefadroxil is used as an antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedures, for patients allergic to penicillins.

Spectrum of bacterial resistance and susceptibility

Cefadroxil has a broad spectrum of activity and has been effective in treating bacteria responsible for causing tonsillitis, and infections of the skin and urinary tract. The following represents MIC susceptibility data for a few medically significant microorganisms.[2]

  • Escherichia coli: 8 μg/ml
  • Staphylococcus aureus: 1 – 2 μg/ml
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae: ≤1 – >16 μg/ml

Side effects

The most common side effects of cefadroxil are diarrhea (which, less commonly, may be bloody), nauseaupset stomach, and vomiting. Other side effects include[3] rasheshives, and itching.

Pharmacokinetics

Cefadroxil is almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. After doses of 500 mg and 1 g by mouth, peak plasma concentrations of about 16 and 30 micrograms/ml, respectively, are obtained after 1.5 to 2.0 hours. Although peak concentrations are similar to those of cefalexin, plasma concentrations are more sustained. Dosage with food does not appear to affect the absorption of cefadroxil. About 20% of cefadroxil is reported to be bound to plasma proteins. Its plasma half-life is about 1.5 hours and is prolonged in patients with renal impairment.

Cefadroxil is widely distributed to body tissues and fluids. It crosses the placenta and appears in breast milk. More than 90% of a dose of cefadroxil may be excreted unchanged in the urine within 24 hours by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion; peak urinary concentrations of 1.8 mg/ml have been reported after a dose of 500 mg. Cefadroxil is removed by haemodialysis.

Dosage

Cefadroxil is given by mouth, and doses are expressed in terms of the anhydrous substance; 1.04 g of cefadroxil monohydrate is equivalent to about 1 g of anhydrous cefadroxil.

Veterinary use

It can be used for treating infected wounds on animals. Usually in powder form mixed with water, it has a color and smell similar to Tang. Given orally to animals, the amount is dependent on their weight and severity of infection.

References

  1. ^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 493. ISBN 9783527607495.
  2. ^ “Cefadroxil, Free Acid Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Data” (PDF).
  3. ^ “Cefadroxil side effects”. Drugs.
Clinical data
Trade namesDuricef
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682730
Routes of
administration
Oral
ATC codeJ01DB05 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal statusIn general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein bindingplasma protein
Metabolismunknown
Elimination half-life1.5 hours
Identifiers
showIUPAC name
CAS Number66592-87-8 
PubChem CID47964
DrugBankDB01140 
ChemSpider43629 
UNII280111G160
KEGGD02353 
ChEBICHEBI:53667 
ChEMBLChEMBL1644 
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID8022749 
ECHA InfoCard100.051.397 
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC16H17N3O5S
Molar mass363.39 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
showSMILES
showInChI
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////////////CEFADROXIL, цефадроксил , سيفادروكسيل , 头孢羟氨苄 , BL-S578; MJF-11567-3, BL S578, MJF 11567-3

[H][C@]12SCC(C)=C(N1C(=O)[C@H]2NC(=O)[C@H](N)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1)C(O)=O

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Racecadotril

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Racecadotril2DCSD.svg
ChemSpider 2D Image | Racecadotril | C21H23NO4S
Racecadotril.png
STR1

Racecadotril

  • Molecular FormulaC21H23NO4S
  • Average mass385.477 Da

(±)-Acetorphan
(RS)-Benzyl N-[3-(acetylthio)-2-benzylpropanoyl]glycinate
2-{[2-[(acetylthio)methyl]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropyl]amino}acetic acid (phenylmethyl) ester7378
76K53XP4TO
81110-73-8[RN]
Benzyl N-[3-(acetylsulfanyl)-2-benzylpropanoyl]glycinate [ACD/IUPAC Name] 
Cadotril
Dexecadotril[INN]
Glycine, N-[3-(acetylthio)-1-oxo-2-(phenylmethyl)propyl]-, phenylmethyl ester
Hidrasec [Trade name] 
рацекадотрил[Russian][INN]
راسيكادوتريل[Arabic][INN]
消旋卡多曲[Chinese][INN]
RacecadotrilCAS Registry Number: 81110-73-8 
CAS Name:N-[2-[(Acetylthio)methyl]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropyl]glycine phenylmethyl ester 
Additional Names:N-[(R,S)-3-acetylthio-2-benzylpropanoyl]glycine benzyl ester; acetorphan 
Trademarks: Hidrasec (GSK); Tiorfan (Bioprojet) 
Molecular Formula: C21H23NO4S, Molecular Weight: 385.48 
Percent Composition: C 65.43%, H 6.01%, N 3.63%, O 16.60%, S 8.32% 
Literature References: Antisecretory enkephalinase inhibitor. Prepn: B. Roques et al.,EP38758 (1981); eidem,US4513009 (1985 to Bioprojet). Pharmacology: J.-M. Lecomte et al.,J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.237, 937 (1986). Effect on intestinal transit: J. F. Bergmann et al.,Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.6, 305 (1992). Clinical trial in acute diarrhea: P. Baumer et al.,Gut33, 753 (1992); in children: E. Salazar-Lindo et al.,N. Engl. J. Med.343, 463 (2000). Symposium on pharmacology and clinical experience: Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.13, Suppl. 6, 1-32 (1999). Review of clinical development: J.-C. Schwartz, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents14, 75-79 (2000); J. M. Lecomte, ibid. 81-87. 
Properties: White crystals from ether mp 89°., Melting point: mp 89° 
Derivative Type: (S)-Form 
CAS Registry Number: 112573-73-6 
Additional Names: Ecadotril; sinorphan 
Manufacturers’ Codes: Bay-y-7432 
Molecular Formula: C21H23NO4S, Molecular Weight: 385.48 
Percent Composition: C 65.43%, H 6.01%, N 3.63%, O 16.60%, S 8.32% 
Literature References: Prepn: P. Duhamel et al.,EP318377eidem,US5208255 (1989, 1993 both to Bioprojet); and pharmacology: B. Giros et al.,J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.243, 666 (1987). Clinical effect on plasma ANP levels in CHF: J. C. Kahn et al.,Lancet335, 118 (1990); on renal function: F. Schmitt et al.,Am. J. Physiol.267, F20 (1994). Clinical trial in heart failure: C. M. O’Connor et al.,Am. Heart J.138, 1140 (1999); J. G. F. Cleland, K. Swedberg, Lancet351, 1657 (1998). 
Properties: mp 71°. [a]D25 -24.1° (c = 1.3 in methanol). LD50 i.v. in mice: >100 mg/kg (Duhamel, 1993). 
Melting point: mp 71° 
Optical Rotation: [a]D25 -24.1° (c = 1.3 in methanol) 
Toxicity data: LD50 i.v. in mice: >100 mg/kg (Duhamel, 1993) 
Therap-Cat: Antidiarrheal. 
Keywords: Antidiarrheal; Neutral Endopeptidase Inhibitor.

Racecadotril is an anti-secretory enkephalinase inhibitor useful in the treatment of diarrhea.Racecadotril has been investigated for the basic science and treatment of Diarrhea, Acute Diarrhea, and Acute Gastroenteritis.

Racecadotril, also known as acetorphan, is an antidiarrheal medication which acts as a peripheral enkephalinase inhibitor.[3] Unlike other opioid medications used to treat diarrhea, which reduce intestinal motility, racecadotril has an antisecretory effect — it reduces the secretion of water and electrolytes into the intestine.[3] It is available in France (where it was first introduced in ~1990) and other European countries (including Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, Poland, Finland, Russia and the Czech Republic) as well as most of South America and some South East Asian countries (including China, India and Thailand), but not in the United States. It is sold under the tradename Hidrasec, among others.[4] Thiorphan is the active metabolite of racecadotril, which exerts the bulk of its inhibitory actions on enkephalinases.[5]

Medical uses

Racecadotril is used for the treatment of acute diarrhea in children and adults and has better tolerability than loperamide, as it causes less constipation and flatulence.[6][7] Several guidelines have recommended racecadotril use in addition to oral rehydration treatment in children with acute diarrhea.[8]

Contraindications

Racecadotril has no contraindications apart from known hypersensitivity to the substance.[9][10]

There is insufficient data for the therapy of chronic diarrhea, for patients with renal or hepatic failure, and for children under three months. Additional contraindications for the children’s formulation are hereditary fructose intoleranceglucose-galactose malabsorption and saccharase deficiency, as it contains sugar.[7][9]

Racecadotril (CAS NO.: 81110-73-8), with its systematic name of Glycine, N-(2-((acetylthio)methyl)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropyl)-, phenylmethyl ester, (+-)-, could be produced through many synthetic methods.

Following is one of the synthesis routes: 2-Benzylacrylic acid (I) reacts with SOCl2 in hot toluene to afford the acyl chloride (II), which is condensed with N-tosylglycine benzyl ester (III) in the presence of TEA in toluene to yield the corresponding amide (IV). Finally, this compound is condensed with thioacetic acid by heating at 80 °C to afford the target acylthio compound.

 

Racecadotril is a neutral endopeptidase inhibitor used as antidiarrheal in the treatment of chronic cardiac insufficiency and is available under the brand names Hidrasec and Tiorfan. Racecadotril is chemically known as N-[2-[(acetylthio) methyl]- l-oxo-3-phenylpropyl] glycine phenyl methyl ester, (herein after referred by its generic name racecadotril) and represented by the formula (I).

Figure imgf000002_0001

U.S. Patent No. US 4,513,009 describes amino acid derivatives including racecadotril, a pharmaceutical composition and a method of treatment.

The US’009 patent also discloses a process for the preparation of racecadotril which is illustrated by below scheme:

Figure imgf000003_0001

U.S. Patent No. US 6,835,851 B2 discloses a process for the preparation of racecadotril which is illustrated by scheme below:

Figure imgf000003_0002

European Patent No. EP 0501870B 1 discloses a process for the preparation of racec

Figure imgf000004_0001

Racecadotril

The use of coupling agents like hydroxyl benzotriazole (HOBT) and dicyclohexyl amine carbodiimide (DCC) generally induces the formation of side products such as dicyclohexylurea. These side products do lead to major problems, wherein purification by chromatography may be contemplated, but the side products are extremely difficult to remove on an industrial scale.

Consequently, efforts have been made to replace the peptidic coupling step

so as to avoid the formation of side products associated with the use of the coupling agents. Thus, it appears that, even if the preparation of N-(mercaptoacyl)amino acid derivatives from .alpha.-substituted acrylic acids by Michael addition of a thio acid and conversion of acid to acid chloride by using thionyl chloride and then coupling of an amino ester may be advantageous on a laboratory scale, such reactions are difficult to adapt on an industrial use.

The aforementioned processes described above involves expensive reagents such as hydroxyl benzotriazole (HOBT) and dicyclohexyl amine carbodiimide (DCC) and hazardous reagent like thionyl chloride thus rendering the processes expensive and not feasible on industrial scale.

SYNTHESIS BY WORLDDRUGTRACKER

STR1

Patent

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2013098826A1?cl=en

EXAMPLES

Example-1: Preparation of Racecadotril (I):

Step A) Preparation of 2-acetyIsulfanyI methyI-3-phenyI propionic acid (IV)

16.2 g of 2-benzylacrylic acid and 12.3 ml of thioacetic acid were were charged into a clean and dry R.B.flask and stirred at about 30°C for about 1 hour. The reaction mixture was heated to about 60°C and stirred for about 4 hours.The excess of thioacetic acid was distilled off completely to afford the title compound as residue. Yield: 23.8 g. Step B) Preparation of Racecadotril crude (la)

23.8 g. of 2-acetyl sulfanylmethyl-3-phenyl-propionic acid (IV), 200ml of methylene chloride and 16.7 ml of triethylamine were charged into a clean and dry R.B.flask. 10. 5 ml of ethylchloroformate was added at about -5°C. The resultant reaction mixture was stirred at about 0°C for about 30 min. 33.7 g of glycine benzyl ester p-tosyalte (II), 14 ml of triethylamine and 100ml of methylene chloride was added as a mixture to the reaction mass at about 0°C. Then the resultant reaction mixture was stirred at about 0°C for about 1 hr. followed by at about 30°C for about 30 min. After completion of the reaction as determined by TLC, the reaction mass was washed with 65 ml of distilled water, 65 ml 4% sodium bicarbonate solution and followed by 65 ml distilled water. The organic and aqueous phases were separated and the solvent was distilled completely, 2 x 50 ml Isopropyl alcohol was charged and again distilled off the solvent completely to give residue. The residue

obtained was triturated with a mixture of isopropyl alcohol 4 ml) and n-hexane (94 ml) at about 5°C to the title compound as crude. Yield: 34 g.

ExampIe-2: Purification of Racecadotril (Crude):

34 g. of crude Racecadotril and 35 ml of 20 % v/v aqueous .methanol were charged in a clean and dry R.B.flask and heated to about 65°C. 3g. of SP.carbon was charged and stirred at about 65°C for about 10 min. The reaction suspension was stirred at about 65°C for about 10 min. The reaction suspension was filtered on hyflow bed (diatomous earth) and washed the hyflow bed with 30 ml of aqueous methanol. The filtrate obtained was cooled to about 0°C for about 30 min. The solid separated was filtered and the solid obtained washed with 60 ml of precooled aqueous methanol to afford the pure racecadotril (I).

Yield: 29 g.; Purity by HPLC: 99.5 area %; The overall yield is 75.3%.

PATENT

https://www.google.com/patents/CN104356036A?cl=en

Example 1

The 40. 0g Racecadotril dissolved in 200ml of absolute ethanol and water bath heated to 40 ° C, and stir until the whole solution, stirring was stopped, the solution was placed in 15 ° C water bath was allowed to stand, when starting When there is precipitation of crystals, and then placed under the 0 ° C crystallization, after filtration, to 45 ° C under hot air drying cycle 6 hours to obtain 29. 2g, purity 99.6% of Racecadotril a polymorph crystals.

  reflection angle X-ray powder diffraction pattern 20 at 4.3 °, 8.7 °, 13.2 °, 16.8 °, 17.8 ° and 20.0 ° at the show X-ray powder diffraction peaks. In 1135. 19CHT1,1551. 46CHT1,1644. 73CHT1,1687. 57CHT1, 1731. 35CHT1 and 3289. 20CHT1 displayed at an infrared absorption peak.

Clips

US 20020055645

PATENT

CN 104356036 A

Racecadotril, chemical name N_ [(R, S) -3- acetyl-mercapto-2-benzyl-propionyl)] glycine benzyl ester, is a neprilysin inhibitor, selectively, reversible inhibition of neprilysin, so that the inner protection from degradation of endogenous enkephalins, prolong the physiological activity of endogenous enkephalins in the digestive tract, mainly used in clinical treatment of children and adults with acute diarrhea. Its structural formula is as follows:

Figure CN104356036AD00031

 Racecadotril as enkephalinase inhibitors, developed in France in 1993 Bioprojet listed acute diarrhea treatment, trade name Tiorfan.

In W02011116490A1, US5945548 and CN101768095A and other documents, documented racecadotril the synthesis process, but did not report the crystal form; therefore the present inventors have not reported Racecadotril crystalline polymorph conduct further

Example 1

[0032] The 40. 0g Racecadotril dissolved in 200ml of absolute ethanol and water bath heated to 40 ° C, and stir until the whole solution, stirring was stopped, the solution was placed in 15 ° C water bath was allowed to stand, when starting When there is precipitation of crystals, and then placed under the 0 ° C crystallization, after filtration, to 45 ° C under hot air drying cycle 6 hours to obtain 29. 2g, purity 99.6% of Racecadotril a polymorph crystals.

[0033] reflection angle X-ray powder diffraction pattern 20 at 4.3 °, 8.7 °, 13.2 °, 16.8 °, 17.8 ° and 20.0 ° at the show X-ray powder diffraction peaks. In 1135. 19CHT1,1551. 46CHT1,1644. 73CHT1,1687. 57CHT1, 1731. 35CHT1 and 3289. 20CHT1 displayed at an infrared absorption peak.

SYN

EP 0038758

Alternatively, the condensation of dimethyl malonate (VI) with benzaldehyde (VII) by means of piperidine in refluxing toluene gives dimethyl benzylidenemalonate (VIII), which is reduced with H2 over Pd/C in toluene to yield the corresponding benzyl derivative (IX). The hydrolysis of (IX) with NaOH in water affords the benzylmalonic acid (X). Alternatively, intermediate (X) can also be obtained starting from diethyl malonate (XI), which is condensed with with benzaldehyde (VII) by means of piperidine in refluxing toluene to give diethyl benzylidenemalonate (XII). Reduction of (XII) with H2 over Pd/C in toluene yields the corresponding benzyl derivative (XIII), which is then hydrolized with NaOH in water. The monodecarboxylation of (X) and its condensation with paraformaldehyde and diethylamine in refluxing ethyl acetate provides 2-benzylacrylic acid (XIV), which is condensed with thioacetic acid (V) by heating at 70 C to afford 2-(acetylsulfanylmethyl)-3-phenylpropionic acid (XV). Finally, this compound is condensed with N-tosylglycine benzyl ester (XVI) by means of HOBt, DCC and TEA in THF.

SYN

EP 0729936

Reaction of benzaldehyde (I) with dimethyl malonate (II) in refluxing toluene in the presence of piperidine and HOAc provides dimethyl benzylidene malonate (III), which is then hydrogenated over Pd/C to afford dimethyl benzyl malonate (IV). Reduction of (IV) with LiAlH4 in refluxing THF furnishes 2-benzyl-1,3-propanediol (V), which is then subjected to reaction with vinyl acetate (VI) by means of Novozym 435 enzyme to yield diacetate (VII). Enantioselective removal of one acetyl group from (VII) by treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens Lipase in acetone/phosphate buffer (pH = 7) at 30 C gives 3-acetoxy-2(S)-benzyl-propanol (S)-(VIII), which is then oxidized by means of Jones reagent in acetone/isopropanol to provide carboxylic acid (R)-(IX). The hydrolysis of (IX) with LiOH in THF/H2O gives 2(R)-benzyl-3-hydroxypropanoic acid (R)-(X). Alternatively, intermediate (X) can also be synthesized as follows: Condensation of benzaldehyde (I) with methyl acrylate (XV) by means of diaza-1,4-bicyclo[2.2.2.]octane affords methyl beta-hydroxy-alpha-methylene-benzenepropanoate (XVI), which is then subjected to hydrolysis with KOH in MeOH/H2O to yield carboxylic acid (XVII). Treatment of (XVII) with p-toluenesulfonic acid in refluxing HOAc gives (E)-2-(acetoxymethyl)-3-phenylpropionic acid (XVIII), which is finally converted into (X) by enantioselective hydrogenation in the presence of S-Binap and ruthenium catalyst [CodRu(all)2]. Derivative (R)-(X) is then converted into 3-(acetylsulfanyl)-2(S)-benzylpropionic acid (XI) by means of a Mitsunobu reaction with thioacetic acid, diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD) and triphenylphosphine (PPh3). Compound (XI) is then subjected to optical purification by formation and isolation of the corresponding salt with (-)-ephedrine and subsequent hydrolysis with HCl to furnish enantiomerically pure (S)-(XII). Finally, carboxylic acid (S)-(XII) is converted into ecadotril by its coupling with benzyl glycinate (XIV), either by means of Et3N, DCC and HOBt in CHCl3, or by first reaction with thionyl chloride to give acid chloride (S)-(XIII) and subsequent coupling with glycinate (XIV) by means of Et3N in CH2Cl2.

SYN

The reaction of 2-benzylacrylic acid (I) with SOCl2 in hot toluene gives the acyl chloride (II), which is condensed with N-tosylglycine benzyl ester (III) by means of TEA in toluene to yield the corresponding amide (IV). Finally, this compound is condensed with thioacetic acid by heating at 80 C to afford the target acylthio compound.

FR 2816309; US 2002055645
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Side effects

The most common adverse effect is headache, which occurs in 1–2% of patients.[7] Rashes occur in fewer than 1% of patients. Other described skin reactions include itching, urticariaangioedemaerythema multiforme, and erythema nodosum.[9][10]

Overdose

No cases of overdose are known. Adults have tolerated 20-fold therapeutic doses without ill effects.[10]

Interactions

No interactions in humans have been described. Combining racecadotril with an ACE inhibitor can theoretically increase the risk for angioedema.[9][10]

Racecadotril and its main metabolites neither inhibit nor induce the liver enzymes CYP1A2CYP2C9CYP2C19CYP2D6, and CYP3A4. They also do not induce UGT enzymes.[10] This means that racecadotril has a low potential for pharmacokinetic interactions.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Enkephalins are peptides produced by the body that act on opioid receptors with preference for the δ subtype.[11] Activation of δ receptors inhibits the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, decreasing intracellular levels of the messenger molecule cAMP.[7]

The active metabolite of racecadotril, thiorphan, inhibits enkephalinase enzymes in the intestinal epithelium with an IC50 of 6.1 nM, protecting enkephalins from being broken down by these enzymes. (Racecadotril itself is much less potent at 4500 nM.)[7][8] This reduces diarrhea related hypersecretion in the small intestine without influencing basal secretion. Racecadotril also has no influence on the time substances, bacteria or virus particles stay in the intestine.[10]

Pharmacokinetics

Some metabolites of racecadotril.
top left: precursor to the active metabolite
top right: active metabolite
bottom row: inactive metabolites

Racecadotril is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and reaches Cmax within 60 minutes. Food delays Cmax by 60 to 90 minutes but does not affect the overall bioavailability. Racecadotril is rapidly and effectively metabolized to the moderately active S-acetylthiorphan the main active metabolite thiorphan, of which 90% are bound to blood plasma proteins. In therapeutic doses, racecadotril does not pass the blood–brain barrier. Inhibition of enkephalinases starts 30 minutes after administration, reaches its maximum (75–90% inhibition with a therapeutic dose) two hours after administration, and lasts for eight hours. The elimination half-life, measured from enkephalinase inhibition, is three hours.[7][8][9]

Thiorphan is further metabolized to inactive metabolites such as the methyl thioether and the methyl sulfoxide. Both active and inactive metabolites are excreted, mostly via the kidney (81.4%), and to a lesser extent via the feces (8%).[10]

Society and culture

Brand names

In both France and Portugal it is sold as Tiorfan and in Italy as Tiorfix. In India it is available as Redotril and Enuff.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/psusa/racecadotril-list-nationally-authorised-medicinal-products-psusa/00002602/202003_en.pdf
  2. Jump up to:a b c d “SPC-DOC_PL 39418-0003.PDF” (PDF). Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. Bioprojet Europe Ltd. 26 December 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  3. Jump up to:a b Matheson AJ, Noble S (April 2000). “Racecadotril”. Drugs59 (4): 829–35, discussion 836–7. doi:10.2165/00003495-200059040-00010PMID 10804038.
  4. Jump up to:a b Brayfield, A, ed. (13 December 2013). “Racecadotril”Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
  5. ^ Spillantini MG, Geppetti P, Fanciullacci M, Michelacci S, Lecomte JM, Sicuteri F (June 1986). “In vivo ‘enkephalinase’ inhibition by acetorphan in human plasma and CSF”. European Journal of Pharmacology125 (1): 147–50. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(86)90094-4PMID 3015640.
  6. ^ Fischbach, Wolfgang; Andresen, Viola; Eberlin, Marion; Mueck, Tobias; Layer, Peter (2016). “A Comprehensive Comparison of the Efficacy and Tolerability of Racecadotril with Other Treatments of Acute Diarrhea in Adults”Frontiers in Medicine3: 44. doi:10.3389/fmed.2016.00044ISSN 2296-858XPMC 5064048PMID 27790616.
  7. Jump up to:a b c d e f Dinnendahl, V; Fricke, U, eds. (1982). Arzneistoff-Profile (in German). Eschborn, Germany: Govi Pharmazeutischer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7741-9846-3.
  8. Jump up to:a b c Eberlin, Marion; Mück, Thomas; Michel, Martin C. (2012). “A Comprehensive Review of the Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, and Clinical Effects of the Neutral Endopeptidase Inhibitor Racecadotril”Frontiers in Pharmacology3: 93. doi:10.3389/fphar.2012.00093ISSN 1663-9812PMC 3362754PMID 22661949.
  9. Jump up to:a b c d e Mediq.ch: racecadotril. Accessed 2019-12-30.
  10. Jump up to:a b c d e f g Haberfeld, H, ed. (2019). Austria-Codex (in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. Hidrasec 100 mg-Hartkapseln.
  11. ^ Cumming, P (2019). “A Survey of Molecular Imaging of Opioid Receptors”Molecules24 (22): 4190. doi:10.3390/molecules24224190PMC 6891617PMID 31752279.
Clinical data
Trade namesHidrasec, Tiorfan, Zedott, others
Other namesBenzyl 2-[3-(acetylthio)-2-benzylpropanamido]acetate
AHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug Names
Routes of
administration
By mouth
ATC codeA07XA04 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal statusUK: POM (Prescription only)EU: Rx-only [1]
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding90% (active metabolite thiorphan)[2]
MetabolismLiver-mediated[2]
Onset of action30 min
Elimination half-life3 hours[2]
ExcretionUrine (81.4%), feces (8%)[2]
Identifiers
showIUPAC name
CAS Number81110-73-8 
PubChem CID107751
DrugBankDB11696
ChemSpider96913 
UNII76K53XP4TO
KEGGD08464
ChEMBLChEMBL2103772 
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID8045513 
ECHA InfoCard100.214.352 
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC21H23NO4S
Molar mass385.48 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
ChiralityRacemic mixture
Melting point89 °C (192 °F)
showSMILES
showInChI
  (what is this?)  (verify)
https://i0.wp.com/www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/27281/fphar-03-00093-HTML/image_m/fphar-03-00093-g001.jpg
CN101103960A *Jul 14, 2006Jan 16, 2008海南盛科生命科学研究院Dry mixed suspension containing racecadotril and preparation method thereof
CN101768095A *Dec 26, 2008Jul 7, 2010山东齐都药业有限公司Preparation method of racecadotril
WO2001097803A1 *Jun 20, 2001Dec 27, 2001Laboratoire GlaxosmithklinePharmaceutical preparations comprising racecadotril (acetorphan)
WO2013098826A1 *Dec 26, 2011Jul 4, 2013Symed Labs Limited“a process for the preparation of n-[2-[(acetylthio) methyl]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropyl] glycine phenyl methyl ester and intermediates thereof”
Reference
Reference
CN101103960A *Jul 14, 2006Jan 16, 2008海南盛科生命科学研究院Dry mixed suspension containing racecadotril and preparation method thereof
CN101768095A *Dec 26, 2008Jul 7, 2010山东齐都药业有限公司Preparation method of racecadotril
WO2001097803A1 *Jun 20, 2001Dec 27, 2001Laboratoire GlaxosmithklinePharmaceutical preparations comprising racecadotril (acetorphan)
WO2013098826A1 *Dec 26, 2011Jul 4, 2013Symed Labs Limited“a process for the preparation of n-[2-[(acetylthio) methyl]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropyl] glycine phenyl methyl ester and intermediates thereof”
1*金庆平 等: “神经内肽酶抑制剂消旋卡多曲(Racecadotril)的合成工艺研究“, 《中国现代应用药学杂志》, vol. 20, no. 7, 31 August 2003 (2003-08-31)
Reference
Citing PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitle
US6013829 *Feb 4, 1997Jan 11, 2000Societe Civile BioprojetProcess for the asymmetric synthesis of S-acyl derivatives of 2-mercaptomethyl -3- phenyl propanoic acid, application to the synthesis of N-(mercaptoacyl) amino acid derivatives
US20040009956 *Apr 29, 2003Jan 15, 2004Dehua PeiInhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases and SH2 domains by a neutral phosphotyrosine mimetic
1*MOHAMED A.O. ET AL.: ‘Stability-indicating methods for the determination of racecadotril in the presence of its degradation products‘ BIOSCIENCE TRENDS vol. 3, no. 6, 2009, pages 247 – 252, XP055074337
CN104356036A *Nov 7, 2014Feb 18, 2015山东齐都药业有限公司Alpha crystal form of racecadotril and preparation method of alpha crystal form

///////////Racecadotril, рацекадотрил , راسيكادوتريل , 消旋卡多曲 , Antidiarrheal, Neutral Endopeptidase Inhibitor, Cadotril, Dexecadotril , 

CC(=O)SCC(CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)NCC(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1

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DIPYRIDAMOLE

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0
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Dipyridamole.svg
ChemSpider 2D Image | Dipyridamole | C24H40N8O4

Dipyridamole

  • Molecular FormulaC24H40N8O4
  • Average mass504.626 Da

2,2′,2”,2”’-{[4,8-Di(piperidin-1-yl)pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyl]dinitrilo}tetraethanol
200-374-7[EINECS]
58-32-2[RN]
Ethanol, 2,2′,2”,2”’-[(4,8-di-1-piperidinylpyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyl)dinitrilo]tetrakis-
дипиридамол [Russian] [INN]
ديبيريدامول [Arabic] [INN]
双嘧达莫 [Chinese] [INN]
0068373 [Beilstein]
DipyridamoleCAS Registry Number: 58-32-2 
CAS Name: 2,2¢,2¢¢,2¢¢¢-[(4,8-Di-1-piperidinylpyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyl)dinitrilo]tetrakisethanol 
Additional Names: 2,6-bis(diethanolamino)-4,8-dipiperidinopyrimido-[5,4-d]pyrimidine 
Manufacturers’ Codes: NSC-515776; RA-8 
Trademarks: Anginal (Yamanouchi); Cardoxin (RAFA); Cleridium (Marcofina); Coridil (Delalande); Coronarine (NEGMA); Curantyl (Berlin-Chemie); Dipyridan (Hokuriku); Gulliostin (Taiyo); Natyl (Interdelta); Peridamol (Boehringer, Ing.); Persantine (Boehringer, Ing.); Piroan (Towa Yakuhin); Prandiol (Bottu); Protangix (Lefrancq) 
Molecular Formula: C24H40N8O4 
Molecular Weight: 504.63 
Percent Composition: C 57.12%, H 7.99%, N 22.21%, O 12.68% 
Literature References: Phosphodiesterase inhibitor that reduces platelet aggregation; also acts as a coronary vasodilator. Prepn: GB807826; F. G. Fischer, et al.,US3031450 (1959, 1962 both to Thomae). Activity studies: Saraf, Seth, Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol.15, 135 (1971). Toxicological study: F. Takenaka et al.,Arzneim.-Forsch.22, 892 (1972). Symposium on pharmacology and clinical experience as antithrombotic: Thromb. Res.60, Suppl. 12, 1-99 (1990). Review of use as pharmacological stress agent in echocardiography: M. B. Buchalter et al.,Postgrad. Med. J.66, 531-535 (1990); in 201Tl cardiac imaging: S. G. Beer et al.,Am. J. Cardiol.67, Suppl., 18D-26D (1991). 
Properties: Deep yellow needles from ethyl acetate, mp 163°. Bitter taste. Slightly sol in H2O; sol in dil acid having a pH of 3.3 or below; very sol in methanol, ethanol, chloroform; not too sol in acetone, benzene, ethyl acetate. Solns are yellow and show strong blue-green fluorescence. LD50 in rats: 8.4 g/kg orally; 208 mg/kg i.v. (Takenaka).Melting point: mp 163° 
Toxicity data: LD50 in rats: 8.4 g/kg orally; 208 mg/kg i.v. (Takenaka) 
Derivative Type: Combination with aspirin 
Trademarks: Aggrenox (Boehringer, Ing.) 
Literature References: Review of pharmacology and clinical efficacy in secondary prevention of stroke: P. S. Hervey, K. L. Goa, Drugs58, 469-475 (1999). 
Therap-Cat: Antithrombotic; diagnostic aid (cardiac stress testing). 
Keywords: Antithrombotic; Diagnostic Aid; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor.

Dipyridamole (trademarked as Persantine and others) is a nucleoside transport inhibitor and a PDE3 inhibitor medication that inhibits blood clot formation[3] when given chronically and causes blood vessel dilation when given at high doses over a short time.

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2011151640A1/enDipyridamole, represented by structural formula (I), possesses platelet aggregation inhibiting, anti-thrombotic and vasodilator properties and it is marketed as an anti-platelet therapy for the treatment and prevention of disorders such as thrombo-embolisms.

Figure imgf000002_0001

A process for the preparation of dipyridamole, disclosed in patent US 3031450, involves the reaction of 2,6-dichloro-4,8-dipiperidino-pyrimido(5,4-d)pyrimidine with diethanolamine (see Scheme 1). The preparation of 2,6-dichloro-4,8-dipiperidino- pyrimido(5,4-d)pyrimidine is also reported in US 3031450 and is incorporated herein by reference. The reaction to prepare dipyridamole does not employ an additional reaction solvent and is a neat mixture of the two reactants carried out at a very high temperature of 190 to 195°C. The process also involves a cumbersome work-up to isolate dipyridamole, since the crude product obtained is a pasty mass which needs decantation of the mother liquor and further purification. This decantation process is not practical on commercial scale.

Figure imgf000003_0001

2,6-dichloro-4,8-dipiperidino- dipyridamole (Ί) pyflmido(5,4-d)pyrimidineScheme 1A similar process for the production of dipyridamole is described in patent DD 117456 wherein the reaction conditions exemplified are heating 2,6-dichloro-4,8-dipiperidino- pyrimido(5,4-d)pyrimidine and diethanolamine at 155 to 160°C under vacuum. However, this process again requires a high temperature which leads to the formation of impurities.A process for the preparation and purification of dipyridamole is disclosed in patent DE 1812918, wherein 2,6-dicMoro-4,8-dipiperidino-pyrimido(5,4-d)pyrimidine and diethanolamine are heated to 150 to 200°C. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is dissolved in chloroform, which is further separated into an upper layer of diethanolamine and its hydrochloride and a chloroform solution. The chloroform solution obtained is separated and reduced to dryness after stirring with water. This process also requires a high temperature which can lead to the formation of impurities. In addition, the solvent used for the isolation of dipyridamole, chloroform, is inconvenient as it is a restricted solvent and its permitted limit in the final marketed dipyridamole is very low.A similar process, wherein dipyridamole is manufactured by the reaction of diethanolamine with 2,6-dichloro-4,8-dipiperidino-pyrimido(5,4-d)pyrimidine is disclosed in patent RO 104718. However, this process again requires high temperatures of 180 to 200°C which leads to the formation of impurities and, consequently, the yield of the final product is very low (58%) with a purity of less than 98%.A process is disclosed in patent DD 115670, wherein the purification of dipyridamole involves refluxing it in butyl acetate, AcOBu, for 2 hours in the presence of an equal amount of silica gel or column chromatography on silica gel at 60-100°C. However, purification by column chromatography is not economical and not feasible on industrial scale. Moreover, this purification process only removes one specific impurity, 2,4,6-tris- (diethanolamino) – 8 -pip eridino-pyrimido (5,4-d)pyrimidine .The processes described above to prepare dipyridamole do not employ an additional reaction solvent but involve neat mixtures of the two reactants, 2,6-dichloro-4,8- dipiperidino-pyrimido(5,4-d)pyrimidine and diethanolamine, which are heated at very high temperatures. The use of neat reaction mixtures and/ or high temperatures means that it is very difficult to control the levels of impurities formed.Another process for the preparation of dipyridamole, disclosed in patent application WO 2007/080463, involves reacting diethanolamine with 2,6-dichloro-4,8-dipiperidino- pyrimido(5,4-d)pyrimidine in a solvent selected from the group consisting of l-methyl-2- pyrrolidinone, sulpholane and polyethylene glycol. However, the exemplified reaction temperatures are very high at 190 to 200°C and the HPLC purity of the crude dipyridamole is reported to be only 90-94%. A purification method is disclosed using first a ketonic solvent and then an alcohol and water. Even though the process disclosed in this patent application uses a solvent in the reaction, the temperature of reaction is still very high and the purification in ketonic solvent is reported at high temperature (100 to 120°C). The HPLC purity after purification is reported as only 99.0-99.5%.As discussed above, all the processes disclosed in the prior art for the preparation of dipyridamole suffer from serious disadvantages with respect to commercial production. The prior art synthetic and purification processes employ high temperatures in the preparation of dipyridamole which leads to inefficiency and high processing costs. The high temperatures also lead to higher levels of impurities being formed during manufacture with the consequence that further cumbersome and expensive purification procedures are required.The high quality dipyridamole prepared by the processes according to the present invention can be used for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition to use in the manufacture of a medicament for anti-platelet therapy. A preferred embodiment of the present invention, illustrated in Scheme 2, provides a process for the preparation of dipyridamole comprising reacting 2,6-dichloro-4,8- dipiperidino-pyrimido(5,4-d)pyrimidine with diethanolamine at 113-115°C. This reaction temperature is significantly lower than that used in the prior art processes to prepare dipyridamole.

Figure imgf000014_0001

Another preferred embodiment of the present invention, illustrated in Scheme 3, also provides a process for the preparation of dipyridamole by the reaction of 2,6-dichloro-4,8- dipiperidino-pyrimido(5,4-d)pyrimidine with diethanolamine in dimethylsulfoxide at 120- 125°C to afford the mono-substituted intermediate, 2-chloro-6-diethanolamino-4,8- dipiperidino-pyrimido(5,4-d)pyrimidine, which is isolated and then further converted to dipyridamole by heating in diethanolamine at 113-115°C.Although the solvent used in this preferred embodiment of the present invention is preferably dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), other solvents can alternatively be used. Preferred alternative solvents are other polar aprotic solvents, such as dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMA) or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). Alternatively, hydrocarbon solvents can be used. Preferred hydrocarbon solvents are aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene or xylene.

Figure imgf000015_0001
Figure imgf000015_0002

Example 1Preparation of crude dipyridamoleDiethanolamine (10 vol) and 2,6-dichloro-4,8-dipiperidino-pyrimido(5,4-d)pyrimidine (1 eq) were mixed at 25-30°C, stirred for 10 minutes and then heated at 113-115°C for 45-48 hours. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to 75-80°C. Ethanol (5 vol) was added at 75-80°C and the mixture was stirred at 75-80°C for 10 minutes. Toluene (10 vol) was added at 70-75°C and the mixture was stirred at 70-75°C for 15 minutes. Purified water (15 vol) was added at 70-75°C and the mixture was stirred at 60-65°C for 30 minutes. The mixture was then cooled and stirred at 25-30°C for 30 minutes. The precipitated solid was filtered and washed with purified water (2 x 5 vol) before drying at 75-80°C under reduced pressure afforded crude dipyridamole as a yellow crystalline solid. Yield (w/w) = 80-85%Yield (molar) = 58-62%HPLC purity > 98%Example 2Stage 1: Preparation of 2-chloro-6-diemanolamino-4,8-dipiperidino-pyrimido(5,4-d) pyrimidineDiethanolamine (3 eq) and 2,6-dichloro-4,8-dipiperidino-pyrimido(5,4-d)pyrimidine (1 eq) were added to dimefhylsulfoxide (10 vol) at 25-30°C, stirred for 10 minutes and then heated at 120-125°C for 4-5 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to 55-60°C. Acetone (5 vol) was added at 55-60°C and the mixture was stirred at 55-60°C for 10 minutes. Purified water (15 vol) was added at 55-60°C and the mixture was stirred at 50-55°C for 15 minutes. The mixture was cooled to 25-30°C and stirred at 25-30°C for 30 minutes. The precipitated solid was filtered, washed with purified water (2 x 5 vol) and dried at 75-80°C under reduced pressure to afford crude 2-chloro-6- diethanolamino-4,8-dipiperidino-pyrimido(5,4-d)pyrimidine as a yellow crystalline solid. Yield (w/w) = 110-120%Yield (molar) = 93-100%HPLC purity > 96%Stage 2: Preparation of crude dipyridamoleDiethanolamine (10 vol) and 2-chloro-6-diemanolamino-4,8-dipiperidino-pyrimido(5,4-d) pyrimidine (1 eq) were mixed at 25-30°C, stirred for 10 minutes and then heated at 113- 115°C for 45-48 hours. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to 75- 80°C. Ethanol (5 vol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 75-80°C for 10 minutes. Toluene (10 vol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 70-75°C for 15 minutes. Purified water (15 vol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 60-65°C for 30 minutes. The mixture was then cooled to 25-30°C and stirred for 30 minutes. The precipitated solid was filtered, washed with purified water (2 x 5 vol) and dried at 75-80°C under reduced pressure to afford crude dipyridamole as a yellow crystalline solid.Yield (w/w) = 95-97%Yield (molar) = 82-84%HPLC purity > 98%Example 3Crystallization of crude dipyridamoleCrude dipyridamole (1 eq) and diefhanolamine (8 vol) were stirred together at 25-30°C for 10 minutes and then heated to about 80°C for 10 minutes. The clear solution was cooled to 75-80°C, ethanol (5 vol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 75-80°C for 10 minutes. Toluene (10 vol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 70-75°C for 15 minutes. The mixture was cooled to 25-30°C, stirred at 25-30°C for 10 minutes and filtered. The filtrate was heated to 70-75°C for 10 minutes, purified water (15 vol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 60-65°C for 30 minutes before cooling to 25-30°C with stirring for 30 minutes. The precipitated solid was filtered, washed with purified water (2 x 5 vol) and dried at 75-80°C under reduced pressure to afford dipyridamole as a yellow crystalline solid.Yield (w/w and molar) = 90-95%HPLC purity > 99.9% 
PATENT 
https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2007080463A1/enDipyridamole which is chemically known as 4,8-Bis(piperidino)-N,N,N’,N’- tetra(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diamine is a platelet adhesion inhibitor. It is useful in anti-platelet therapy and it is marketed as Persantin ® by Boehringer Ingelheim.The platelet aggregation inhibiting properties, anti-thrombotic and vasodilator properties of Dipyridamole is reported in US patent 3031450 which also describe a process for its preparation by reacting 2-chloro-6-diethanolamino-4, 8-dipiperidyl- pyrimido-pyrimidine with diethanolamine.German patent 117456 describes the process for the production of Dipyridamole from 2,6-dichloro-4,8-dipiperidinopyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine and diethanolamine at 130 to 200° C under vacuum. German patent 1812918 describes the process for the preparation and purification of Dipyridamole. According to this patent 2,6-dichloro-4,8,- dipiperidinopyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine and diethanolamine are heated to 150 to 2000C to obtain Dipyridamole. This is characterized by the fact that after the completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is dissolved in chloroform, which is further separated into the upper layer of diethanolamine and its hydrochloride and the chloroform solution. Thus obtained chloroform solution is reduced to dryness after stirring with water.RO 104718 Bl describes a process where Dipyridamole is manufactured and purified by reaction of diethanolamine with 2,6-dichloro-4,8-dipiperidinopyrimido[5,4- d]pyrimidine. In this process the yield is very low (58%) and purity is only 98%.Another patent DDl 15670 Z describes a process for the purification of Dipyridamole by refluxing it in AcOBu for 2 h in the presence of an equal amount of silica gel or by column chromatography on silica gel at 60-1000C. The purification by column chromatography is not economical and feasible at industrial scale.All the above mentioned prior art are neat reaction in which it is difficult to control the impurity and is not easy to scale up. In the prior art process the obtained product is pasty which needs decanting the mother liquor and further purification.We focused our research to develop an improved and efficient process for the preparation and purification of Dipyridamole of formula (I) which will overcome the above mentioned prior art problems and will produce Dipyridamole in substantially good yield, high purity and with no mixture of solvents.Objectives of the InventionThe main objective of the present invention is to provide an improved process for the preparation and purification of compound of formula (I), which gives better purity and high yield of the product. Another objective of the present invention is to provide a process for the preparation and purification of compound of formula (I), which would be easy to scale up and implement at industrial level.Yet another objective of the present invention is to provide a process for the preparation and purification of compound of formula (I), which avoids, use of hazardous gas (SO2) and corrosive chemicals like HCl, H2SO4, acetic acid, NaOH, NH3 etc.Summary of the InventionAccordingly, the present invention provides a process for the preparation ofDipyridamole of formula (I) comprising reacting 2,6-Dichloro-4,8- dipiperidinopyrimido- (5,4-d)pyrimidine (DDH) of formula (II) with Diethanolamine (DEA) of formula (III) using a solvent. This process can be represented by the scheme given below:

Figure imgf000004_0001

(II) (III) (I)The obtained wet or optionally dried crude Dipyridamole is purified by using ketonic solvent and aqueous alcoholic solvent or mixture thereof.Description of the InventionIn an embodiment of the present invention the solvent is selected from the group consisting of l-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, Sulpholane and Polyethylene glycol, preferably l-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). In another embodiment of the present invention, the polyethylene glycol used is PEG-20Q or PEG-400, preferably PEG-400.In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the reaction is carried out at a temperature of about 25° C to reflux temperature, preferably at a temperature of about 150° C to 2000C.In still another embodiment of the present invention the starting material of this invention is prepared according to the literature available in the prior art.In yet another embodiment the ketonic solvent is acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl vinyl ketone or methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), preferably MIBK.In yet another embodiment the alcoholic solvent is selected from the group having Ci to C4 alkanol preferably isopropyl alcohol (IPA) or methanol.The present invention is illustrated with the following examples, which should not be construed for limiting the scope of the invention.Example 1Preparation of Dipyridamole (Crude)250 mL of l-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), 50g of 2,6-Dichloro-4,8 dipiperidinopyrimido(5,4-d)pyrimidine (DDH) and 136g of Diethanolamine (DEA) were charged into a 2.0 L four-necked RBF at 25-35 0C. The reaction mass was heated to 190 – 2000C and maintained for 1.5 to 2.5 hrs under stirring. The reaction mass was cooled to 25-350C and 450 mL of purified water was charged slowly into it and stirred for lhr. The solid reaction mass was filtered and washed with 500ml-purified water and dried the solid under vacuum at 50-550C for 8 to 10 hrs to get 55-60 g of crude Dipyridamole of 90-94% HPLC purity.Purification Of DipyridamoleMethyl isobutyl ketone (750 ml) and 50 g of Dipyridamole (crude) were charged into a clean 2.0 L four-necked RBF at 25-3O0C and heated to 100-1200C. It was stirred to dissolve and cooled to 25-350C and stirred for 30-60 min. The solid was Filtered and washed with 100 ml MIBK. The product was dried at 45-50 0C under vacuum. The obtained material was further purified as follows:Isopropyl alcohol (200 mL) and 40-45 g of Dipyridamole were charged into a clean 1.0 lit four-necked RBF at 25-350C. It was heated to 60-650C. Carbon (Ig) was added at 30-350C and filtered through celite and washed with 50 mL IPA. Water (500 mL) was charged slowly and stirred for 30 min. The solid was filtered and washed with a mixture of IPA : Water (1 :2) and dried the product at 45-50 0C under vacuum to obtain 43-5Og of Dipyridamole having HPLC purity 99.0 – 99.5%Example 2Sulpholane (15 mL), 5.0g of 2,6-Dichloro-4,8-dipiperidinopyrimido(5,4-d) pyrimidine (DDH) and 8.6g Diethanolamine (DEA) were charged into 100 mL four- necked RBF at 25-35°C. It was heated to 190-2000C and stirred for 2-3 hrs. The reaction mass was cooled to 25-35°C and 45 mL of water was added into it. The reaction mass was stirred. The solid was filtered and washed with water. The solid was purified with MIBK,IPA-Water as given in example 1.Example 3Polyethylene glycol-400 (15 mL), 5g of 2,6-Dichloro-4,8-dipiperidinopyrimido (5,4-d) pyrimidine (DDH) and 8.6 gm Diethanolamine (DEA) were charged into 10OmL four necked RBF at 25-35°C. The reaction mass was heated to 190-2000C and maintained for 2-3 hrs. The mixture was cooled to 25-350C. Water (45 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred. The solid was filtered and washed with water. The solid was purified with MIBK,IPA- Water as given in example 1.Example 4 (Azeotrophic removal of water in MIBK purification)Preparation of Dipyridamole (Crude*) l-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (150 mL), 50g of 2,6-Dichloro-4,8-dipiperidinopyrimido(5,4-d)pyrimidine (DDH) and 136g Diethanolamine (DEA) was charged into a 2.0 L four-necked RBF at 25-35 0C. The reaction mass was stirred & heated to 190 – 2000C and stirring was continued for 1.5 to 2.5 hrs. The reaction mass was cooled to 25-350C and 450 mL of purified water was charged slowly into it and stirred for lhr. The solid reaction mass was filtered and washed with 500ml-purified water to obtain 110-13Og of wet crude Dipyridamole.Purification Of DipyridamoleMethyl isobutyl ketone (750 ml) and 65 g of Dipyridamole (wet crude) were charged into a clean 2.0 L four-necked RBF at 25-3O0C and heated to 100-1200C followed by azeotrophic separation of water. It was cooled to 25-350C and stirred for30-60 min. The solid was filtered and washed with 100 ml MIBK. The product was dried at 45-50 0C under vacuum. The obtained material was further purified as follows:Isopropyl alcohol (200 mL) and 45-48 g of Dipyridamole were charged into a clean 1.0 L four-necked RBF at 25-350C. It was heated to 60-650C and stirred to dissolve. Carbon (Ig) was added at 30-350C and filtered through celite and washed with 50 mL IPA. Water (500 mL) was charged slowly and stirred for 30 min. The solid was filtered and washed with a mixture of IPA : Water (1:2) and dried the product at 45-50 0C under vacuum to obtain 43-5Og of Dipyridamole having HPLC purity 99.0-99.5%Purification with Methaanol-waterMethanol (200 mL) and 45-48 g of Dipyridamole were charged into a clean 1.0 L four-necked RBF at 25-350C. It was heated to 60-650C and stirred to dissolve. Carbon (Ig) was added at 30-350C and filtered through celite and washed with 50 mL methanol. Water (500 mL) was charged slowly and stirred for 30 min. The solid was filtered and washed with a mixture of methanol : Water (1 :2) and dried the product at 45-50 0C under vacuum to obtain 45g of Dipyridamole having HPLC purity 99%. 
PATENThttps://patents.google.com/patent/CN108069972A/enEmbodiment 1Weigh urea 120g(2mol), ethylene glycol 62g(1mol)120 DEG C are heated in a kettle, in Catalyzed by p-Toluenesulfonic Acid Effect is lower to carry out step(1)Reaction, generate compound 3;Then 2,3- diamino succinic acid 37g is weighed(0.25mol)With step The compound 3 generated in rapid 1 carries out the reaction generation compound 5 of step 2,220 DEG C, reaction time 3h of reaction temperature, catalyst For the nickel-base catalyst of support type, catalyst is filtered out after the completion of reaction;Exist in phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus trichloride and lead to chlorine In the case of, compound 5 carries out chlorination reaction generation compound 6,110 DEG C of reaction temperature, reaction time 30h;Weigh piperidines 85g (1mol)Step is carried out with compound(4)Reaction, after reaction liquid hydrolysis, cooling filtering, be dried to obtain compound 9;Claim Take 105g(1mol)Diethanol amine and compound 9 carry out step(6)Reaction, 220 DEG C of reaction temperature, reaction time 3h fills 1.5 MPa of Hydrogen Vapor Pressure, catalyst are the crude product of the nickel-base catalyst, after reaction cold filtration of support type, and crude product passes through It is refining to obtain Dipyridamole finished product, quality 62.10g, purity 99.21%, product yield 48.74%(Yield is with 2,3- diamino fourths Diacid is calculating benchmark).Embodiment 2Weigh urea 120g(2mol), ethylene glycol 62g(1mol)120 DEG C are heated in a kettle, in Catalyzed by p-Toluenesulfonic Acid Effect is lower to carry out step(1)Reaction, generate compound 3;Then 2,3- diamino succinic acid 30g is weighed(0.2mol)With step The compound 3 generated in rapid 1 carries out the reaction generation compound 5 of step 2,220 DEG C, reaction time 3h of reaction temperature, catalyst For the nickel-base catalyst of support type, catalyst is filtered out after the completion of reaction;Exist in phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus trichloride and lead to chlorine In the case of, compound 5 carries out chlorination reaction generation compound 6,110 DEG C of reaction temperature, reaction time 30h;Weigh piperidines 85g (1mol)Step is carried out with compound(4)Reaction, after reaction liquid hydrolysis, cooling filtering, be dried to obtain compound 9;Claim Take 105g(1mol)Diethanol amine and compound 9 carry out step(6)Reaction, 220 DEG C of reaction temperature, reaction time 3h fills 1.5 MPa of Hydrogen Vapor Pressure, catalyst are the crude product of the nickel-base catalyst, after reaction cold filtration of support type, and crude product passes through It is refining to obtain Dipyridamole finished product, quality 50.34g, purity 99.3%, product yield 49.53%(Yield is with 2,3- diamino fourth two Acid is calculating benchmark).Embodiment 3Other steps are the same as embodiment 2, step(6)In reaction temperature for 240 DEG C, product yield 50.31%.Comparative example 1Weigh urea 36g(0.6mol), ethyl acetoacetate 26g(0.2mol), add in ethanol-hydrogen chloride liquid(30% hydrochloric acid:95% second Alcohol=1:4)Then 200ml, drying and dehydrating after stirring add in sodium hydroxide solution and are warming up to 95 DEG C, then cool to 75 DEG C, add Hydrochloric acid adjusts PH=1, cold filtration, the 6- methyluracils of washing filtering;Nitric acid is added in reaction pot, is cooled to less than 10 DEG C, Stirring adds in 6- methyluracils, be warming up to 30 DEG C of heat preservations 1 it is small when the nitro whey liquid that filters;Take a policy powder in water, stirring After dissolving plus nitro whey liquid, temperature control keep the temperature 30min at 35 DEG C, add the static 3h of hydrochloric acid, stir 2h, filtration drying obtains amino breast Clear liquid;Again weigh urea 36g and add in reaction kettle with amino whey liquid, stirring is warming up to 100 DEG C of heat preservation 20min, cools to 90 DEG C add in 2mol/L sodium hydroxide solution, be warming up to 100 DEG C heat preservation dissolving 1h.Cool to 40 DEG C, filter tetrahydroxy pyrimidine- [4,5d] and pyrimidine sodium salt, adds water, 60 DEG C of heat preservation 30min add hydrochloric acid to adjust PH=4, is cooled to 15 DEG C of filterings, washing, dries 2,4,6,8- tetrahydroxys pyrimidine-[4,5d] and pyrimidine;Tetrahydroxy object, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus trichloride are added in reaction kettle, is stirred, 10 DEG C of similarly hereinafter chlorine are warming up to 110 DEG C of reflux for 24 hours, be cooled to 15 DEG C of filterings, washing, dry 2,4,6,8- tetrachloro-pyrimidines- [4,5d] and pyrimidine;Acetone, tetrachloride are sequentially added, piperidines-acetone mixture, 30 DEG C of heat preservations are added dropwise in 20 DEG C of heat preservation 30min 1h, adds water to stir 1h, and filtration drying obtains 2,6- bis- chloro- 4,8 ,-two piperidines-pyrimidine(Dichloride);Weigh diethanol amine 63g with Dichloride is mixed, and is warming up to 200 DEG C of heat preservation 15min, is cooled to less than 25 DEG C plus acetone and stirs 30min, then 30 DEG C 4h is kept the temperature, filtration drying obtains Dipyridamole crude product, then carries out refined Dipyridamole finished product 13.53, purity 98.5%, yield 13.21%(Using ethyl acetoacetate as calculating standard).It is found by being compared with comparative example:The method of the production Dipyridamole of the present invention is short with synthetic route, into The characteristics of product high income, production cost is low. 

SYN

GB 807826 U.S. Patent 3,031,450

File:Dipyridamole synthesis.png

SYN

SYN

R.S. Vardanyan, V.J. Hruby, in Synthesis of Essential Drugs, 2006

Dipyridamole

Dipyridamole, 2,2′,2″,2′″-[(4,8-dipiperidinopirimido[5,4-d]pirimidin-2,6-diyl)-diimino]-tetraethanol (19.4.13), is easily synthesized from 5-nitroorotic acid (19.4.8), easily obtained, in turn, by nitrating of 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine, which is usually synthesized by the condensation of urea with acetoacetic ether. Reduction of the nitro group in 5-nitroorotic acid by various reducing agents gives 5-aminoorotic acid (19.4.9), which is reacted with urea or with potassium cyanide to give 2,4,6,8-tetrahydroxypyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine (19.4.10). This undergoes a reaction with a mixture of phosphorous oxychloride and phosphorous pentachloride, which forms 2,4,6,8- tetra-chloropyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine (19.4.11). Reacting the resulting tetrachloride with piperidine replaces the chlorine atoms at C4 and C8 of the heterocyclic system with piperidine, giving 2,6-dichloropyrimido-4,8-dipiperidino[5,4-d]pyrimidine (19.4.12). Reacting the resulting product with diethanolamine gives dipyridamole (19.4.13) [32,33].

Dipyridamole increases coronary blood circulation, increases oxygen flow to the myocardium, potentiates adenosine activity, and impedes its metabolization. It inhibits aggregation of thrombocytes, blocks phosphodiesterase, increases microcirculation, and inhibits the formation of thrombocytes.

It is used for chronic coronary insufficiency, as well as for preventing and treating thrombosis. Synonyms of this drug are anginal, curantyl, stenocor, thrompresantin, and many others.SYN

Chemical Synthesis

Dipyridamole, 2,2′,2”,2”’-[(4,8-dipiperidinopirimido[5,4-d]pirimidin-2,6- diyl)-diimino]-tetraethanol (19.4.13), is easily synthesized from 5-nitroorotic acid (19.4.8), easily obtained, in turn, by nitrating of 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine, which is usually synthesized by the condensation of urea with acetoacetic ether. Reduction of the nitro group in 5-nitroorotic acid by various reducing agents gives 5-aminoorotic acid (19.4.9), which is reacted with urea or with potassium cyanide to give 2,4,6,8- tetrahydroxypyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine (19.4.10). This undergoes a reaction with a mixture of phosphorous oxychloride and phosphorous pentachloride, which forms 2,4,6,8- tetrachloropyrimido[ 5,4-d]pyrimidine (19.4.11). Reacting the resulting tetrachloride with piperidine replaces the chlorine atoms at C4 and C8 of the heterocyclic system with piperidine, giving 2,6-dichloropyrimido-4,8-dipiperidino[5,4-d]pyrimidine (19.4.12). Reacting the resulting product with diethanolamine gives dipyridamole (19.4.13).

 clipA general outline of the procedure for synthesizing dipyridamole is shown in Scheme 1. Reaction of the pyrimidino pyrimidine-2,4,6,8- tetraol (1) with a mixture of phosphorous oxychloride and phosphorous pentachloride gives the tetrachloro derivative (2). The halogens at the peri positions 4 and 8 are more reactive to substitution than are the remaining halogen pairs 2 and 6, which are in effect the two positions of the pyrimidines. Thus, reaction with piperidine at ambient temperature gives the 4, 8 diamine (3). Subsequent reaction with bis-2-hydroxy ethylamine under more strenuous conditions gives dipyridamole (4) [12, 13].12. F.G. Fischer, J. Roch, and A. Kottler, U.S. Patent 3, 031, 450 (1962). 13. D. Lednicer and L.A. Mitscher, The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthessis Volume 1, John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 428 (1977). 

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set 3 

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Medical uses

Stroke

A combination of dipyridamole and aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid/dipyridamole) is FDA-approved for the secondary prevention of stroke and has a bleeding risk equal to that of aspirin use alone.[4] Dipyridamole absorption is pH-dependent and concomitant treatment with gastric acid suppressors (such as a proton pump inhibitor) will inhibit the absorption of liquid and plain tablets.[7][8] Modified release preparations are buffered and absorption is not affected.[9][10]

However, it is not licensed as monotherapy for stroke prophylaxis, although a Cochrane review suggested that dipyridamole may reduce the risk of further vascular events in patients presenting after cerebral ischemia.[11]

A triple therapy of aspirinclopidogrel, and dipyridamole has been investigated, but this combination led to an increase in adverse bleeding events.[12]

  • Vasodilation occurs in healthy arteries, whereas stenosed arteries remain narrowed. This creates a “steal” phenomenon where the coronary blood supply will increase to the dilated healthy vessels compared to the stenosed arteries which can then be detected by clinical symptoms of chest pain, electrocardiogram and echocardiography when it causes ischemia.
  • Flow heterogeneity (a necessary precursor to ischemia) can be detected with gamma cameras and SPECT using nuclear imaging agents such as Thallium-201, Tc99mTetrofosmin and Tc99mSestamibi. However, relative differences in perfusion do not necessarily imply any absolute decrease in blood supply in the tissue supplied by a stenosed artery.

Other uses

Dipyridamole also has non-medicinal uses in a laboratory context, such as the inhibition of cardiovirus growth in cell culture.[citation needed]

Drug interactions

Due to its action as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, dipyridamole is likely to potentiate the effects of adenosine. This occurs by blocking the nucleoside transporter (ENT1) through which adenosine enters erythrocyte and endothelial cells.[13]

According to Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland 2016 guidelines, dipyridamole is considered to not cause risk of bleeding when receiving neuroaxial anaesthesia and deep nerve blocks. It does not therefore require cessation prior to anaesthesia with these techniques, and can continue to be taken with nerve block catheters in place.[14]

Overdose

Dipyridamole overdose can be treated with aminophylline[2]: 6  or caffeine which reverses its dilating effect on the blood vessels. Symptomatic treatment is recommended, possibly including a vasopressor drug. Gastric lavage should be considered. Since dipyridamole is highly protein bound, dialysis is not likely to be of benefit.

Mechanisms of action

Dipyridamole has two known effects, acting via different mechanisms of action:

Experimental studies[

Dipyridamole is currently undergoing repurposing for treatment of ocular surface disorders. These include pterygium and dry eye disease. The first report of topical dipyridamole’s benefit in treating pterygium was published in 2014.[15] A subsequent report of outcomes in 25 patients using topical dipyridamole was presented in 2016.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ Nielsen-Kudsk, F; Pedersen, AK (May 1979). “Pharmacokinetics of Dipyridamole”. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica44 (5): 391–9. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1979.tb02350.xPMID 474151.
  2. Jump up to:a b “Aggrenox (aspirin/extended-release dipyridamole) Capsules. Full Prescribing Information” (PDF). Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  3. ^ “Dipyridamole” at Dorland’s Medical Dictionary
  4. Jump up to:a b c Brown DG, Wilkerson EC, Love WE (March 2015). “A review of traditional and novel oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy for dermatologists and dermatologic surgeons”. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology72 (3): 524–34. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.10.027PMID 25486915.
  5. ^ Dixon BS, Beck GJ, Vazquez MA, et al. (2009). “Effect of dipyridamole plus aspirin on hemodialysis graft patency”N Engl J Med360 (21): 2191–2201. doi:10.1056/nejmoa0805840PMC 3929400PMID 19458364.
  6. ^ Dipyridamole in the laboratory: Fata-Hartley, Cori L.; Ann C. Palmenberg (2005). “Dipyridamole reversibly inhibits mengovirus RNA replication”Journal of Virology79 (17): 11062–11070. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.17.11062-11070.2005PMC 1193570PMID 16103157.
  7. ^ Russell TL, Berardi RR, Barnett JL, O’Sullivan TL, Wagner JG, Dressman JB. pH-related changes in the absorption of “dipyridamole” in the elderly. Pharm Res (1994) 11 136–43.
  8. ^ Derendorf H, VanderMaelen CP, Brickl R-S, MacGregor TR, Eisert W. “Dipyridamole” bioavailability in subjects with reduced gastric acidity. J Clin Pharmacol (2005) 45, 845–50.
  9. ^ “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 2009-07-05. Retrieved 2010-02-06.
  10. ^ Stockley, Ivan (2009). Stockley’s Drug Interactions. The Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85369-424-3.
  11. ^ De Schryver EL, Algra A, van Gijn J (2007). Algra A (ed.). “Dipyridamole for preventing stroke and other vascular events in patients with vascular disease”Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD001820. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001820.pub3PMID 17636684.
  12. ^ Sprigg N, Gray LJ, England T, et al. (2008). Berger JS (ed.). “A randomised controlled trial of triple antiplatelet therapy (aspirin, clopidogrel and dipyridamole) in the secondary prevention of stroke: safety, tolerability and feasibility”PLOS ONE3 (8): e2852. Bibcode:2008PLoSO…3.2852Sdoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002852PMC 2481397PMID 18682741.
  13. ^ Gamboa A, Abraham R, Diedrich A, Shibao C, Paranjape SY, Farley G, et al. Role of adenosine and nitric oxide on the mechanisms of action of dipyridamole. Stroke. 2005;36(10):2170-2175.
  14. ^ AAGBI Guidelines Neuraxial and Coagulation June 2016
  15. ^ Carlock, Beth H.; Bienstock, Carol A.; Rogosnitzky, Moshe (2014-03-25). “Pterygium: Nonsurgical Treatment Using Topical Dipyridamole – A Case Report”Case Reports in Ophthalmology5 (1): 98–103. doi:10.1159/000362113ISSN 1663-2699PMC 3995373PMID 24761148.
  16. ^ “Topical Dipyridamole for Treatment of Pterygium and Associated Dry Eye Symptoms: Analysis of User-Reported Outcomes”ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-05-19.
Clinical data
Trade namesPersantine, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682830
Pregnancy
category
B
Routes of
administration
By mouthIV
ATC codeB01AC07 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal statusUK: POM (Prescription only)US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability37–66%[1]
Protein binding~99%
MetabolismLiver (glucuronidation)[2]
Elimination half-lifeα phase: 40 min,
β phase: 10 hours
ExcretionBiliary (95%), urine (negligible)
Identifiers
showIUPAC name
CAS Number58-32-2 
PubChem CID3108
IUPHAR/BPS4807
DrugBankDB00975 
ChemSpider2997 
UNII64ALC7F90C
KEGGD00302 
ChEBICHEBI:4653 
ChEMBLChEMBL932 
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID6040668 
ECHA InfoCard100.000.340 
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC24H40N8O4
Molar mass504.636 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
hideSMILESOCCN(CCO)C(N=C1N2CCCCC2)=NC3=C1N=C(N(CCO)CCO)N=C3N4CCCCC4
showInChI
  (verify)

Patent

Publication numberPriority datePublication dateAssigneeTitleUS3031450A1959-04-301962-04-24Thomae Gmbh Dr KSubstituted pyrimido-[5, 4-d]-pyrimidinesDE1812918A11968-04-251969-11-06Dresden Arzneimittel2,6-Bis (diethanolamino-4,8-dipiperidino-pyrimido (5,4-d)-pyrimidine – purification by simple procedure giving good yieldsDD115670A11974-02-191975-10-12DD117456A11975-02-131976-01-12DE2927539A1 *1979-07-071981-01-08Margineanu Dan Axente Dipl IngBis:di:ethanol-amino-di:piperidino-pyrimido-pyrimidine prepn. – from methyl acetoacetate and urea via amino-orotic acidRO104718B11989-08-091994-09-30Medicamente DePRODUCTION METHOD OF PURE 2,6-bis-(DIETHANOL AMIDE)-4,8-DI- PIPERIDINE-PYRIMIDO-(5,4-d)-PYRIMIDINEWO2007080463A12006-01-122007-07-19Orchid Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals LimitedAn improved process for the preparation of dipyridamoleFamily To Family CitationsDE115670C *JPS5191295A *1975-02-051976-08-10Jipiridamooruno kairyoseizohoJPS5757038B2 *1977-09-301982-12-02Yamanouchi Pharma Co LtdJPS57209291A *1981-06-171982-12-22Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co LtdPurification of dipyridamoleUS6232312B1 *1995-06-072001-05-15Cell Pathways, Inc.Method for treating patient having precancerous lesions with a combination of pyrimidopyrimidine derivatives and esters and amides of substituted indenyl acetic acidesCN1425461A *2003-01-032003-06-25贵州益佰制药股份有限公司Injection preparation for resisting platelet aggregation and its producing methodCN1634085A *2004-11-242005-07-06崔晓廷Injectio of aspirin and dipyridamole and its preparing process 

Non-Patent

TitleCURTIN, NICOLA J. ET AL: “Resistance-Modifying Agents of Pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine Modulators of Antitumor Drug Activity. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships for Nucleoside Transport Inhibition and Binding to .alpha.1-Acid Glycoprotein”, JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY , 47(20), 4905-4922 CODEN: JMCMAR; ISSN: 0022-2623, 26 August 2004 (2004-08-26), XP002651697 * 

 

CN104710431B *2015-03-182017-03-01常州康普药业有限公司A kind of purifying process of dipyridamoleCN107782805B *2016-08-252021-02-02亚宝药业集团股份有限公司HPLC analysis method for key intermediate impurity synthesized by dipyridamoleCN106380471B *2016-08-312018-11-06广州市桐晖药业有限公司A kind of preparation method of DipyridamoleCN108069972A *2016-11-162018-05-25湖南尔康制药股份有限公司A kind of production method of Dipyridamole bulk pharmaceutical chemicalsCN106946887B *2017-03-242019-05-28大连万福制药有限公司A kind of preparation method introducing catalyst optimization synthesis Dipyridamole

/////////////////Dipyridamole, дипиридамол , ديبيريدامول , 双嘧达莫 , 0068373 , NSC-515776, RA-8

OCCN(CCO)C(N=C1N2CCCCC2)=NC3=C1N=C(N(CCO)CCO)N=C3N4CCCCC4

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TAUROLIDINE

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ChemSpider 2D Image | Taurolidine | C7H16N4O4S2
Taurolidine.png

TAUROLIDINE

  • Molecular FormulaC7H16N4O4S2
  • Average mass284.356 Da

19388-87-5[RN]
243-016-5[EINECS]
2H-1,2,4-Thiadiazine, 4,4′-methylenebis[tetrahydro-, 1,1,1′,1′-tetraoxide
4,4′-methanediylbis(1,2,4-thiadiazinane) 1,1,1′,1′-tetraoxide
UNII-8OBZ1M4V3V 
тауролидин 
توروليدين 
牛磺利定 
NMR https://www.apexbt.com/downloader/document/C4559/NMR-2.pdf
MS https://www.apexbt.com/downloader/document/C4559/MS-2.pdf
Taurolidine 
CAS Registry Number: 19388-87-5 
CAS Name: 4,4¢-Methylenebis(tetrahydro-1,2,4-thiadiazine) 1,1,1¢,1¢-tetraoxide 
Additional Names: 4,4¢-methylenebis(perhydro-1,2,4-thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide); bis(1,1-dioxoperhydro-1,2,4-thiadiazin-4-yl)methane 
Trademarks: Drainasept (Geistlich); Taurolin (HMR); Tauroflex (Geistlich) 
Molecular Formula: C7H16N4O4S2, Molecular Weight: 284.36 
Percent Composition: C 29.57%, H 5.67%, N 19.70%, O 22.51%, S 22.55% 
Literature References: Broad spectrum, synthetic formaldehyde carrier formed by the condensation of two molecules of taurine and three molecules of formaldehyde. Prepn: FR1458701; R. W. Pfirrmann, US3423408 (1966, 1969 both to Ed. Geistlich Söhne). Antibacterial activity in mice: M. K. Browne et al.,J. Appl. Bacteriol.41, 363 (1976). Anti-endotoxin activity in lab animals: R. W. Pfirrmann, G. B. Leslie, ibid.46, 97 (1979). Mechanism of action: E. Myers et al.,ibid.48, 89 (1980). HPLC determn of metabolites in plasma: A. D. Woolfson et al.,Int. J. Pharm.49, 135 (1989). Pharmacokinetics: C. Steinbach-Lebbin et al.,Arzneim.-Forsch.32, 1542 (1982). Metabolism in humans: B. I. Knight et al.,Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.12, 695 (1981). Clinical trials in peritonitis: M. K. Browne et al.,Surg. Gynecol. Obstet.146, 721 (1978); G. Wesch et al.,Fortschr. Med.101, 545 (1983); in wound sepsis: A. K. Halsall et al.,Pharmatherapeutica2, 673 (1981); in pleural infection: A. A. Conlan et al.,S. Afr. Med. J.64, 653 (1983). 
Properties: White crystals, mp 154-158°. Sol in water. 
Melting point: mp 154-158° 
Therap-Cat: Antibacterial. 
Keywords: Antibacterial (Synthetic).

Taurolidine is an antimicrobial that is used to try to prevent infections in catheters.[1] Side effects and the induction of bacterial resistance is uncommon.[1] It is also being studied as a treatment for cancer.[2]

It is derived from the endogenous amino acid taurine. Taurolidine’s putative mechanism of action is based on a chemical reaction. During the metabolism of taurolidine to taurinamide and ultimately taurine and water, methylol groups are liberated that chemically react with the mureins in the bacterial cell wall and with the amino and hydroxyl groups of endotoxins and exotoxins. This results in denaturing of the complex polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide components of the bacterial cell wall and of the endotoxin and in the inactivation of susceptible exotoxins.[3]

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2012070066A1/en

Taurolidine is an antibacterial drug and also has antiendotoxic substance, which is used as an antiseptic solution in surgery for washing out the abdominal cavity and it also prevents septic shock. It is commercially sold as Taurolidine (Formula I). The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of Taurolidine which provides significant advantages over the existing processes.

Figure imgf000002_0001

Formula I

The current process for the preparation of Taurolidine is depicted in Scheme 1

Figure imgf000003_0001

Formula II

Figure imgf000003_0002

Formula IVFormula IThe present inventors thus propose an industrially viable procedure for isolation of Taurolidine in substantially pure form.Taurolidine is dissolved in a suitable solvent to obtain a clear solution. The product starts to precipitate and an anti solvent is added optionally to maximize the precipitation procedure. The solvents employed for the purification are non -aqueous aprotic solvents comprising DMSO, DMAc, DMF, Acetonitirle, DMSO being the most preferred solvent. The antisolvents employed are toluene, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, ether; toluene being the most preferred.Taurolidine obtained by the instant procedure has purity greater than or equal to 99.5 %. The process of the invention is illustrated by the following examples to obtain Taurolidine. Example ICbz-Taurine sodium salt (Formula II)To 1000ml of water in the RBF charge 192gm of (3.0 eq) of sodium hydroxide under cooling followed by 200gm of Taurine and dissolve it until clear solution is obtained. Cool to 0°C to 5°C, and Charge 50% CBZ-C1 in toluene at 0°C to 5°C. After completion of addition, maintain at room temperature for 14h. Separate the toluene layer and wash the aqueous layer with 2x200ml of ethyl acetate. Add slowly 27gm of sodium hydroxide in 60ml of water to the aqueous layer and adjust pH to 12- 14. Cool to 0°C to 5°C and a white solid separates from the solution. Filter the solid and dry the solid at 60 -70 °C. Weight of the solid: 320 gExample 2Cbz-Taurinamide (Formula III)To a clean dry flask charge 1500ml of toluene and charge 320gm of Formula II and cool to 0°C to 5°C. Charge 308 gm of PC15 slowly at 0°C to 5°C for 2hrs. Maintain at 0°C to 5°C up to completion of reaction. Quench the RM into another flask containing 2 ltr of water at 0°C to 5°C. Separate the organic layer, wash and extract the aqueous layer with toluene. Dry the organic layer with sodium sulphate and cool to 0°C to 5°C. Purge ammonia gas into the reaction mass till the reaction is complete. Filter the solid and dissolve the solid in 21tr of water and extract the aqueous layer with 2x600ml of ethyl acetate. Dry the organic layer with sodium sulphate and concentrate it under reduced pressure to obtain a white solid. Weight of the solid: 150 gExample 3Taurinamide Succinate (Formula IV)Take a suspension of 100 g of Cbz-Taurinamide in 1000 ml methanol, and 10% Pd/C (1 .0 g) and subject to hydrogenation at 45-50 psi. Upon completion of the reaction filter the catalyst and add succinic acid (1 .0 eq) to the solvent and distill off the solvent under vacuum to provide the title compound in about 90% yield as a white solid.Example 4Taurolidine (Formula I)To a solution of 100 g Taurinamide succinate in water is added sat sodium bicarbonate solution and pH adjusted to 7-8. To the solution was added formaldehyde (50 ml) and allowed to stir for 4 h. The solid obtained was filtered and washed with water to give Taurolidine. The title compound was obtained in about 70% yield and about 98% purity.Example 5Purification of TaurolidineTaurolidine (100 g) was dissolved in DMSO (400 ml) and a clear solution is obtained and a precipitate is obtained immediately. The solid is filtered and washed with toluene and dried to give a white solid in 40 % yield. The product obtained was >99.5% pure.Example 6Purification of TaurolidineTaurolidine (100 g) was dissolved in DMSO (400 ml) and a clear solution is obtained and a precipitate is obtained immediately. To the solution, toluene (1000 ml) is added. The solid is filtered and washed with toluene and dried to give a white solid in 70 % yield. The product obtained was >99.5% pure by HPLC and passed elemental analysis within 0.4% of the theoretical values.Example 7Purification of TaurolidineTaurolidine (100 g) was dissolved in DMAc (800 ml) and to the solution, toluene (1000 ml) is added. The solid is filtered and washed with toluene and dried to give a white solid in 70% yield.

PATENT

WO/2022/007713

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2022007713&_cid=P12-KYJIDL-52672-1Taurolidine (English name Taurolidine, chemical name is 4,4′-methylenebis[tetrahydro-2H-1,2,4-thiadiazine] 1,1,1′,1′-tetraoxide , the molecular formula is C 7 H 16 N 4 O 4 S 2 ) is a derivative of the amino acid taurine, and its structure is as follows:

Taurolidine has anti-endotoxin, anti-bacterial and anti-adherent properties. In terms of bacteria, taurolidine can chemically react with cell walls, endotoxins and exotoxins to inhibit microbial adhesion and play an antibacterial role. In addition, in terms of anti-tumor, taurolidine can induce cytotoxicity of tumor cells by inducing apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis. The extent to which these processes are involved may vary with the type of tumor cell. Until July 2020, there were more than 260 foreign literature searches on taurolidine research reports, most of which focused on the exploration of the effect of taurolidine on tumor-related signaling pathways, while the application of taurolidine in antiviral activity was not yet available. See research reports. 
PATENThttps://patents.google.com/patent/CN101274921B/en
Taurolidine synthetic operation step:1. the preparation of tauryl villaumite hydrochlorate 
In being housed, ventpipe, escape pipe, thermometer and churned mechanically 300ml four-necked bottle add Mercaptamine 25g, 200ml methylene dichloride and 32ml dehydrated alcohol, under ice-water bath (below the 10 ℃) mechanical stirring, feed dry appropriate chlorine, reaction begins and heat release immediately, the thick solid of adularescent generates, and temperature remains on below 50 ℃ and stirs, reaction 5h.The whole process HCl gas and the monochloroethane gas of alkali lye absorption reaction process.Stop logical chlorine after reacting end, get yellow mercury oxide, suction filtration is used washed with dichloromethane four times, and vacuum-drying gets white solid 50g, 152~154 ℃ of fusing points.2. the preparation of tauryl azide salt hydrochlorate 
The reaction flask ice-water bath of containing 45ml water is cooled to-15 ℃, adds NaN 3(2g), after stirring is molten entirely, add slightly pinkiness of tauryl villaumite hydrochlorate (9g) solution in batches, the water-bath of 20 minutes recession deicings, room temperature continues stirring 60 minutes.3. the preparation of tauryl amine hydrochlorate 
Above-mentioned reaction solution is joined in the 500ml autoclave, add 0.5g 5%Pd/C, feed hydrogen, pressure is 7Mpa, stirring at room 6h.Turn off hydrogen, pour out reaction solution, elimination Pd/C gets colourless reaction solution.The reaction solution that takes a morsel adds in the nuclear-magnetism pipe, adds deuterated reagent D 2O, with 1HNMR determines the transformation efficiency of hydrogenation reaction.Two kinds of CH of tauryl amine hydrochlorate 21The HNMR peak is 3.29~3.31 and 3.40~3.42ppm place, and two kinds of CH of reactant tauryl azide salt hydrochlorate 21The HNMR peak is 3.37~3.38 and 3.82~3.84ppm place.Determine that with the peak height ratio of two kinds of compounds the 4th step added the amount of formaldehyde.4. the preparation of taurolidine 
With the above-mentioned reaction solution that removes by filter Pd/C, add 5g NaHCO 3, be stirred to molten entirely, frozen water cooling, stir slowly splash into down formaldehyde solution (37%, 2ml), have milky white precipitate to produce after 30 minutes, continue to stir 1h, suction filtration, filter cake is washed 3 times with frozen water.Vacuum-drying gets white powdery solid 2.3g, 170~174 ℃ of fusing points.Embodiment 2:Making with extra care of taurolidine:The above-mentioned taurolidine white powder 5~10g that obtains adds 50~200ml acetonitrile, and heating for dissolving removes by filter a small amount of insolubles, concentrates, and cooling below 10 ℃ gets white powder 5~10g, 172~174 ℃ of fusing points.Embodiment 3:Proton nmr spectra ( 1H-NMR) data are as follows:1HNMR(DMSO-D6,TMS7.26-7.28(t,2H,NH),4.09-4.10(d,4H,N-CH 2),3.53(s,2H,N-CH 2-N),3.28-3.29(t,4H,N-CH 2-CH 2),2.96-2.97(t,4H,S-CH 2-CH 2)。The infrared absorption spectrum data are as follows:IR (KBr compressing tablet cm -1): 3425,3263,1633,1450,1404,1317,1278,1228,1160,1134,1073,1026,993,958,924,830,757,667,532,511.See Fig. 3.The ultimate analysis analytical value:C, 29.04%, N, 18.55%, H, 5.85%; Calculated value: C, 29.57%, N, 19.71%, H, 5.67%Embodiment 4:Taurolidine formulation optimizing injection type of the present invention, as: infusion solution, injection liquid, freeze-dried powder injection or powder ampoule agent for injection etc., more preferably infusion solution.The preparation of infusion solution[prescription 1] taurolidine 10.0~30.0gPVP 40.0~80.0gNaCl 2~5gAdd water to 1000ml[method for making] takes by weighing taurolidine, is dissolved in water, and stirs, and adds the PVP dissolving, and adjust pH to 7.0 is crossed the moisture film of 0.22 μ m, packing, and 121 ℃ of sterilizations 20 minutes, promptly.[prescription 2] taurolidine 10.0~30.0gCitric acid 0.1~1.0gLemon enzyme sodium 10.0~20.0gAdd water to 1000ml[method for making] takes by weighing taurolidine, is dissolved in water, stir, and the dissolving of adding citric acid sodium, adjust pH to 7.0, the moisture film of mistake 0.22 μ m, packing was sterilized 20 minutes for 121 ℃, promptly. 
PATENThttps://patents.google.com/patent/US8952148B2/en

Figure US08952148-20150210-C00002

Example ICbz-Taurine Sodium Salt (Formula II)To 1000 ml of water in the RBF charge 192 gm of (3.0 eq) of sodium hydroxide under cooling followed by 200 gm of Taurine and dissolve it until clear solution is obtained. Cool to 0° C. to 5° C., and Charge 50% CBZ-Cl in toluene at 0° C. to 5° C. After completion of addition, maintain at room temperature for 14 h. Separate the toluene layer and wash the aqueous layer with 2×200 ml of ethyl acetate. Add slowly 27 gm of sodium hydroxide in 60 ml of water to the aqueous layer and adjust pH to 12-14. Cool to 0° C. to 5° C. and a white solid separates from the solution. Filter the solid and dry the solid at 60-70° C. Weight of the solid: 320 g

Example 2Cbz-Taurinamide (Formula III)To a clean dry flask charge 1500 ml of toluene and charge 320 gm of Formula II and cool to 0° C. to 5° C. Charge 308 gm of PClslowly at 0° C. to 5° C. for 2 hrs. Maintain at 0° C. to 5° C. up to completion of reaction. Quench the RM into another flask containing 2 ltr of water at 0° C. to 5° C. Separate the organic layer, wash and extract the aqueous layer with toluene. Dry the organic layer with sodium sulphate and cool to 0° C. to 5° C. Purge ammonia gas into the reaction mass till the reaction is complete. Filter the solid and dissolve the solid in 2 ltr of water and extract the aqueous layer with 2×600 ml of ethyl acetate. Dry the organic layer with sodium sulphate and concentrate it under reduced pressure to obtain a white solid. Weight of the solid: 150 g

Example 3Taurinamide Succinate (Formula IV)Take a suspension of 100 g of Cbz-Taurinamide in 1000 ml methanol, and 10% Pd/C (1.0 g) and subject to hydrogenation at 45-50 psi. Upon completion of the reaction filter the catalyst and add succinic acid (1.0 eq) to the solvent and distill off the solvent under vacuum to provide the title compound in about 90% yield as a white solid.

Example 4Taurolidine (Formula I)To a solution of 100 g Taurinamide succinate in water is added sat sodium bicarbonate solution and pH adjusted to 7-8. To the solution was added formaldehyde (50 ml) and allowed to stir for 4 h. The solid obtained was filtered and washed with water to give Taurolidine. The title compound was obtained in about 70% yield and about 98% purity.

Example 5Purification of TaurolidineTaurolidine (100 g) was dissolved in DMSO (400 ml) and a clear solution is obtained and a precipitate is obtained immediately. The solid is filtered and washed with toluene and dried to give a white solid in 40% yield. The product obtained was >99.5% pure.

Example 6Purification of TaurolidineTaurolidine (100 g) was dissolved in DMSO (400 ml) and a clear solution is obtained and a precipitate is obtained immediately. To the solution, toluene (1000 ml) is added. The solid is filtered and washed with toluene and dried to give a white solid in 70% yield. The product obtained was >99.5% pure by HPLC and passed elemental analysis within 0.4% of the theoretical values.

Example 7Purification of TaurolidineTaurolidine (100 g) was dissolved in DMAc (800 ml) and to the solution, toluene (1000 ml) is added. The solid is filtered and washed with toluene and dried to give a white solid in 70% yield. 

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Medical uses

Taurolidine is an antimicrobial agent used in an effort to prevent catheter infections. It however is not approved for this use in the United States as of 2011.[4]

  • Catheter lock solution in home parenteral nutrition (HPN) or total parenteral nutrition (TPN): catheter-related blood stream infections (CRBSI) remains the most common serious complication associated with long-term parenteral nutrition. The use of taurolidine as a catheter lock solution shows a reduction of CRBSI.[1][5] The overall quality of the evidence however is not strong enough to justify routine use.[1][5]
  • Catheter lock solution: Taurolidine decreases the adherence of bacteria and fungi to host cells by destructing the fimbriae and flagella and thus prevent the biofilm formation.[6][7] Taurolidine is the active ingredient of antimicrobial catheter lock solutions for the prevention and treatment of catheter related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) and is suitable for use in all catheter based vascular access devices.[8][1] Bacterial resistance against taurolidine has never been observed in various studies.[9][10]
  • The use of a taurolidine lock solution may decrease the risk of catheter infection in children with cancer but the evidence is tentative.[11]

Side effects

No systemic side effects have been identified. The safety of taurolidine has also been confirmed in clinical studies with long-term intravenous administration of high doses (up to 20 grams daily). In the body, taurolidine is metabolized rapidly via the metabolites taurultam and methylol taurinamide, which also have a bactericidal action, to taurine, an endogenous aminosulphonic acid, carbon dioxide and water. Therefore, no toxic effects are known or expected in the event of accidental injection. Burning sensation while instilling, numbness, erythema, facial flushing, headache, epistaxis, and nausea have been reported.[12]

Toxicology

Taurolidine has a relatively low acute and subacute toxicity.[1] Intravenous injection of 5 grams taurolidine into humans over 0.5–2 hours produce only burning sensation while instilling, numbness, and erythema at the injection sites.[12] For treatment of peritonitis, taurolidine was administered by peritoneal lavage, intraperitoneal instillation or intravenous infusion, or by a combination thereof. The total daily dose ranged widely from 0.5 to 50 g. The total cumulative dose ranged from 0.5 to 721 g. In those patients who received intravenous taurolidine, the daily intravenous dose was usually 15 to 30 g but several patients received up to 40 g/day. Total daily doses of up to 40 g and total cumulative doses exceeding 300 g were safe and well tolerated.[12][13][14][15][16]

Pharmacology

  • Metabolism: Taurolidine and taurultam are quickly metabolized to taurinamide, taurine, carbon dioxide and water. Taurolidine exists in equilibrium with taurultam and N-methylol-taurultam in aqueous solution.[17]
  • Pharmacokinetic (elimination): The half-life of the terminal elimination phase of taurultam is about 1.5 hours, and of the taurinamide metabolite about 6 hours. 25% of the taurolidine dose applied is renally eliminated as taurinamide and/or taurine.[13][14][18]

Mechanism of action

Following administration of taurolidine, the antimicrobial and antiendotoxin activity of the taurolidine molecule is conferred by the release of three active methylol (hydroxymethyl) groups as taurolidine is rapidly metabolized by hydrolysis via methylol taurultam to methylol taurinamide and taurine. These labile N-methylol derivatives of taurultam and taurinamide react with the bacterial cell-wall resulting in lysis of the bacteria, and by inter- and intramolecular cross-linking of the lipopolysaccharide-protein complex, neutralization of the bacterial endotoxins which is enhanced by enzymatic activation. This mechanism of action is accelerated and maximised when taurolidine is pre-warmed to 37 °C (99 °F). Microbes are killed and the resulting toxins are inactivated; the destruction time in vitro is 30 minutes.[19]

The chemical mode of action of taurolidine via its reactive methylol groups confers greater potency in vivo than indicated by in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, and also appears to preclude susceptibility to resistance mechanisms.[14]

Taurolidine binding to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) prevents microbial adherence to host epithelial cells, thereby prevents microbial invasion of uninfected host cells. Although the mechanism underlying its antineoplastic activity has not been fully elucidated, it may be related to this agent’s anti-adherence property.[6][7] Taurolidine has been shown to block interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).[20] In addition, taurolidine also promotes apoptosis by inducing various apoptotic factors and suppresses the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a protein that plays an important role in angiogenesis.[21]

Taurolidine is highly active against the common infecting pathogens associated with peritonitis and catheter sepsis, this activity extends across a wide-spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and fungi (with no diminution of effect in the presence of biological fluids, e.g. blood, serum, pus).[15][16][22]

Chemical properties

The chemical name for taurolidine is 4,4′-Methylene-bis(1,2,4-thiadiazinane)-1,1,1’,1′-tetraoxide.

It is a white to off white odourless crystalline powder. It is practically insoluble in chloroform, slightly soluble in boiling acetone, ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate, sparingly soluble in water 8 at 20° and ethyl alcohol, soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, and dilute sodium hydroxide, and freely soluble in N,N-dimethylformamide (at 60 °C).

History

Taurolidine was first synthesized in the laboratories of Geistlich Pharma AG, Switzerland in 1972. Clinical trials begun in 1975 in patients with severe peritonitis.

Research

Taurolidine demonstrates some anti-tumor properties, with positive results seen in early-stage clinical investigations using the drug to treat gastrointestinal malignancies and tumors of the central nervous system.[23] More recently, it has been found to exert antineoplastic activity. Taurolidine induces cancer cell death through a variety of mechanisms. Even now, all the antineoplastic pathways it employs are not completely elucidated. It has been shown to enhance apoptosis, inhibit angiogenesis, reduce tumor adherence, downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokine release, and stimulate anticancer immune regulation following surgical trauma. Apoptosis is activated through both a mitochondrial cytochrome-c-dependent mechanism and an extrinsic direct pathway. A lot of in vitro and animal data support taurolidine’s tumoricidal action.[24][25][26] Taurolidine has been used as an antimicrobial agent in the clinical setting since the 1970s and thus far appears nontoxic. The nontoxic nature of taurolidine makes it a favorable option compared with current chemotherapeutic regimens. Few published clinical studies exist evaluating the role of taurolidine as a chemotherapeutic agent. The literature lacks a gold-standard level 1 randomized clinical trial to evaluate taurolidine’s potential antineoplastic benefits. However, these trials are currently underway. Such randomized control studies are vital to clarify the role of taurolidine in modern cancer treatment.[21][2]

References

  1. Jump up to:a b c d e f Liu Y, Zhang AQ, Cao L, Xia HT, Ma JJ (2013). “Taurolidine lock solutions for the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials”PLOS ONE8 (11): e79417. Bibcode:2013PLoSO…879417Ldoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079417PMC 3836857PMID 24278133.
  2. Jump up to:a b Neary PM, Hallihan P, Wang JH, Pfirrmann RW, Bouchier-Hayes DJ, Redmond HP (April 2010). “The evolving role of taurolidine in cancer therapy”. Annals of Surgical Oncology17 (4): 1135–43. doi:10.1245/s10434-009-0867-9PMID 20039217S2CID 23807182.
  3. ^ Waser PG, Sibler E (1986). “Taurolidine: A new concept in antimicrobial chemotherapy”. In Harms AF (ed.). Innovative Approaches in Drug Research. Elsevier Science Publishers. pp. 155–169.
  4. ^ O’Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, Dellinger EP, Garland J, Heard SO, et al. (May 2011). “Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections”Clinical Infectious Diseases52 (9): e162-93. doi:10.1093/cid/cir257PMC 3106269PMID 21460264.
  5. Jump up to:a b Bradshaw JH, Puntis JW (August 2008). “Taurolidine and catheter-related bloodstream infection: a systematic review of the literature”. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition47 (2): 179–86. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e318162c428PMID 18664870S2CID 19136945.
  6. Jump up to:a b Gorman SP, McCafferty DF, Woolfson AD, Jones DS (April 1987). “Reduced adherence of micro-organisms to human mucosal epithelial cells following treatment with Taurolin, a novel antimicrobial agent”. The Journal of Applied Bacteriology62 (4): 315–20. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1987.tb04926.xPMID 3298185.
  7. Jump up to:a b Blenkharn JI (July 1989). “Anti-adherence properties of taurolidine and noxythiolin”. Journal of Chemotherapy1 (4 Suppl): 233–4. PMID 16312382.
  8. ^ Liu H, Liu H, Deng J, Chen L, Yuan L, Wu Y (2014). “Preventing catheter-related bacteremia with taurolidine-citrate catheter locks: a systematic review and meta-analysis”Blood Purification37 (3): 179–87. doi:10.1159/000360271PMID 24777144.
  9. ^ Olthof ED, Rentenaar RJ, Rijs AJ, Wanten GJ (August 2013). “Absence of microbial adaptation to taurolidine in patients on home parenteral nutrition who develop catheter related bloodstream infections and use taurolidine locks”. Clinical Nutrition32 (4): 538–42. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.11.014PMID 23267744.
  10. Jump up to:a b Torres-Viera C, Thauvin-Eliopoulos C, Souli M, DeGirolami P, Farris MG, Wennersten CB, et al. (June 2000). “Activities of taurolidine in vitro and in experimental enterococcal endocarditis”Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy44 (6): 1720–4. doi:10.1128/aac.44.6.1720-1724.2000PMC 89943PMID 10817739.
  11. ^ Simon A, Bode U, Beutel K (July 2006). “Diagnosis and treatment of catheter-related infections in paediatric oncology: an update”Clinical Microbiology and Infection12 (7): 606–20. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01416.xPMID 16774556.
  12. Jump up to:a b c Gong L, Greenberg HE, Perhach JL, Waldman SA, Kraft WK (June 2007). “The pharmacokinetics of taurolidine metabolites in healthy volunteers”Journal of Clinical Pharmacology47 (6): 697–703. doi:10.1177/0091270007299929PMID 17395893S2CID 31059736.
  13. Jump up to:a b Knight BI, Skellern GG, Browne MK, Pfirrmann RW (November 1981). “Peritoneal absorption of the antibacterial and antiendotoxin taurolin in peritonitis”British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology12 (5): 695–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01292.xPMC 1401955PMID 7332737.
  14. Jump up to:a b c Stendel R, Scheurer L, Schlatterer K, Stalder U, Pfirrmann RW, Fiss I, et al. (2007). “Pharmacokinetics of taurolidine following repeated intravenous infusions measured by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS of the derivatives taurultame and taurinamide in glioblastoma patients”. Clinical Pharmacokinetics46 (6): 513–24. doi:10.2165/00003088-200746060-00005PMID 17518510S2CID 33321671.
  15. Jump up to:a b Browne MK, MacKenzie M, Doyle PJ (May 1978). “C controlled trial of taurolin in established bacterial peritonitis”. Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics146 (5): 721–4. PMID 347606.
  16. Jump up to:a b Browne MK (1981). “The treatment of peritonitis by an antiseptic – taurolin”. Pharmatherapeutica2 (8): 517–22. PMID 7255507.
  17. Jump up to:a b Knight BI, Skellern GG, Browne MK, Pfirrmann RW (September 1981). “The characterisation and quantitation by high-performance liquid chromatography of the metabolites of taurolin”British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology12 (3): 439–40. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01245.xPMC 1401804PMID 7295478.
  18. ^ Browne MK, Leslie GB, Pfirrmann RW (December 1976). “Taurolin, a new chemotherapeutic agent”. The Journal of Applied Bacteriology41 (3): 363–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1976.tb00647.xPMID 828157.
  19. ^ Braumann C, Pfirrman RW, et al. (2013). “Taurolidine, an Effective Multimodal Antimicrobial Drug Versus Traditional Antiseptics and Antibiotics”. In Willy C (ed.). Antiseptics in Surgery – Update 2013. Lindqvist Book Publishing. pp. 119–125.
  20. ^ Bedrosian I, Sofia RD, Wolff SM, Dinarello CA (November 1991). “Taurolidine, an analogue of the amino acid taurine, suppresses interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor synthesis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells”. Cytokine3 (6): 568–75. doi:10.1016/1043-4666(91)90483-tPMID 1790304.
  21. Jump up to:a b Jacobi CA, Menenakos C, Braumann C (October 2005). “Taurolidine–a new drug with anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects”. Anti-Cancer Drugs16 (9): 917–21. doi:10.1097/01.cad.0000176502.40810.b0PMID 16162968S2CID 33876185.
  22. Jump up to:a b Nösner K, Focht J (1994). “In-vitro Wirksamkeit von Taurolidin und 9 Antibiotika gegen klinische Isolate aus chirurgischem Einsendegut sowie gegen Pilze”. Chirurgische Gastroenterologie10 (Suppl 2): 10.
  23. ^ Stendel R, Picht T, Schilling A, Heidenreich J, Loddenkemper C, Jänisch W, Brock M (2004-04-01). “Treatment of glioblastoma with intravenous taurolidine. First clinical experience”. Anticancer Research24 (2C): 1143–7. PMID 15154639.
  24. ^ Calabresi P, Goulette FA, Darnowski JW (September 2001). “Taurolidine: cytotoxic and mechanistic evaluation of a novel antineoplastic agent”. Cancer Research61 (18): 6816–21. PMID 11559556.
  25. ^ Clarke NW, Wang JH, et al. (2005). “Taurolidine inhibits colorectal adenocarcinoma metastases in vivo and in vitro by inducing apoptosis”. Ir J Med Sci174 (Supplement 3): 1.
  26. ^ Stendel R, Scheurer L, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, Brock M, Möhler H (2003-06-01). “Enhancement of Fas-ligand-mediated programmed cell death by taurolidine”. Anticancer Research23 (3B): 2309–14. PMID 12894508.
Clinical data
ATC codeB05CA05 (WHO)
Identifiers
showIUPAC name
CAS Number19388-87-5
ChemSpider27486
UNII8OBZ1M4V3V
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID00173001 
ECHA InfoCard100.039.090 
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC7H16N4O4S2
Molar mass284.35 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
showSMILES
showInChI

////////////////////TAUROLIDINE, UNII-8OBZ1M4V3V, тауролидин  ,توروليدين , 牛磺利定  ,

C1CS(=O)(=O)NCN1CN2CCS(=O)(=O)NC2

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Daridorexant

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0
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Nemorexant.svg
ChemSpider 2D Image | [(2S)-2-(5-Chloro-4-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-2-methyl-1-pyrrolidinyl][5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)phenyl]methanone | C23H23ClN6O2

Daridorexant

  • Molecular FormulaC23H23ClN6O2
  • Average mass450.921 Da

[(2S)-2-(5-Chloro-4-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-2-methyl-1-pyrrolidinyl][5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)phenyl]methanone
1505484-82-1[RN]
Methanone, [(2S)-2-(5-chloro-4-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-2-methyl-1-pyrrolidinyl][5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)phenyl]-
ACT-541468, , Nemorexant

FDA APPROVED 2022, 1/7/2022, To treat insomnia,

Quviviq
img

Daridorexant HCl
CAS#: 1792993-84-0 (HCl)
Chemical Formula: C23H24Cl2N6O2
Molecular Weight: 487.39
Elemental Analysis: C, 56.68; H, 4.96; Cl, 14.55; N, 17.24; O, 6.57

 Methanone, ((2S)-2-(6-chloro-7-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-2-methyl-1-pyrrolidinyl)(5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)phenyl)-, hydrochloride (1:1)

Daridorexant HCl; Daridorexant hydrochloride; ACT541468A; ACT 541468A; ACT-541468A; ACT541468 hydrochloride; ACT 541468 hydrochloride; ACT-541468 hydrochloride

Daridorexant HCl is used in the treat of Insomnia Disorder in Adult Patients

Daridorexant, sold under the brand name Quviviq, is a medication used for the treatment of insomnia.[1] Daridorexant is a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) which was originated by Actelion Pharmaceuticals and is under development by Idorsia Pharmaceuticals.[3][4] It acts as a selective dual antagonist of the orexin receptors OX1 and OX2.[3][4] The medication has a relatively short elimination half-life of 6 to 10 hours.[2] As of April 2020, daridorexant has passed its first phase III clinical trial for the treatment of insomnia.[3]Daridorexant was approved for medical use in the United States in January 2022.[1][5][6]

Daridorexant, formerly known as nemorexant, is a selective dual orexin receptor antagonist used to treat insomnia. Insomnia is characterized by difficulties with sleep onset and/or sleep maintenance and impairment of daytime functioning. It chronically affects the person’s daily functioning and long-term health effects, as insomnia is often associated with comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and depression. Conventional treatments for insomnia include drugs targeting gamma-aminobutyric acid type-A (GABA-A), serotonin, histamine, or melatonin receptors; however, undesirable side effects are frequently reported, such as next-morning residual sleepiness, motor incoordination, falls, memory and cognitive impairment. Novel drugs that target orexin receptors gained increasing attention after discovering the role of orexin signalling pathway in wakefulness and almorexant, an orexin receptor antagonist that improved sleep. Daridorexant was designed via an intensive drug discovery program to improve the potency and maximize the duration of action while minimizing next-morning residual activity.1

Daridorexant works on orexin receptors OX1R and OX2R to block the binding of orexins, which are wake-promoting neuropeptides and endogenous ligands to these receptors. Daridorexant reduces overactive wakefulness: in the investigational trials, daridorexant reportedly improved sleep and daytime functioning in patients with insomnia.1 It was approved by the FDA on January 10, 2022, under the name QUVIVIQ.6 as the second orexin receptor antagonist approved to treat insomnia following suvorexant.2

QUVIVIQ

  • Generic Name: daridorexant tablets
  • Brand Name: Quviviq

QUVIVIQ contains daridorexant, an orexin receptor antagonist. The chemical name of daridorexant hydrochloride is (S)-(2-(5-chloro-4-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)(5- methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)phenyl)methanone hydrochloride. The molecular formula is C23H23N6O2Cl * HCl. The molecular weight is 487.38 g/mol.

The structural formula is:

QUVIVIQ (daridorexant) Structural Formula - Illustration

Daridorexant hydrochloride is a white to light yellowish powder that is very slightly soluble in water.

QUVIVIQ tablets are intended for oral administration. Each film-coated tablet contains 27 mg or 54 mg of daridorexant hydrochloride equivalent to 25 mg or 50 mg of daridorexant, respectively. The inactive ingredients are croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, and silicon dioxide.

In addition, the film coating contains the following inactive ingredients: glycerin, hypromellose, iron oxide black, iron oxide red, microcrystalline cellulose, talc, titanium dioxide, and, in the 50 mg tablet only, iron oxide yellow.

Dosage Forms And Strengths

QUVIVIQ (daridorexant) tablets are available as:

25 mg: light purple, arc-triangle shaped, film-coated tablet debossed with “25” on one side and “i” (Idorsia logo) on the other side, containing 25 mg daridorexant.

50 mg: light orange, arc-triangle shaped, film-coated tablet debossed with “50” on one side and “i” (Idorsia logo) on the other side, containing 50 mg daridorexant.

QUVIVIQ tablets are available as:

25 mg, light purple, arc-triangle shaped film-coated tablets debossed with “25” on one side, and “i” on the other side. NDC 80491-7825-3, bottle of 30 with child-resistant closure

50 mg: light orange, arc-triangle shaped film-coated tablets debossed with “50” on one side, and “i” on the other side. NDC 80491-7850-3, bottle of 30 with child-resistant closure

SYN

https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cmdc.202000453

Since its discovery in 1998, the orexin system has been of interest to the research community as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of sleep/wake disorders. Herein we describe our efforts leading to the identification of daridorexant, which successfully finished two pivotal phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment of insomnia disorders.

image

Step 3. Amide (S7) (1000 g, 2.13 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH (5 L) and 32% aqueous HCl (500 mL) was added at 23 °C. The solution was filtered through a Whatman filter (5 µm). The filtrate was heated to 75 °C for 4h. The resulting suspension was cooled to 0 °C and filtered. The product was dried under reduced pressure to yield 93 x HCl (922 g, 89%) as a white solid.

LC-MS B: tR = 0.78 min; [M+H]+ = 451.19, mp 280 °C.

1H NMR (500 MHz, D6-DMSO) δ: 15.05- 15.65 (m, 1 H), 8.06 (s, 2 H), 7.79 (s, 1 H), 7.75 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2 H), 7.66 (m, 1 H), 7.57 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.15 (dd, J1 = 2.9 Hz, J2 = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.06-4.10 (m, 1 H), 3.92 (s, 3 H), 3.35 (s, 1 H), 2.78 (s, 3 H), 2.54-2.67 (m, 1 H), 2.23-2.31 (m, 1 H), 2.06-2.20 (m, 2 H), 1.97 (s, 3 H),

13C NMR (125 MHz, D6-DMSO) δ: 166.2, 159.3, 158.6, 136.5, 132.7, 131.9, 130.4, 130.3, 129.4, 126.8, 124.5, 123.4, 116.4, 113.7, 113.0, 61.6, 56.8, 49.7, 41.1, 23.9, 20.2, 15.7.

SYN

https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cmdc.201900618

Abstract

DORA explorers: The orexin system plays an important role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Herein we report our optimization efforts toward a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) with improved properties over compound 6. Replacing the oxadiazole by a triazole resulted in compounds (e. g. compound 33) with improved properties, such as higher intrinsic metabolic stability, lower plasma protein binding, higher brain free fraction, and increased solubility. Further optimization was needed to decrease the compounds P-glycoprotein susceptibility. Our work led to the identification of compound 42, a potent, brain-penetrating DORA with improved in vivo efficacy in dogs compared with compound 6.

image

Abstract

The orexin system is responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Suvorexant, a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) is approved by the FDA for the treatment of insomnia disorders. Herein, we report the optimization efforts toward a DORA, where our starting point was (5-methoxy-4-methyl-2-[1,2,3]triazol-2-yl-phenyl)-{(S)-2-[5-(2-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-pyrrolidin-1-yl}methanone (6), a compound which emerged from our in-house research program. Compound 6 was shown to be a potent, brain-penetrating DORA with in vivo efficacy similar to suvorexant in rats. However, shortcomings from low metabolic stability, high plasma protein binding (PPB), low brain free fraction (fu brain), and low aqueous solubility, were identified and hence, compound 6 was not an ideal candidate for further development. Our optimization efforts addressing the above-mentioned shortcomings resulted in the identification of (4-chloro-2-[1,2,3]triazol-2-yl-phenyl)-{(S)-2-methyl-2-[5-(2-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl]-pyrrolidin-1-yl}l-methanone (42), a DORA with improved in vivo efficacy compared to 6.

PAT

WO 2015083071

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2015083071

Reference Example 1

1) Synthesis of 5-methoxy-2-(2H-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid

2-lodo-5-methoxy benzoic acid (15.0 g; 53.9 mmol) is dissolved in anhydrous DMF (45 ml) followed by the addition of 1 H-1 ,2,3-triazole (7.452 g; 108 mmol) and cesium carbonate (35.155 g; 108 mmol). By the addition of cesium carbonate the temperature of the reaction mixture increases to 40°C and gas evolved from the reaction mixture. Copper(l)iodide (514 mg; 2.7 mmol) is added. This triggers a strongly exothermic reaction and the temperature of the reaction mixture reaches 70°C within a few seconds. Stirring is continued for 30 minutes. Then the DMF is evaporated under reduced pressure followed by the addition of water (170 ml) and EtOAc (90 ml). The mixture is vigorously stirred and by the addition of citric acid monohydrate the pH is adjusted to 3-4. The precipitate is filtered off and washed with water and EtOAc and discarded. The filtrate is poured into a separation funnel and the phases are separated. The water phase is extracted again with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are dried over MgS04, filtered and the solvent is evaporated to give 7.1 g of 5-methoxy-2-(2H-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid as a white powder of 94% purity (6 % impurity is the regioisomerically N1-linked triazolo-derivative); tR [min] = 0.60; [M+H]+ = 220.21

2) Synthesis of (S)-1 -(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-methylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

2-Methyl-L-proline hydrochloride (99.7 g; 602 mmol) is dissolved in a 1/1-mixture of MeCN and water (800 ml) and triethylamine (254 ml; 1810 mmol) is added. The temperature of the reaction mixture slightly rises. The reaction mixture is cooled to 10°C to 15°C followed by careful addition of a solution of Boc20 (145 g; 662 mmol) in MeCN (200 ml) over 10 minutes.

Stirring at RT is continued for 2 hours. The MeCN is evaporated under reduced pressure and aq. NaOH solution (2M; 250 ml) is added to the residual aq. part of the reaction mixture. The water layer is washed with Et20 (2x 300 ml) then cooled to 0°C followed by slow and careful addition of aq. HCI (25%) to adjust the pH to 2. During this procedure a suspension forms.

The precipitate is filtered off and dried at HV to give 1 10.9 g of the title compound as a beige powder; tR [min] = 0.68; [M+H]+ = 230.14

3) Synthesis of (S)-tert-butyl 2-((2-amino-4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)carbamoyl)-2-

(S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-methylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (60 g; 262 mmol) and HATU (100 g; 264 mmol) is suspended in DCM (600 ml) followed by the addition of DIPEA (84.6 g; 654 mmol) and 6-chloro-2,3-diaminotoluene (41 g; 262 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 14 hours then concentrated under reduced pressure and to the residue is added water followed by the extraction of the product with EtOAc (3x). The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over MgS04, filtered and the solvent is evaporated under

reduced pressure to give 185 g of the title compound as a dark brownish oil, which is used in the next step without further purification; tR [min] = 0.89; [M+H]+ = 368.01

4) Synthesis of (S)-tert-butyl 2-(5-chloro-4-methyl-1 H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2-methylpyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate

(S)-tert-butyl 2-((2-amino-4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)carbamoyl)-2-methylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (185 g; 427 mmol) are dissolved in AcOH (100%; 611 ml), heated to 100°C and stirring continued for 90 minutes. The AcOH is evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue is dissolved in DCM followed by careful addition of saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The phases are separated, the aq. phase is extracted once more with DCM, the combined aq. phases are dried over MgS04, filtered and the solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure to give 142.92 g of the title compound as a dark brown oil which is used in the next step without further purification; tR [min] = 0.69; [M+H]+ = 350.04

5) Synthesis of (S)-5-chloro-4-methyl-2-(2-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-1 H-benzo[d]imidazole hydrochloride

(S)-tert-butyl 2-(5-chloro-4-methyl-1 H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2-methylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (355.53 g; 1.02 mol) are dissolved in dioxane (750 ml) followed by careful addition of HCI solution in dioxane (4M; 750 ml; 3.05 mol). The reaction mixture is stirred for 3 hours followed by the addition of Et20 (800 ml) which triggered precipitation of the product. The solid is filtered off and dried at high vacuum to give 298.84 g of the title compound as a redish powder; tR [min] = 0.59; [M+H]+ = 250.23

6) Synthesis of [(S)-2-(5-chloro-4-methyl-1 H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-2-methyl-pyrrolidin-1- -(5-methoxy-2-[1,2,3]triazol-2-yl-phenyl)-methanone

(S)-5-chloro-4-methyl-2-(2-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-1 H-benzo[d]imidazole hydrochloride (62.8 g; 121 mmol) is dissolved in DCM (750 ml) followed by the addition of 5-methoxy-2-(2H-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid (62.8 g; 121 mmol) and DIPEA (103 ml; 603 mmol). Stirring is continued for 10 minutes followed by the addition of HATU (47 g; 124 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred for 16 hours at RT. The solvents are evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue is dissolved in EtOAc (1000 ml) and washed with water (3x 750 ml). The organic phase is dried over MgS04, filtered and the solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue is purified by CC with EtOAc / hexane = 2 / 1to give 36.68 g of the title compound as an amorphous white powder. tR [min] = 0.73; [M+H]+ = 450.96

Table 1 : Characterisation data for COMPOUND as free base in amorphous form

II. Preparation of crystalline forms of COMPOUND

Example 1 :

Preparation of seeding material of COMPOUND hydrochloride in crystalline Form 1

10 mg COMPOUND is mixed with 0.2 mL 0.1 M aq. HCI and 0.8 mL EtOH. The solvent is fully evaporated and 0.05 mL isopropanol is added. Alternatively 0.05 mL methyl-isobutylketone can be added. The sample is stored closed at room temperature for 4 days and crystalline material of COMPOUND hydrochloride in crystalline Form 1 is obtained. This material can be used as seeding material for further crystallization of COMPOUND hydrochloride in crystalline Form 1.

Example 2: Preparation and characterization of COMPOUND hydrochloride in crystalline form 1

5g COMPOUND is mixed with 0.9 mL 1 M aq. HCI and 20 mL EtOH. The solvent is evaporated and 25 mL isopropanol is added. Seeds of COMPOUND hydrochloride are added and the sample is allowed to stand at room temperature. After about 2 days the suspension is filtered and the solid residue is dried at reduced pressure (2 mbar for 1 hour) and allowed to equilibrate open for 2 hours at 24°C/46% relative humidity. The obtained solid is COMPOUND hydrochloride in crystalline Form 1

Table 2: Characterisation data for COMPOUND hydrochloride in crystalline form 1

PAT

WO 2018202689

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2018202689

Examples

Reference Example 1

Synthesis of 5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid

4,5-dibromo-2-(4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazole

4- Fluoro-3-nitroanisole (3.44 g, 1 eq.), 4,5-dibromo-2/-/-1 ,2,3-triazole (4.56 g, 1 eq.)1, K2C03 (2.78 g, 1 eq.) and DMF (30 mL) are heated to 1 10 °C for 32 h. The reaction mixture is cooled to 22 °C and treated with water (70 mL). The resulting suspension is filtered, washed with water (15 mL). The product is slurried in isopropanol (40 mL), filtered and dried under reduced pressure to yield a white solid. Yield: 6.42 g, 84%. Purity: 100% a/a (LC-MS method 2). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) δ: 7.71 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.47 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.25 (dd, Ji = 2.8 Hz, J2 = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 3.97 (s, 3 H).

1 X. Wang, L. Zhang, D. Krishnamurthy, C. H. Senanayake, P. Wipf Organic Letters 2010 12 (20), 4632-4635.

5- methoxy-2-(2H-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)aniline

4, 5-Dibromo-2-(4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-2/-/-1 ,2,3-triazole (2 g, 1 eq.), sodium acetate (1.3 g, 3 eq.), and 10% Pd/C 50% water wet (0.3 g) is suspended in EtOAc (10 mL). The mixture is heated to 50 °C and set under hydrogen until conversion is complete. The reaction mixture is filtered over Celite. The filtrate is washed with 1 N NaOH (10 mL) and water (15 mL). The organic layer is concentrated under reduced pressure to yield an oil. Yield: 0.95 g, 94%. Purity: 96% a/a (LC-MS method 2). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) <5: 8.05 (s, 2 H), 7.53 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.49 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1 H), 6.30 (dd, Ji = 2.7 Hz, J2 = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 5.94 (s, 2 H), 3.74 (s, 3 H).

5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)aniline monosulfate

5-Methoxy-2-(2/-/-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)aniline (455 g, 1 eq ) is dissolved in isopropanol (3 L). To the solution is added cone. H2SO4 (235 g, 1 eq.) below 40 °C. The suspension is cooled to

20 °C and filtered. The cake is washed with isopropanol (700 mL) and TBME (1.5 L). The product is dried to obtain a white solid. Yield: 627 g, 91 %. Purity: 100% a/a (LC-MS method 2).

2-(2-iodo-4-methoxyphenyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazole

5-Methoxy-2-(2/-/-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)aniline monosulfate (200 g, 1 eq.) is dissolved in 2 M aq. H2SO4 soln. (1.4 L) and cooled to -5 °C. To the solution is added a solution of sodium nitrite (62 g, 1.3 eq.) in water (600 mL) at -5 to 0 °C. The mixture is stirred at 0 °C for 30 min and then added to a preheated mixture of Kl (161 g, 1.4 eq.) in water (700 mL) at 65 °C. The resulting solution is stirred at 60 °C for 20 min, cooled to 20 °C and treated with a soln. of sulfamic acid (27 g, 0.4 eq.) in water (120 mL). The mixture is extracted with isopropyl acetate (2 L). The organic layer is washed with a mixture of 2 N NaOH (500 mL) and 40% NaHS03 soln. (100 mL), and a mixture of 1 N HCI (50 mL) and water (500 mL). The organic layer is concentrated to dryness. The residue is dissolved in isopropanol (700 mL) and cooled to 0 °C. The resulting suspension is filtered. The solid is dried under reduced pressure. Yield: 164 g, 79%. Purity: 100% a/a (LC-MS method 2). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) <5: 8.08 (s, 2 H), 7.57 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.43 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.13 (dd, Ji = 2.8 Hz, J2 = 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 3.85 (s, 3 H).

5-methoxy-2-(2H-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid

2-(2-lodo-4-methoxyphenyl)-2/-/-1 ,2,3-triazole (200 g, 1 eq.) is dissolved in THF (2 L) and cooled to 0 °C. 2 M iPrMgCI soln. in THF (350 mL, 1.05 eq.) is added at 0 °C. The mixture is cooled to -20 °C and C02 (gas) is bubbled into the solution over 30 min until the exothermicity is ceased. To the mixture is added 2 N HCI (600 mL) at 8 °C and concentrated under reduced pressure to remove 2.4 L solvent. The residue is extracted with TBME (1.6 L). The organic layer is washed with 1 N HCI (200 mL) and extracted with 1 N NaOH (600 mL and 200 mL). The aq. layer is filtered over charcoal (15 g), diluted with water (200 mL) and treated with 32% HCI (160 mL). The resulting suspension is filtered and washed with water (200 mL). Yield: 127 g, 87%. Purity: 100% a/a (LC-MS method 2); MP: 130 °C (DSC goldpan). The obtained product may be re-crystallized from toluene (MP: 130.9 °C) or water (MP: 130 °C).

Table Ref 1 : Characterisation data for 5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid in crystalline form 2 (recrystallization from toluene)

Technique Data Summary Remarks

XRPD Crystalline see Fig. 8

Reference Example 2

Synthesis of 4-methyl-2-(2H-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid

4,5-Dibromo-2-(5-methyl-2-nitrophenyl)-2H-1 ,2,3-triazole

3- Fluoro-4-nitrotoluene (1367 g, 1 eq.), 4,5-dibromo-2/-/-1 ,2,3-triazole (1999 g, 1 eq.), K2C03 (1340 g, 1.1 eq.) and DMF (1 1 L) is heated to 75 °C for 15 h. The reaction mixture is cooled to 22 °C and treated with water (18 L). The resulting suspension is filtered, washed with water (4 L). The product is washed with isopropanol (5 L), and dried under reduced pressure to yield a white solid. Yield: 281 1 g, 88%. Purity: 100% a/a (LC-MS method 2). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) <5: 8.10 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.86 (d, J = 1.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.66 (dd, J1 = 0.9 Hz, J2 = 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 2.51 (s, 3 H).

4- Methyl-2-(2H-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)aniline

4, 5-Dibromo-2-(5-methyl-2-nitrophenyl)-2/-/-1 ,2,3-triazole (205 g, 1 eq.), sodium acetate (149 g, 3.2 eq.), and 5% Pd/C 50% water wet (37.8 g) is suspended in EtOAc (0.8 L). The mixture is heated to 40-50 °C and set under hydrogen (2 bar) until conversion is complete. The reaction mixture is filtered over Celite. The filtrate is washed with water (300 mL), 2N NaOH (300 ml_+250 mL) and water (300 mL). The organic layer is concentrated under reduced pressure to yield a yellow oil. Yield: 132 g, 90%. Purity: 100% a/a (LC-MS method 2). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) <5: 8.09 (s, 2 H), 7.48 (d, J = 1.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.98 (dd, J1 = 1.8 Hz, J2 = 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.85 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.79 (s, 2 H), 2.23 (s, 3 H).

4-Methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)aniline monosulfate

4-Methyl-2-(2/-/-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl) aniline (199 g, 1 eq ) is dissolved in isopropanol (1.7 L). To the solution is added cone. H2SO4 (118 g, 1.05 eq.) below 40 °C. The suspension is cooled to 20 °C and filtered. The cake is washed with isopropanol (500 mL). The product is dried to obtain a white solid. Yield: 278 g, 89%. Purity: 100% a/a (LC-MS method 2). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) <5: 8.21 (s, 2 H), 7.70 (s, 1 H), 7.23 (s, 2 H), 2.35 (s, 3 H).

2-(2-iodo-5-methylphenyl)-2H-1 ,2,3-triazole

4-Methyl-2-(2/-/-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)aniline monosulfate (1553 g, 1 eq.) is dissolved in 1 M aq. H2S04 Soln. (1 1 L) and cooled to -5 °C. To the solution is added a solution of sodium nitrite (433 g, 1.1 eq.) in water (4 L) at -5 to 0 °C. The mixture is stirred at 0 °C for 30 min and then added to a preheated mixture of potassium iodide (1325 g, 1.4 eq.) in water (4 L) at 55-70 °C. The resulting solution is stirred at 60 °C for 20 min, cooled to 20 °C and treated with a soln. of sulfamic acid (220 g, 0.4 eq.) in water (900 mL). The mixture is extracted with isopropyl acetate (13 L). The organic layer is washed with a mixture of 2 N NaOH (3.5 L) and 40% NaHSOs soln. (330 g), and a mixture of 1 N HCI (280 mL) and water (3.5 L). The

organic layer is concentrated to dryness. Yield: 1580 g, 97%. Purity: 91 % a/a (LC-MS method 2). 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) <5: 7.90 (s, 2 H), 7.87 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.34 (d, J = 1 .6 Hz, 1 H), 7.03-7.06 (m, 1 H), 2.40 (s, 3 H).

The crude product, together with a second batch (141 1 g) is purified by distillation on a short path distillation equipment at 120 °C jacket temperature, feeding tank (70 °C), cooling finger (20 °C) and at a pressure of 0.004 mbar. Yield: 2544 g (78%), Purity: 100 % a/a ()LC-MS method 2).

4-Methyl-2-(2H-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid

2-(2-lodo-5-methylphenyl)-2/-/-1 ,2,3-triazole (1250 g, 1 eq.) is dissolved in THF (13 L) and cooled to 0 °C. 2 M iPrMgCI soln. in THF (2.2 L, 1 eq.) is added at 0 °C. The mixture is cooled to -25 °C and CO2 (gas) is bubbled into the solution over 60 min until the exothermicity is ceased. To the mixture is added 2 N HCI (5 L) at 4 °C and concentrated under reduced pressure to remove 14.5 L solvent. The residue is extracted with TBME (10 L). The organic layer is extracted with 1 N NaOH (6 L and 3 L). The aq. layer is filtered over charcoal (15 g), diluted with water (200 mL) and treated with 32% HCI (1 .23 L). The resulting suspension is filtered and washed with water (5 L). Yield: 796 g, 89%. Purity: 100% a/a (LC-MS method 2); MP: 125 °C (DSC goldpan).

The following examples illustrate the invention.

Example 1 :

Example 1.1: Crystalline 5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid potassium salt (potassium 5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoate)

2-Bromo-5-methoxybenzoic acid (21 .5 g, 0.093 mol, 1 eq.) copper (I) iodide (0.886 g, 0.05 eq.), and K2CO3 powder (32.2 g, 2.5 eq.) were suspended in dioxane (600 mL) and water (8.4 mL). To the mixture were added 1 H-1 ,2,3-triazole (10.8 mL, 2 eq.) and trans-/V,/V-dimethylcyclohexane-1 ,2-diamine (1 .32 g, 0.1 eq.). The mixture was heated at reflux for 3.5 h. IPC showed full conversion. The ratio of the desired N(2) to the regioisomeric Λ/(1 ) isomer was 84: 16. The mixture was cooled to 40 °C and filtered. The cake was washed with dioxane (100 mL). The solid was dried to obtain 50.6 g of a blue solid. The ratio of N{2) to Λ/(1 ) isomer of was 98.6: 1 .4.

Table 1 : Characterisation data for 5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid potassium salt in crystalline form 1

Example 1.2: Crystalline 5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid

The solid of Example 1.1 was dissolved in water (300 mL). TBME (200 mL) and 32% aq. HCI (35 mL) was added. The aq. layer was separated and discarded. The organic layer was washed with a mixture of 2N aq. HCI (100 mL) and 32% aq. HCI (20 mL). The organic layer was washed with 1 N aq. HCI (50 mL). The organic layer was extracted with 1 N aq. NaOH (200 mL). The aq. layer was heated to 45 °C and traces of TBME were removed under reduced pressure. To the aq. layer was added at 45 °C 32% aq. HCI (20 mL). At a pH of 6 optionally seed crystals were added. The resulting suspension was filtered at 40 °C. The cake was washed with water (30 mL). The product was dried at 60 °C and 5 mbar. Yield: 12.4 g, 61 %. Purity: 100% a/a, tR 0.63 min. Seed crystals may be obtained by careful crystallization according to the above procedure.

MP: 80 °C (DSC).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) & 3.87 (s, 3 H), 7.26 (m, 2 H), 7.64 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 8.02 (s, 2 H), 13.01-13.22 (br, 1 H).

Table 2: Characterisation data for 5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid in crystalline form 1

Example 1.3: Crystalline 5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid potassium salt

5-Methoxy-2-(2/-/-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid, e.g. obtained according to the procedure of Reference Example 1 (5 g, 0.0228 mol) and KHCO3 (1.61 g, 0.7 eq) were suspended in dioxane (100 mL) and water (1 mL). The mixture was heated at reflux for 40 min. The mixture was cooled to 20 °C and filtered. Yield: 2.56 g, 44%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, D20) & 3.80 (s, 3 H), 7.04 (m, 2 H), 7.46 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.82 (s, 2 H). MP: 279.5°C (DSC shows additionally a broad endothermic event at about 153 °C to 203 °C which may be attributed to endothermic desolvations; melting is immediately followed by exothermic degradation).

Table 3: Characterisation data for 5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid potassium salt in crystalline form 2

Example 1.4: Crystalline 5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid potassium salt

In an alternative procedure, 2-Bromo-5-methoxybenzoic acid (20 g, 0.086 mol, 1 eq.) copper (I) iodide (0.824 g, 0.05 eq.), and K2C03 powder (26.9 g, 2.25 eq.) were suspended in dioxane (494 mL). To the mixture was added 1 H-1 ,2,3-triazole (12 g, 2 eq.). The mixture was heated at reflux for 1 h. To the mixture was added water (12.5 g, 8 eq.). The mixture was heated at reflux for 2 h. Solvent (100 mL) was removed by distillation. The residue was cooled to 45 °C in 8 min, filtered and washed with dioxane (50 mL).

XRPD corresponds to crystalline form 1 (see Fig. 1 , Example 1.1 ).

Example 1.5: Crystalline 5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid

The solid of Example 1.4 was dissolved in water (200 mL). The mixture was heated to 50 °C and 20% aq. H2SO4 (40 mL) was added to adjust the pH to 5. The mixture was filtered over Celite. The filtrate was treated at 45 °C with 20% aq. H2S04 (40 mL). At pH 3 seeds (obtained for example using the procedure of reference example 1 ) were added. The suspension was stirred at 45 °C and filtered. The product was washed with water (20 mL) and dried at 60 °C and 10 mbar to yield a white solid. Yield: 10.8 g, 57%. Purity: 100% a/a, tR 0.63 min.

Characterisation of 5-methoxy-2-(2/-/-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid obtained according to Example 1.5:

XRPD corresponds to crystalline form 1 (see Fig. 2, Example 1.2).

Example 2:

Example 2.1: Crystalline 4-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid potassium salt (potassium 4-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoate)

2-Bromo-4-methylbenzoic acid (20 g, 0.093 mol, 1 eq.) copper (I) iodide (0.886 g, 0.05 eq.), and K2CO3 powder (32.2 g, 2.5 eq.) were suspended in dioxane (300 mL) and water (10.1 mL). To the mixture was added 1 A7-1 ,2,3-triazole (10.8 mL, 2 eq.) and trans-Λ/,ΛΑ-

dimethylcyclohexane-1 ,2-diamine (1 .32 g, 0.1 eq.). The mixture was heated at reflux for 4 h. IPC showed a conversion of 98.5%. The ratio of the desired N(2) to the regioisomeric Λ/(1 ) isomer was 75:25. The mixture was concentrated at normal pressure and external temperature of 130 °C. Solvent (100 mL) was removed. To the residue was added dioxane (100 mL) and the mixture was cooled to 45 °C and filtered. The cake was washed with dioxane (80 mL). The solid was dried to obtain 48.8 g of a blue solid. The ratio of N(2) to Λ/(1 ) isomer was 98.7: 1 .3.

Table 4: Characterisation data for 4-methyl-2-(2H-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid potassium salt in crystalline form 1

Example 2.2: Crystalline 4-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl) benzoic acid

The solid of Example 2.1 was dissolved in water (300 mL) and filtered. To the filtrate were added TBME (200 mL) and 32% aq. HCI (30 mL). The aq. layer was separated and discarded. The organic layer was washed with a mixture of 2N aq. HCI (100 mL) and 32% aq. HCI (10 mL). The organic layer was washed with 1 N aq. HCI (50 mL). The organic layer was extracted with 1 N aq. NaOH (200 mL). The aq. layer was heated to 45 °C and traces of TBME were removed under reduced pressure. To the aq. layer was added at 45 °C 32% aq. HCI (20 mL). At a pH of 6 seed crystals (obtained for example using the procedure of reference example 2) were added. The resulting suspension was filtered at 40 °C. The cake was washed with water (30 mL). The product was dried at 60 °C and 5 mbar. Yield: 1 1 .7 g, 62%. Purity: 100% a/a. tR 0.66 min.

MP: 125 °C (DSC).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) & 2.44 (s, 3 H), 7.41 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.56 (s, 1 H), 7.68 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 8.06 (s, 2 H), 12.53-13.26 (br, 1 H)

Table 5: Characterisation data for 4-methyl-2-(2H-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid in crystalline form 1

Technique Data Summary Remarks

XRPD Crystalline see Fig. 5

Example 2.3: Crystalline 4-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid potassium salt

4-Methyl-2-(2H-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid (5 g, 0.0246 mol) and KHC03 (1 .74 g , 0.7 eq) were suspended in dioxane ( 100 mL) and water (1 mL). The mixture was heated at reflux for 40 min. The mixture was cooled to 20 °C and filtered. Yield: 2.47 g, 42% . MP: 277 °C (DSC Alupan) 1 H NMR (400 MHz, D20) & 2.32 (s, 3 H), 7.28 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.39 (m, 2 H), 7.84 (s, 2 H).

MP: 276.8 °C (DSC shows additionally a broad endothermic event at about 140 °C to 208 °C which may be attributed to endothermic desolvations; melting is immediately followed by exothermic degradation).

XRPD corresponds to crystalline form 1 (see Fig. 4, Example 2.1 ).

Reference Example 3:

Reference Example 3.1: Crystalline 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid sodium salt (sodium 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoate)

2-Bromo-5-methylbenzoic acid (20 g, 0.093 mol, 1 eq. ) copper (I) iodide (0.886 g, 0.05 eq.), Na2CC>3 powder (24.6 g, 2.5 eq.) were suspended in dioxane (300 mL) and water (10.1 mL). To the mixture was added 1 /-/-1 ,2,3-triazole ( 10.8 mL, 2 eq.) and 8-hydroxy quinoline ( 1 .35 g, 0.1 eq.). The mixture was heated at reflux for 5 h. IPC showed a conversion of >99%. The ratio of the desired N(2) to the regioisomeric Λ/(1 ) isomer was 78:22. The mixture was concentrated at normal pressure and external temperature of 135 °C. Solvent (100 mL) was removed. To the residue was added dioxane (100 mL) and the mixture was cooled to 45 °C and filtered. The cake was washed with dioxane (80 mL). The solid was dried to obtain 36.2 g of a yellow solid. The ratio of N(2) to Λ/( 1 ) isomer of was 99: 1 .

Table 6: Characterisation data for 5-methyl-2-(2H-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid sodium salt in crystalline form 1

Reference Example 3.2: Crystalline 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid

The solid obtaind in Reference Example 3.1 was dissolved in water (300 mL) and filtered. To the filtrate was added TBME (200 mL) and 32% aq. HCI (30 mL) was added. The aq. layer was separated and discarded. The organic layer was washed with 1 N aq. HCI ( 100 mL). The organic layer was washed with 1 N aq. HCI (50 mL). The organic layer was extracted with 1 N aq. NaOH (200 mL). The aq. layer was heated to 45 °C and traces of TBME were removed

under reduced pressure. To the aq. layer was added at 45 °C 32% aq. HCI (20 mL). At a pH of 6 seed crystals (obtained for example using the procedure of Reference example 2) were added. The resulting suspension was filtered at 40 °C. The cake was washed with water (30 mL). The product was dried at 60 °C and 5 mbar. Yield: 12.1 g, 64%. Purity: 100% a/a. tR 0.67 min.

MP: 173 °C (DSC)

1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) & 2.42 (s, 3 H), 7.50-7.52 (m, 1 H), 7.58 (s, 1 H), 7.63 (m, 1 H), 8.05 (s, 2 H), 13.01 (s, 1 H).

Table 7: Characterisation data for 5-methyl-2-(2H-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid in crystalline form 1

Reference Example 3.3: Crystalline 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl) benzoic acid sodium salt

5-Methyl-2-(2/-/-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid (5 g, 0.0246 mol) and Na2C03 (1 .05 g, 0.4 eq) were suspended in dioxane ( 100 mL) and water (1 mL). The mixture was heated at reflux for 40 min. The mixture was cooled to 20 °C and filtered. Yield: 2.79 g, 50%. MP: 341 °C (DSC Alupan) 1 H NMR (400 MHz, D20) & 2.32 (s, 3 H), 7.30 (m, 2 H), 7.43 (m, 1 H), 7.83 (s, 2 H).

XRPD corresponds to crystalline form 1 (see Fig. 6, Reference Example 3.1 ).

Reference Example 3.4: 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid potassium salt

2-Bromo-5-methylbenzoic acid (20 g, 0.093 mol, 1 eq. ) copper (I) iodide (0.886 g, 0.05 eq.), and K2CO3 powder (32.1 g, 2.5 eq.) were suspended in dioxane (600 mL). To the mixture was added 1 /-/-1 ,2,3-triazole ( 10.8 mL, 2 eq.) and 8-hydroxy quinoline ( 1 .35 g, 0.1 eq.). The mixture was heated at reflux for 4 h. IPC showed a conversion of >94%. The ratio of the desired N(2) to the regioisomeric Λ/( 1 ) isomer was 78:22. The mixture was cooled to 35 °C and filtered. The cake was washed with dioxane (100 mL). The products were dissolved in water and a LC-MS was recorded. The ratio of N(2) to Λ/(1 ) isomer of was 83: 17.

Reference Example 4.1: Methyl (S)-1-(5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl) benzoyl)-2-methylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylate

5-Methoxy-2-(2/-/-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl) benzoic acid (100 g, 0.46 mol) was suspended in DCM (650 mL) and DMF (10 mL) at 20 °C. To this suspension was added oxalyl chloride (51 mL, 0.59 mol) over a period of 30 min. LC-MS showed 60% conversion to acid chloride intermediate. Oxalyl chloride (17.6 mL, 0.45 eq.) was added dropwise. LC-MS showed full conversion to acid chloride intermediate.

Methyl (S)-2-methylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylate hydrochloride (84 g, 0.47 mol) was suspended in DCM (800 mL) in a second flask. The suspension was cooled to 10 °C. Triethylamine (200 mL, 1.41 mol) was added over 15 min. The acid chloride solution was added to the reaction mixture at 10-20 °C over at least 15 min. The reaction mixture was washed with 1 M HCI (500 mL), 1 N NaOH (500 mL) and water (500 mL). The organic layer was concentrated to dryness to give a light-yellow solid as product. Yield: 157 g, 100%, 99% a/a (LC-MS), M+1 =345. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ: 8.06 (s, 2 H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.21 (dd, J1 = 2.9 Hz, J2 = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.85 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1 H), 3.89 (s, 3 H), 3.66 (s, 3 H), 3.29 (m, 1 H), 3.03 (m, 1 H), 2.08 (m, 1 H), 1.82 (m, 3 H), 1.50 (s, 3 H).

Reference Example 4.2: (S)-1-(5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl) benzoyl)-2-methylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

Methyl (S)-1-(5-methoxy-2-(2/-/-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl) benzoyl)-2-methylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylate (157 g, 0.46 mol) was dissolved in MeOH (750 mL) at 20 °C. To this solution was added 16% NaOH (300 mL). The resulting solution was heated up to 80 °C and stirred for 60 min. Solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure (850 mL). The residue was taken up in DCM (1500 mL) and water (450 ml) at 20 °C. 32% HCI (200 mL) was added. Layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with water (450 mL). The organic layer was concentrated to the minimum stirring volume under reduced pressure. Toluene (750 mL) was added and solvent was further distilled under vacuum (150 mL distilled). The mixture was cooled to 20 °C and stirred for 15 min. The suspension was filtered at 20 °C. The cake was rinsed with toluene (150 mL) and then dried under reduced pressure at 50 °C to give a white solid as product. Yield: 128 g, 85%, 94% a/a (LC-MS), M+1 =331. Melting point: 178 °C (DSC). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ: 12.3 (s, 1 H), 8.04 (s, 2 H), 7.79 (d, 1 H), 7.20 (dd, J1 = 2.8 Hz, J2 = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.84 (m, 1 H), 3.88 (s, 3 H), 3.29 (m, 1 H), 2.99 (m, 1 H), 2.1 1 (m, 1 H), 1.81 (m, 3 H), 1.47 (s, 3 H).

Reference Example 4.3: (S)-N-(2-amino-4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl) benzoyl)-2 methylpyrrolidine-2-carboxamide

(S)-1-(5-Methoxy-2-(2/-/-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl) benzoyl)-2-methylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (128 g, 0.39 mol) was suspended in DCM (850 mL) and DMF (6 mL) at 20 °C. To this suspension was added oxalyl chloride (39 mL, 0.45 mol) over a period of 30 min. 4-Chloro-3-methylbenzene-1 ,2-diamine hydrochloride (75 g, 0.39 mol) was suspended in DCM (1300 mL) in a second flask. The suspension was cooled down to 10 °C. Triethylamine (180 mL, 1.27 mol) was added. The acid chloride solution was added to the reaction mixture at 10-20 °C over at least 15 min. Water (650 mL) was added to the reaction mixture. Layers were separated and the organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure (1900 mL distilled out). TBME (1000 mL) was added and solvent was further distilled under vacuum (400 mL distilled). The mixture was finally cooled down to 20 °C and stirred for 15 min. The resulting suspension was filtered off at 20 °C. The cake was rinsed with TBME (250 mL) and then dried under reduced pressure at 50 °C to give a white solid as product. Yield: 145 g, 80%, 97% a/a (LC-MS), M+1=469. Melting point: 185 °C (DSC). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ: 9.10-9.14 (m, 1 H), 7.88-8.12 (m, 2 H), 7.81-7.82 (m, 1 H), 7.38-7.44 (m, 1 H), 7.21 (dd, J1 = 2.7 Hz, J2 = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.84 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.64 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 5.01 (brs, 2 H), 3.88 (s, 3 H), 3.61-3.73 (m, 1 H), 3.14-3.26 (m, 1 H), 2.25-2.30 (m, 1 H), 2.13 (s, 3 H), 1.97 (m, 3 H), 1.47-1.61 (m, 3 H).

Reference Example 4.4: (S)-(2-(5-chloro-4-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl) (5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)phenyl)methanone hydrochloride

(S)-/V-(2-amino-4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(5-methoxy-2-(2H-1 ,2,3-triazol-2-yl) benzoyl)-2 methylpyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (145 g, 0.31 mol) was dissolved in isopropanol (870 mL) at 20 °C. To this solution was added carefully 5-6 N HCI in isopropanol (260 mL) over 10 min. the reaction mixture was then heated up to 90 °C and stirred for 4 hours. Water (28 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for an additional one hour. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20 °C. A light brown suspension was obtained which was filtered. The cake was rinsed with isopropanol (220 mL). The solid was finally dried under reduced pressure at 60 °C to give a beige solid. Yield: 133 g, 88%, 100% a/a (LC-MS), M+1 =451. Melting point: 277 °C (DSC). Ή NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ: 8.06 (s, 2 H), 7.76 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.63 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.55 (m, 1 H), 7.16 (dd, J1 = 2.7 Hz, J2 = 8.9 Hz, 1 H), 3.98 (m, 1 H), 3.90 (s, 3 H), 3.33 (m, 2H), 3.32 (m, 1 H), 2.74 (s, 3 H), 2.55 (m, 1 H), 2.23 (m, 1 H), 2.10 (m, 2 H), 1.95 (s, 3 H).

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Clinical data
Trade namesQuviviq
Other namesNemorexant; ACT-541468
License dataUS DailyMedDaridorexant
Routes of
administration
By mouth
Drug classOrexin antagonist
ATC codeNone
Legal status
Legal statusUS: ℞-only [1]
Pharmacokinetic data
Elimination half-life6–10 hours[2]
Identifiers
showIUPAC name
CAS Number1505484-82-1
PubChem CID91801202
DrugBankDB15031
ChemSpider64854514
UNIILMQ24G57E9
KEGGD11886
PDB ligandNS2 (PDBeRCSB PDB)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC23H23ClN6O2
Molar mass450.93 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
showSMILES
showInChI

REF

References

  1. Jump up to:a b c https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/214985s000lbl.pdf
  2. Jump up to:a b Muehlan C, Vaillant C, Zenklusen I, Kraehenbuehl S, Dingemanse J (November 2020). “Clinical pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of orexin receptor antagonists for the treatment of insomnia disorders”. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol16 (11): 1063–1078. doi:10.1080/17425255.2020.1817380PMID 32901578.
  3. Jump up to:a b c “Daridorexant – Idorsia Pharmaceuticals – AdisInsight”.
  4. Jump up to:a b Equihua-Benítez AC, Guzmán-Vásquez K, Drucker-Colín R (July 2017). “Understanding sleep-wake mechanisms and drug discovery”. Expert Opin Drug Discov12 (7): 643–657. doi:10.1080/17460441.2017.1329818PMID 28511597.
  5. ^ “Daridorexant: FDA-Approved Drugs”U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  6. ^ “Idorsia receives US FDA approval of Quviviq (daridorexant)” (Press release). Idorsia Pharmaceuticals. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022 – via GlobeNewswire.
  • “Daridorexant”Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  • Clinical trial number NCT03545191 for “Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of ACT-541468 in Adult and Elderly Subjects With Insomnia Disorder” at ClinicalTrials.gov
  • Clinical trial number NCT03575104 for “Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of ACT-541468 in Adult and Elderly Subjects Suffering From Difficulties to Sleep” at ClinicalTrials.gov
  • Clinical trial number NCT03679884 for “Study to Assess the Long Term Safety and Tolerability of ACT-541468 in Adult and Elderly Subjects Suffering From Difficulties to Sleep” at ClinicalTrials.gov

///////////////Daridorexant, Quviviq, FDA 2022, APPROVALS 2022, INSOMNIA,  ACT541468A, ACT 541468A. ACT-541468A, ACT541468, FDA 2022, APPROVALS 2022

O=C(N1[C@](C)(C2=NC3=CC=C(Cl)C(C)=C3N2)CCC1)C4=CC(OC)=CC=C4N5N=CC=N5.[H]Cl

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Tixagevimab

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0
0
(Heavy chain)
QMQLVQSGPE VKKPGTSVKV SCKASGFTFM SSAVQWVRQA RGQRLEWIGW IVIGSGNTNY
AQKFQERVTI TRDMSTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCAAPY CSSISCNDGF DIWGQGTMVT
VSSASTKGPS VFPLAPSSKS TSGGTAALGC LVKDYFPEPV TVSWNSGALT SGVHTFPAVL
QSSGLYSLSS VVTVPSSSLG TQTYICNVNH KPSNTKVDKR VEPKSCDKTH TCPPCPAPEF
EGGPSVFLFP PKPKDTLYIT REPEVTCVVV DVSHEDPEVK FNWYVDGVEV HNAKTKPREE
QYNSTYRVVS VLTVLHQDWL NGKEYKCKVS NKALPASIEK TISKAKGQPR EPQVYTLPPS
REEMTKNQVS LTCLVKGFYP SDIAVEWESN GQPENNYKTT PPVLDSDGSF FLYSKLTVDK
SRWQQGNVFS CSVMHEALHN HYTQKSLSLS PGK
(Light chain)
EIVLTQSPGT LSLSPGERAT LSCRASQSVS SSYLAWYQQK PGQAPRLLIY GASSRATGIP
DRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISRLE PEDFAVYYCQ HYGSSRGWTF GQGTKVEIKR TVAAPSVFIF
PPSDEQLKSG TASVVCLLNN FYPREAKVQW KVDNALQSGN SQESVTEQDS KDSTYSLSST
LTLSKADYEK HKVYACEVTH QGLSSPVTKS FNRGEC
(Disulfide bridge: H22-H96, H101-H106, H150-H206, H216-L216, H232-H’232, H235-H’235, H267-H327, H373-H431, H’22-H’96, H’101-H’106, H’150-H’206, H’226-L’216, H’267-H’327, H’373-H’431, L23-L89, L136-L196, L’23-L’89, L’136-L’196)

Tixagevimab

FDA 2021, 2021/12/8

ANTI VIRAL, CORONA VIRUS, PEPTIDE

Monoclonal antibody
Treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection

FormulaC6488H10034N1746O2038S50
CAS2420564-02-7
Mol weight146704.817
  • 2196
  • AZD-8895
  • AZD8895
  • COV2-2196
  • Tixagevimab
  • Tixagevimab [INN]
  • UNII-F0LZ415Z3B
  • WHO 11776
  • OriginatorVanderbilt University
  • DeveloperAstraZeneca; INSERM; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
  • ClassAntivirals; Monoclonal antibodies
  • Mechanism of ActionVirus internalisation inhibitors
  • RegisteredCOVID 2019 infections
  • 24 Dec 2021Pharmacodynamics data from a preclinical trial in COVID-2019 infections released by AstraZeneca
  • 16 Dec 2021Pharmacodynamics data from a preclinical trial in COVID-2019 infections released by AstraZeneca
  • 10 Dec 2021Registered for COVID-2019 infections (In the elderly, Prevention, In adults) in USA (IM) – Emergency Use Authorization

Tixagevimab/cilgavimab is a combination of two human monoclonal antibodiestixagevimab (AZD8895) and cilgavimab (AZD1061) targeted against the surface spike protein of SARS-CoV-2[4][5] used to prevent COVID-19. It is being developed by British-Swedish multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company AstraZeneca.[6][7] It is co-packaged and given as two separate consecutive intramuscular injections (one injection per monoclonal antibody, given in immediate succession).[2]

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Development

In 2020, researchers at Vanderbilt University Medical Center discovered particularly potent monoclonal antibodies, isolated from COVID-19 patients infected with a SARS-CoV-2 circulating at that time. Initially designated COV2-2196 and COV2-2130, antibody engineering was used to transfer their SARS-CoV-2 binding specificity to IgG scaffolds that would last longer in the body, and these engineered antibodies were named AZD8895 and AZD1061, respectively (and the combination was called AZD7442).[8]

To evaluate the antibodies’ potential as monoclonal antibody based prophylaxis (prevention), the ‘Provent’ clinical trial enrolled 5,000 high risk but not yet infected individuals and monitored them for 15 months.[9][10] The trial reported that those receiving the cocktail showed a 77% reduction in symptomatic COVID-19 and that there were no severe cases or deaths. AstraZeneca also found that the antibody cocktail “neutralizes recent emergent SARS-CoV-2 viral variants, including the Delta variant“.[7]

In contrast to pre-exposure prophylaxis, the Storm Chaser study of already-exposed people (post-exposure prophylaxis) did not meet its primary endpoint, which was prevention of symptomatic COVID-19 in people already exposed. AZD7442 was administered to 1,000 volunteers who had recently been exposed to COVID.[9]

Regulatory review

In October 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) started a rolling review of tixagevimab/cilgavimab, which is being developed by AstraZeneca AB, for the prevention of COVID-19 in adults.[11]

Also in October 2021, AstraZeneca requested Emergency Use Authorization for tixagevimab/cilgavimab to prevent COVID-19 from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).[12][13]

Emergency use authorization

On 14 November 2021, Bahrain granted emergency use authorization.[14]

On 8 December 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted emergency use authorization of this combination to prevent COVID-19 (before exposure) in people with weakened immunity or who cannot be fully vaccinated due to a history of severe reaction to coronavirus vaccines.[15] The FDA issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for AstraZeneca’s Evusheld (tixagevimab co-packaged with cilgavimab and administered together) for the pre-exposure prophylaxis (prevention) of COVID-19 in certain people aged 12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kilograms (88 lb).[2] The product is only authorized for those individuals who are not currently infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus and who have not recently been exposed to an individual infected with SARS-CoV-2.[2]

References

  1. ^ “Evusheld- azd7442 kit”DailyMed. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  2. Jump up to:a b c d “Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes New Long-Acting Monoclonal Antibodies for Pre-exposure Prevention of COVID-19 in Certain Individuals”U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 8 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ^ O’Shaughnessy, Jacqueline A. (20 December 2021). “Re: Emergency Use Authorization 104” (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. Letter to AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP | Attention: Stacey Cromer Berman, PhD. Archived from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  4. ^ “IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY”IUPHAR. 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  5. ^ “IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY”IUPHAR. 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  6. ^ Ray, Siladitya (21 August 2021). “AstraZeneca’s Covid-19 Antibody Therapy Effective In Preventing Symptoms Among High-Risk Groups, Trial Finds”ForbesISSN 0015-6914Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  7. Jump up to:a b Goriainoff, Anthony O. (20 August 2021). “AstraZeneca Says AZD7442 Antibody Phase 3 Trial Met Primary Endpoint in Preventing Covid-19”MarketWatchArchived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  8. ^ Dong J, Zost SJ, Greaney AJ, Starr TN, Dingens AS, Chen EC, et al. (October 2021). “Genetic and structural basis for SARS-CoV-2 variant neutralization by a two-antibody cocktail”. Nature Microbiology6 (10): 1233–1244. doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00972-2ISSN 2058-5276PMC 8543371. PMID 34548634.
  9. Jump up to:a b Haridy, Rich (23 August 2021). “”Game-changing” antibody cocktail prevents COVID-19 in the chronically ill”New Atlas. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  10. ^ “AZD7442 PROVENT Phase III prophylaxis trial met primary endpoint in preventing COVID-19”AstraZeneca (Press release). 20 August 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  11. ^ “EMA starts rolling review of Evusheld (tixagevimab and cilgavimab)”European Medicines Agency. 14 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  12. ^ “AZD7442 request for Emergency Use Authorization for COVID-19 prophylaxis filed in US”AstraZeneca US (Press release). 5 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  13. ^ “AZD7442 request for Emergency Use Authorization for COVID-19 prophylaxis filed in US”AstraZeneca (Press release). 5 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  14. ^ Abd-Alaziz, Moaz; Elhamy, Ahmad (14 November 2021). Macfie, Nick (ed.). “Bahrain authorizes AstraZeneca’s anti-COVID drug for emergency use”ReutersArchived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  15. ^ Mishra, Manas; Satija, Bhanvi (8 December 2021). Dasgupta, Shounak (ed.). “U.S. FDA authorizes use of AstraZeneca COVID-19 antibody cocktail”ReutersArchived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.

“Tixagevimab”Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.

  • “Cilgavimab”Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  • Clinical trial number NCT04625972 for “Phase III Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of AZD7442 for Post-exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 in Adults (STORM CHASER)” at ClinicalTrials.gov
  • Clinical trial number NCT04625725 for “Phase III Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of AZD7442 for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 in Adult. (PROVENT)” at ClinicalTrials.gov
Tixagevimab (teal, right) and cilgavimab (purple, left) binding the spike protein RBD. From PDB7L7E.
Combination of
TixagevimabMonoclonal antibody
CilgavimabMonoclonal antibody
Clinical data
Trade namesEvusheld
Other namesAZD7442
License dataUS DailyMedTixagevimab
Routes of
administration
Intramuscular
ATC codeJ06BD03 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal statusUS: ℞-only via emergency use authorization[1][2][3]
Identifiers
KEGGD12262
Clinical data
Drug classAntiviral
ATC codeNone
Identifiers
CAS Number2420564-02-7
DrugBankDB16394
UNIIF0LZ415Z3B
KEGGD11993
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC6488H10034N1746O2038S50
Molar mass146706.82 g·mol−1
Clinical data
Drug classAntiviral
ATC codeNone
Identifiers
CAS Number2420563-99-9
DrugBankDB16393
UNII1KUR4BN70F
KEGGD11994
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC6626H10218N1750O2078S44
Molar mass149053.44 g·mol−1

/////////////////Tixagevimab, ANTI VIRAL, CORONA VIRUS, PEPTIDE, Monoclonal antibody,  SARS-CoV-2 , WHO 11776, 2196, AZD-8895, AZD 8895, COV2-2196, COVID 19

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Fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki

$
0
0

Fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki

FormulaC6460H9972N1724O2014S44. (C52H57FN9O13)8
CAS1826843-81-5
Mol weight153701.9811
Antineoplastic
  DiseaseBreast cancer (HER2 positive)

DS-8201a

Trastuzumab deruxtecan, sold under the brand name Enhertu, is an antibody-drug conjugate consisting of the humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) covalently linked to the topoisomerase I inhibitor deruxtecan (a derivative of exatecan).[5][6] It is licensed for the treatment of breast cancer or gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma.[6][7] Trastuzumab binds to and blocks signaling through epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) on cancers that rely on it for growth. Additionally, once bound to HER2 receptors, the antibody is internalized by the cell, carrying the bound deruxtecan along with it, where it interferes with the cell’s ability to make DNA structural changes and replicate its DNA during cell division, leading to DNA damage when the cell attempts to replicate itself, destroying the cell.[7]

It was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2019,[6] in Japan in March 2020,[8] in the European Union in January 2021,[3][4] and in Australia in October 2021.[1]

Trastuzumab Deruxtecan

Trastuzumab deruxtecan (DS-8201a) is a HER2-targeting antibody-drug conjugate or ADC), structurally composed of a humanized anti-human HER2 (anti-hHER2) antibody, an enzymatically cleavable peptide-linker, and a proprietary topoisomerase I inhibitor payload (exatecan derivative or DX-8951 / DXd).

CLIP

Trastuzumab deruxtecan active substance, also referred to as DS-8201a, results from the conjugation of the following intermediates: – Trastuzumab monoclonal antibody (MAAL-9001); – A drug-linker (MAAA-1162a) comprised of a Topoisomerase I inhibitor derivative of exatecan (MAAA1181a) and a tetrapeptide based cleavable linker (MFAH). MAAL-9001 is covalently conjugated to approximately 8 molecules of MAAA-1162a. The linker is designed to be stable in plasma to reduce systemic exposure to the released MAAA-1181a drug. After cell internalisation, the released MAAA-1181a drug leads to apoptosis of the target tumour cells via the inhibition of topoisomerase I. The released MAAA-1181a drug is cell-membrane permeable, giving the ability to penetrate and act in surrounding cells. The effect of the ADC derives primarily from the released MAAA-1181a drug and to a lesser extent to the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic (ADCC) effector function of the conjugated antibody. The quality of MAAL-9001 antibody, MAAA-1162a drug-linker and the conjugated antibody is described in separate sections. The structures of DS-8201a, MAAA-1162a, MAAA-1181a, and MAAL-9001 are provided in Figure 1.

Full information for the active substance intermediate MAAA-1162a (C52H56FN9O13, MW 1034.05) was provided in the dossier. MAAA-1162a is composed of DX-8951·MsOH (drug intermediate) and MFAH (linker intermediate with maleimide functionality). The maleimide moiety reacts with the antibody (MAAL-9001) in the conjugation reaction to yield trastuzumab deruxtecan (DS-8201a). MAAA-1162a contains 3 stereogenic centres. General information was provided for solid state form, melting point, moisture sorption, UV-Vis absorption, optical rotation and solubility.

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CLIP

Fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki is an ADC that is comprised of an anti-HER2 antibody and the potent topoisomerase inhibitor exatecan [206]. These two entities are connected via a liner consisting of a maleimide conjugation handle that includes a protease-cleavable Gly-Gly-Phe-Gly (GGFG) tetrapeptide linker. This conjugation handle could release deruxtecan after internalization of the conjugate by the cancer cells that recognize the antibody. Fam-trastuzumabderuxtecan-nxki was developed by Daiichi Sankyo and AstraZeneca, and granted approval by the FDA in December 2019 [207]. There are approximately eight payload molecules/antibodies. Fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki has been approved for the treatment of adult patients with HER2 positive breast cancer that is unresectable or metastatic [208]. The synthesis of GGFG linker is described in Scheme 38 [209,210]. First, commercial tert-butyl 2-aminoacetate 274 was treated with Fmoc-L-Phe-OH 275 in the presence of HOBt and DIC, giving the corresponding product 276. Further deprotection of Fmoc group and amide formation gave the intermediate 278, which then underwent removal of Fmoc group to give GGFG linker 279. Lastly, treatment of 279 with the activated ester 280 provided 281.

Preparation of the payload exatecan derivative is described in Scheme 39 [211]. Aluminum-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts acylation of o-fluorotoluene 282 with succinic andydride 283 gave intermediate 284 in 90% yield. Next, hydrogenation reduction ofthe carbonyl group of 284, followed by reaction with SOCl2 in MeOH, furnished 285, which then underwent nitration with H2SO4 and KNO3 to give compound 286 in 48% overall yield. Hydrolysis of 286 followed by treatment with polyphosphoric acid (PPA) gave the cyclization product 287 in only 27% yield. The transformation of 287 into 288 was realized following the four-step sequence: carbonyl reduction with NaBH4, acid-mediated elimination reaction, PtO2-catalyzed hydrogenation reduction, and acetylation with Ac2O. Regioselective benzylic oxidation of 288 in acetone with KMnO4 gave 289 in 65% yield, further functionalization with butyl nitrile and Zn-mediated acylation gave compound 290 in 66% yield over 2 steps. Treatment of 290 with aqueous HCl provided hydrolysis product 291 in 50% yield, which then coupled with ethyl trifluoroacetate to provide intermediate 292. Polycyclic compound 294 was prepared from 292 and 293 through a [4+2] cycloaddition reaction in refluxing toluene. The key intermediate 294 next underwent acidic hydrolysis and chiral resolution to provide the chiral product 295. Further condensation reaction with 296 in the presence of T3P and Et3N in DCM and TFA-promoted removal of the Boc group formed 297. The synthesis of fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki is described in Scheme 40 [212]. The linker 281 was coupled to 297 in the presence of T3P and Et3N to give the linker-payload 298. Through transformation of the disulfide bonds into free sulfhydryl groups for linkage (DTT in pH 8.0 buffer), followed by re-oxidation of the remaining disulfide bonds with cysteine, the linker-payload 298 was conjugated to the anti-HER2 mAb to give fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki (XXIX) based on the amount of protein with approximately eight linker/payloads per antibody.

[206] T.N. Iwata, K. Sugihara, T. Wada, T. Agatsuma, [Fam-] trastuzumab deruxtecan (DS-8201a)-induced antitumor immunity is facilitated by the anti-CTLA-4 antibody in a mouse model, PLoS One 14 (2019) 0222280.

[207] R. Voelker, Another targeted therapy for ERBB2-positive breast cancer, JAMA 323 (2020) 408.

[208] S. Modi, C. Saura, T. Yamashita, Y.H. Park, S.B. Kim, K. Tamura, F. Andre, H. Iwata, Y. Ito, J. Tsurutani, J. Sohn, N. Denduluri, C. Perrin, K. Aogi, E. Tokunaga, S.A. Im, K.S. Lee, S.A. Hurvitz, J. Cortes, C. Lee, S. Chen, L. Zhang, J. Shahidi, A. Yver, I. Krop, Trastuzumab deruxtecan in previously treated HER2-positive breast cancer, N. Engl. J. Med. 382 (2020) 610-621.

[209] C.L. Law, K. Klussman, A.F. Wahl, P. Senter, S. Doronina, B. Toki, Treatment of immunological disorders using anti-CD30 antibodies, 2003.WO2003043583.

[210] S. Doronina, P.D. Senter, B.E. Toki, Pentapeptide compounds and uses related thereto, 2002. WO2002088172. [211] H. Terasawa, A. Ejima, S. Ohsuki, K. Uoto, Hexa-cyclic compound, 1998. US5834476.

[212] G.M. Dubowchik, R.A. Firestone, L. Padilla, D. Willner, S.J. Hofstead, K. Mosure, J.O. Knipe, S.J. Lasch, P.A. Trail, Cathepsin B-labile dipeptide linkers for lysosomal release of doxorubicin from internalizing immunoconjugates: model studies of enzymatic drug release and antigen-specific in vitro anticancer activity, Bioconjugate. Chem 13 (2002) 855-869.

Monoclonal antibody
TypeWhole antibody
SourceHumanized
TargetHER2
Clinical data
Trade namesEnhertu
Other namesDS-8201a, fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License dataUS DailyMedTrastuzumab_deruxtecanUS FDAEnhertu
Pregnancy
category
AU: D[1]
Routes of
administration
Intravenous
ATC codeL01FD04 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal statusAU: S4 (Prescription only) [1]US: ℞-only [2]EU: Rx-only [3]Rx-only[4]
Identifiers
CAS Number1826843-81-5
PubChem SID384585505
DrugBankDB14962
UNII5384HK7574
KEGGD11529
ChEMBLChEMBL4297844
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC6460H9972N1724O2014S44.(C52H57F1N9O13)8

Medical uses

Trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki is indicated for the treatment of adults with unresectable (unable to be removed with surgery) or metastatic (when cancer cells spread to other parts of the body) HER2-positive breast cancer who have received two or more prior anti-HER2-based regimens in the metastatic setting and for adults with locally advanced or metastatic HER2-positive gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma who have received a prior trastuzumab-based regimen.[6][7]

Side effects and label warnings

The most common side effects are nausea, fatigue, vomiting, alopecia (hair loss), constipation, decreased appetite, anemia (hemoglobin in blood is below the reference range), decreased neutrophil count (white blood cells that help lead your body’s immune system response to fight infection), diarrhea, leukopenia (other white blood cells that help the immune system), cough and decreased platelet count (component of blood whose function is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot).[6]

The prescribing information for fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki includes a boxed warning to advise health care professionals and patients about the risk of interstitial lung disease (a group of lung conditions that causes scarring of lung tissues) and embryo-fetal toxicity.[6] Interstitial lung disease and pneumonitis, including cases resulting in death, have been reported with fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki.[6]

History

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki in December 2019.[6][9] The application for fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki was granted accelerated approvalfast track designation, and breakthrough therapy designation.[6]

The FDA approved fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki based on the results of one clinical trial enrolling 184 female patients with HER2-positive, unresectable and/or metastatic breast cancer who had received two or more prior anti-HER2 therapies in the metastatic setting.[6] These patients were heavily pretreated in the metastatic setting, receiving between two and 17 therapies prior to receiving fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki.[6] Patients in the clinical trial received fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki every three weeks and tumor imaging was obtained every six weeks.[6] The overall response rate was 60.3%, which reflects the percentage of patients who had a certain amount of tumor shrinkage with a median duration of response of 14.8 months.[6]

The FDA granted the approval of Enhertu to Daiichi Sankyo.[6]

On 10 December 2020, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a conditional marketing authorization for the medicinal product Enhertu, intended for the treatment of metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer.[10][11] Enhertu was reviewed under EMA’s accelerated assessment program. The applicant for this medicinal product is Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH. Trastuzumab deruxtecan was approved for medical use in the European Union in January 2021.[3][4]

In January 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval to fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki for the treatment of adults with locally advanced or metastatic HER2-positive gastric or gastroesophageal (GEJ) adenocarcinoma who have received a prior trastuzumab-based regimen.[7][12]

Efficacy was evaluated in a multicenter, open-label, randomized trial (DESTINY-Gastric01, NCT03329690) in participants with HER2-positive locally advanced or metastatic gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma who had progressed on at least two prior regimens, including trastuzumab, a fluoropyrimidine- and a platinum-containing chemotherapy.[7] A total of 188 participants were randomized (2:1) to receive fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki 6.4 mg/kg intravenously every three weeks or physician’s choice of either irinotecan or paclitaxel monotherapy.[7]

References

  1. Jump up to:a b c “Enhertu”Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 18 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  2. ^ “Enhertu- fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution”DailyMed. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  3. Jump up to:a b c “Enhertu EPAR”European Medicines Agency (EMA). 9 December 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  4. Jump up to:a b c “Enhertu approved in the EU for the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer” (Press release). AstraZeneca. 20 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  5. ^ A HER2-Targeting Antibody–Drug Conjugate, Trastuzumab Deruxtecan (DS-8201a), Enhances Antitumor Immunity in a Mouse Model
  6. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n “FDA approves new treatment option for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer who have progressed on available therapies”U.S.Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 20 December 2019. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. Jump up to:a b c d e f “FDA approves fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki for HER2-positive gastric adenocarcinomas”U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 15 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. ^ “Enhertu Approved in Japan for Treatment of Patients with HER2 Positive Unresectable or Metastatic Breast Cancer” (Press release). Daiichi Sankyo. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021 – via Business Wire.
  9. ^ “Drug Trials Snapshot: Enhertu”U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 20 December 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. ^ “Enhertu: Pending EC decision”European Medicines Agency (EMA). 10 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020. Text was copied from this source which is © European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  11. ^ “Trastuzumab deruxtecan recommended for approval in the EU by CHMP for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer” (Press release). AstraZeneca. 14 December 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  12. ^ “Enhertu approved in the US for the treatment of patients with previously treated HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer” (Press release). AstraZeneca. 18 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

Further reading

////////////Fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki ,, FDA 2019, APROVALS 2019, DS-8201a

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ADAPALENE

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Adapalene structure.svg
ChemSpider 2D Image | Adapalene | C28H28O3

ADAPALENE

  • Molecular FormulaC28H28O3
  • Average mass412.520 Da
  • CD 271
  • CD-271

 CD-271, Differin, Differine106685-40-9[RN]
2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid, 6-(4-methoxy-3-tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]dec-1-ylphenyl)-
6-[3-(Adamantan-1-yl)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-naphthoic acid
6-[4-methoxy-3-(tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]dec-1-yl)phenyl]naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid AdapaleneCAS Registry Number: 106685-40-9 
CAS Name: 6-(4-Methoxy-3-tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]dec-1-ylphenyl)-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid 
Additional Names: 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-naphthoic acid 
Manufacturers’ Codes: CD-271 
Trademarks: Differin (Galderma) 
Molecular Formula: C28H28O3 
Molecular Weight: 412.52 
Percent Composition: C 81.52%, H 6.84%, O 11.64% 
Literature References: Retinoid selective for retinoic acid receptor (RAR) subtypes b and g. Prepn: B. Shroot et al.,EP199636eidem,US4717720 (1986, 1988 both to Cent. Int. Recher. Dermatol.); and structure-activity study: B. Charpentier et al.,J. Med. Chem.38, 4993 (1995). Pilot-scale synthesis: Z. Liu, J. Xiang, Org. Process Res. Dev.10, 285 (2006). HPLC determn in plasma and tissue: R. Ruhl, H. Nau, Chromatographia45, 269 (1997). Clinical pharmacology: C. E. M. Griffiths et al.,J. Invest. Dermatol.101, 325 (1993). Clinical trial in acne: A. Shalita et al.,J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.34, 482 (1996). Reviews of pharmacology and clinical potential: B. A. Bernard, Skin Pharmacol.6, Suppl. 1, 61-69 (1993); R. N. Brogden, K. L. Goa, Drugs53, 511-519 (1997); of clinical use in acne vulgaris: J. Waugh et al.,Drugs64, 1465-1478 (2004). 
Properties: White crystals from THF and ethyl acetate, mp 319-322°. pK 4.2. Stable to light. 
Melting point: mp 319-322° 
pKa: pK 4.2 
Therap-Cat: Antiacne. 
Keywords: Antiacne.

Adapalene is a third-generation topical retinoid primarily used in the treatment of mild-moderate acne, and is also used off-label to treat keratosis pilaris as well as other skin conditions.[1] Studies have found adapalene is as effective as other retinoids, while causing less irritation.[2] It also has several advantages over other retinoids. The adapalene molecule is more stable compared to tretinoin and tazarotene, which leads to less concern for photodegradation.[2] It is also chemically more stable compared to the other two retinoids, allowing it to be used in combination with benzoyl peroxide.[2] Due to its effects on keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, adapalene is superior to tretinoin for the treatment of comedonal acne and is often used as a first-line agent. [3]

Adapalene is a third-generation topical retinoid with anti-comedogenic, comedolytic, and anti-inflammatory properties used to treat acne vulgaris in adolescents and adults.

SYN

AU 9047961; EP 0199636; US 4717720; US 5098895; US 5183889

J Med Chem 1995,38(26),4993

Friedel-Crafts condensation of 4-bromophenol (I) with 1-adamantanol (II) in the presence of H2SO4 yielded the adamantyl phenol (III). Subsequent alkylation of the sodium phenoxide of (III) with iodomethane produced the methyl ether (IV). The Grignard reagent (V), prepared from aryl bromide (IV), was converted to the organozincate derivative, and then subjected to a nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling with methyl 6-bromo-2-naphthoate (VI) to furnish adduct (VII). The target carboxylic acid was finally obtained by saponification of the methyl ester (VII).

SYN

CA 2021550; EP 0409740; FR 2649976; JP 1991063246; US 5073361; US 5149631

The bromination of 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-naphthoic acid methyl ester (I) with Br2 in dichloromethane gives the dibromo derivative (II), which is hydrogenated with tritium gas over Pd/C in THF containing TEA to yield the bis tritiated ester (III). Finally, ester (III) is hydrolyzed with NaOH in refluxing methanol to afford the target tritiated naphthoic acid.

SYN

doi:10.1071/CH9732303c US4717720

File:Adapalene synthesis.png

SYN

Adapalene (CAS NO.: 106685-40-9), with its systematic name of 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid, 6-(4-methoxy-3-tricyclo(3.3.1.1(sup 3,7))dec-1-ylphenyl)-, could be produced through many synthetic methods.

Following is one of the synthesis routes:
Firstly, Friedel-Crafts condensation of 4-bromophenol (I) with 1-adamantanol (II) in the presence of H2SO4 yields the adamantyl phenol (III). Next, subsequent alkylation of the sodium phenoxide of (III) with iodomethane produces the methyl ether (IV). The Grignard reagent (V), prepared from aryl bromide (IV), is converted to the organozincate derivative, and then subjects to a nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling with methyl 6-bromo-2-naphthoate (VI) to furnish adduct (VII). Finally, the target carboxylic acid is obtained by saponification of the methyl ester (VII).

Production Method of Adapalene

Synthesis Reference

Graziano Castaldi, Pietro Allegrini, Gabriele Razzetti, Mauro Ercoli, “Process for the preparation of adapalene.” U.S. Patent US20060229465, issued October 12, 2006.

US20060229465

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/US8119834B2/enThe chemical name for adapalene is 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-naphthoic acid, which is represented by Compound I (below):

Figure US08119834-20120221-C00001

Adapalene has been approved by the FDA as a cream, a gel, a solution and pledgets for the topical treatment of acne vulgaris and is marketed under the tradename of DIFFERIN®.U.S. Pat. No. 4,717,720 (“the ‘720 patent”) discloses benzonaphthalene derivatives, including adapalene. The ‘720 patent describes a process for preparing adapalene (i.e., according to example 9c followed by example 10) that involves two reaction steps.The first step for preparing adapalene according to the ‘720 patent involves the preparation of the methyl ester of 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-naphthoic acid. According to example 9c of the ‘720 patent, 2-(1-adamantyl)-4-bromoanisole (also known as 1-(5-bromo-2-methoxyphenyl)adamantane) is converted to its organomagnesium derivative and then into its organozinc derivative. The organozinc derivative is next coupled to methyl 6-bromo-2-naphthoate by adding a catalytic amount of NiCl2/DPPE complex (also known as [bis(diphenylphosphino) ethane]dichloronickel(II)). Upon completion of the reaction, the mixture is poured into water, extracted with dichloromethane, and then dried. The product is next isolated by column chromatography by eluting with a mixture of heptane (70%) and dichloromethane (30%). The resulting product is then recrystallized in ethyl acetate (yield: 78%).The second step for preparing adapalene according to the ‘720 patent involves hydrolyzing the product of step 1 (above). According to example 10 of the ‘720 patent, the ester obtained in Example 9c can be treated with a solution of soda in methanol followed by heating at reflux for 48 hours. The solvents are then evaporated and the resulting residue is taken up in water and acidified with concentrated HCl to neutralize the resulting adapalene sodium salt. The resulting solid is next filtered and dried under vacuum over phosphoric anhydride and then recrystallized in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and ethyl acetate to yield adapalene (yield: 81%).The process of preparing adapalene according to the ‘720 patent is both difficult and uneconomical to conduct on an industrial scale. Regarding step 1, the use of dichloromethane is both toxic and hazardous for the environment. Additionally, purification of the intermediate product by column chromatography, followed by recrystallization, in order to obtain a crystalline product of acceptable purity is both expensive and laborious. Moreover, the step 1 process produces as a biaryllic C—C bond, and the catalytic coupling is noticeably exothermic. Regarding step 2, the synthesis of adapalene and/or its sodium salt requires a long reaction time (i.e., 48 hours) at methanol reflux and further requires a high ratio of solvent (volume) to product (mass).Additionally, according to the prior art, the manufacture of adapalene is not satisfactory for industrial implementation because the presence of high amounts of undesired by-products makes it necessary to use uneconomical purification procedures to isolate the product according to quality specifications. One significant undesired by-product produced during the Grignard reaction of step 1 in the synthesis of adapalene is 3,3′-diadamantyl-4,4′-dimethoxybiphenyl, which has not been previously described in the literature and which is represented by Compound VI (below):

Figure US08119834-20120221-C00002

The level of the by-product in a sample of adapalene, adapalene methyl ester and/or an adapalene salt can be determined using standard analytical techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the level can be determined by HPLC. A specific method for determining the level of this impurity is provided herein.Since the solubility of the dimeric by-product is very low in most solvents, the design of an economical industrial process that yields pure adapalene without the use of expensive chromatographic methods requires the selection of the proper solvents and conditions to inhibit formation of the by-product during the manufacturing process.Additionally, adapalene has been described as being white (see, e.g., Merck Index, 13th ed., p. 29). It has been observed that adapalene has a tendency to yellow under certain synthetic conditions or due to the quality of the starting materials used in its preparation. In this regard, color must be attributed to the presence of some specific impurities that may or may not be detectable by conventional methods such as HPLC.

Figure US08119834-20120221-C00003

ExampleStep 2: Preparation of 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-methoxy phenyl]-2-naphthoic acid-potassium Salt (i.e., Adapalene Potassium Salt)In a 2 L, five necked cylindrical reaction vessel equipped with reflux condenser, distillation kit, heat-transfer jacket, anchor impeller and purged with nitrogen, were added 48.38 g (dry equivalent amount) of methyl 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-naphthoate (1.134×10−1 mol), wet with methanol, 2.73 g of tetrabutylammonium bromide (8.47×10−3 mol), 18.39 g of potassium hydroxide (85% alkali content, freshly titrated. 2.79×10−1 mol) and 581 mL of toluene. The mixture was heated to reflux temperature, and the methanol/water was removed by distillation. The distilled mixture was replaced by pure toluene and the mixture was stirred at reflux for approximately three hours (including the time required for the distillation). The solution was then cooled to approximately 20-25° C., filtered and the resulting solid was washed with toluene.The solid was next suspended in 187 mL of tetrahydrofuran and stirred for approximately 30 minutes. Then, 375 mL of toluene was added, and the mixture was heated to reflux and maintained at that temperature for approximately 1 hour. The solution was then cooled to approximately 20-25° C., filtered, and the resulting solid washed with toluene. The toluene-wet product was then suspended in 256 mL of methanol, heated to reflux for approximately 30 minutes and cooled to 50-60° C. After cooling, 409 mL of water was added dropwise. The mixture was then again heated to reflux for approximately 15 additional minutes, cooled to room temperature and filtered. The resulting solid was washed with water to yield 50.69 g (wet) of adapalene potassium salt (1.12×10−1 mol, dry equivalent amount calculated from loss on drying; yield: 99.18%). Analytical data: HPLC Purity (HPLC at 272 nm): 99.86%; Impurity (i.e., 3,3′-diadamantyl-4,4′-dimethoxybiphenyl) area percent (HPLC at 272 nm): not detected; 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD): δ 1.83 (broad s, 6H), 2.08 (broad s, 3H), 2.21 (broad s, 6H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 7.04 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.56 (overlapped, 1H, J=2.4, 9.6 Hz), 7.57 (overlapped s, 1H), 7.74 (dd, 1H, J=8.7, 1.8 Hz), 7.87 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz), 7.97 (d, 1H, J=8.7 Hz), 8.00 (broad d, 1H, J=0.9 Hz), 8.06 (dd, 1H, 8.4, J=1.8 Hz), 8.47 (broad d, 1H, J=0.9 Hz); 13C-NMR (75.4 MHz, CD3OD): δ 30.6, 38.3, 41.8, 55.5, 113.3, 125.3, 126.4, 126.6, 127.8, 128.3, 130.0, 130.4, 133.0, 134.2, 136.1, 136.3, 139.7, 141.1, 159.9, 175.4.

ExampleStep 3: Preparation of 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-methoxy phenyl]-2-naphthoic Acid (i.e., Adapalene)In 500 mL of methanol was added 49.59 g (1.10×10−1 mol, dry equivalent amount) of the wet solid obtained in Example/Step 2, and the mixture was heated to reflux for 30 minutes and cooled to approximately 40° C. Next, 33.17 g of concentrated HCl was slowly added over approximately 1 hour with gentle stirring in order to ensure homogeneity, followed by the slow addition of 248 mL of water. The resulting mixture was stirred for approximately 30 additional minutes at approximately 40° C. and then cooled to room temperature, filtered and washed with methanol. The wet solid was then suspended with 1020 mL of tetrahydrofuran and heated to reflux for approximately 10 minutes or until complete dissolution. The solution was then cooled to approximately 35° C., the solid particles were removed by filtration, and the filter was washed with tetrahydrofuran.The collected mother liquors were heated to reflux, and 654 g of tetrahydrofuran was removed by distillation. The mixture was then cooled to approximately 55-60° C. Thereafter, 650 mL of methanol was added over approximately 10 minutes, and the mixture heated to reflux for approximately 30 minutes, cooled, and filtered. The resulting solid was filtered with methanol and dried at 80° C. in a vacuum oven to yield 40.54 g of adapalene (9.83×10−2 mol; yield: 89.29% (from adapalene potassium salt); 88.56% (from adapalene methyl ester); and 78.67% (from methyl 6-bromo-2-naphthoate)). Analytical data: HPLC Purity (HPLC at 272 nm): 100.00%; Assay: 99.99%; Residue on Ignition: 0.02%; IR: matches reference.Table 1 (below) lists the peak assignments of the X-ray powder diffractogram of the adapalene obtained and are illustrated in FIG. 1.

TABLE 1
peakpeak_positionpeak_intensitybackground
19.94547175.3219842.94638
213.18338239.3215648.88440
314.87487234.3259147.91444
415.28319573.4008253.73505
516.374721207.2163169.64595
616.54000882.0000068.42529
717.39657110.8880458.39248
817.93203114.0206855.36037
919.44575285.34473113.52401
1019.94692569.60516153.63921
1122.431982846.14307110.81189
1224.02238140.2088285.37505
1325.04586925.64282121.97974
1425.41035240.42351102.81077
1526.68556362.4548068.05973
1627.71646141.7791672.53469
1740.51307133.0045343.44914
1846.52728130.3158750.16773

ExampleStep 4: Preparation of 3,3′-diadamantyl-4,4′-dimethoxybiphenylTo a 100 mL rounded bottom reaction vessel equipped with a magnetic stirrer, thermometer, reflux condenser, pressure compensated addition funnel, were added 0.15 g of 1-(5-bromo-2-methoxyphenyl)adamantane, 0.47 g of magnesium turnings and 7 mL of tetrahydrofuran. The mixture was heated to approximately 35° C., and 0.13 mL of 1,2-dibromoethane were added to the mixture. Reaction exothermy self-heated the mixture. Next, a solution of 4.85 g of 1-(5-bromo-2-methoxyphenyl)adamantane and 28 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added to the mixture dropwise. During this addition, the temperature of the mixture dropped from reflux temperature to approximately 45° C. The reaction was then stirred for approximately 45 additional minutes at approximately 45° C. and was permitted to cool to approximately 22° C. Next, 2.3 g of ZnClwas added to the mixture, resulting in an exothermic reaction that raised the temperature of the mixture to approximately 38° C. The mixture was then permitted to cool to approximately 22° C. and was stirred for approximately 1 hour at this temperature.Next, 0.03 g of Pd(OAc)and 3.5 g of 1-(5-bromo-2-methoxyphenyl) adamantane were added to the mixture, followed by 25 mL of tetrahydrofuran in order to improve agitation, and the mixture was heated at reflux for approximately 24 hours. The resulting mixture was then evaporated to dryness and poured into 103 mL of 0.015 N HCl. Next, 150 mL of dichloromethane and 100 mL of water were added to yield a mixture consisting of a solid, an aqueous layer and an organic layer. The mixture was then filtered to separate the solid, the aqueous layer was discarded, and the organic layer was washed with 200 mL of water and decanted again. This process was repeated twice on the filtered solid. The three collected organic layers were evaporated to dryness, washed in methanol, and dried to yield 2.1 g of 3,3′-diadamantyl-4,4′-dimethoxybiphenyl (yield: 39.9%). Analytical data: Melting point: 288.1-289.1° C.; Elemental analysis: C 83.63%, H 8.73%; 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 1.78 (broad s, 12H), 2.08 (broad s, 6H), 2.15 (broad s, 12H), 3.86 (s, 6H), 6.92 (dm, 2H, J=8.1 Hz), 7.34 (dd, 2H, J=2.4, 8.1 Hz), 7.39 (d, 2H, J=2.4 Hz); 13C-NMR (75.4 MHz, CDCl3): δ 29.2, 37.1, 37.2, 40.6, 55.1, 111.9, 125.0, 125.5, 134.0, 138.5, 157.8; MS (EI, 70 eV): m/z=484 (6), 483 (36), 412 (1,100), 410 (5), 347 (8), 135 (22), 107 (7), 93 (14), 79 (17), 67 (9), 55 (6); IR (Selected absorption bands): 2992, 2964, 2898, 2850, 1603 cm−1

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2008126104A2/en

The compound 6-[3-(l – Adamantyl) – 4 – methoxy phenyl] – 2 – naphthoic acid of Formula – I known as Adapalene is used in dermatology, particularly in the treatment of acne vulgaris and psoriasis.

Figure imgf000002_0001

Formula – 1Adapalene was first time disclosed in the US patent No. 4,717,720 (herein after referred as ‘720) describe the preparation of compound of Formula – I using Negishi cross Coupling. In this reaction, 2-(l-adamantyl)-4-bromoanisole is converted to its organomagnesium compound followed by conversion to organozinc compound using zinc chloride and reacted with 6-bromo-2-methylnaphthoate employing transition metal as reaction catalyst such as palladium or nickel or one of its complexes with various phosphines. The reaction sequence is as shown in scheme – 1 below:

Figure imgf000002_0002

Scheme – 1 Another US patent No. 5,015,758 describe the process for preparation of 6[3-(l- Adamantyl) – 4 – methoxyphenyl] – 2 – naphthoate a penultimate step for preparation of Adapalene using Friedel – Crafts alkylation by reacting 1 – acetoxy adamantane with methyl – 6 – (4 – hydroxyphenyl) – 2 – naphthoate in presence of cone. Sulfuric acid in solvent n – heptane.Another improved process was published in the journal, Organic Process Research & Development, 2006, 10, 285 – 288 for the preparation of Adapalene. The process involves the preparation of intermediates followed by Negishi cross Coupling, where in 2-(l-adamantyl)-4-bromophenol was prepared using 1 – adamentol and 4- bromo phenol in presence of 98% sulphuric acid and acetic acid, which on methylation with dimethyl sulfate and potassium carbonate in dry acetone yields 2-(l -adamantyl)-4-bromoanisole. The compound is reacted with magnesium to form Grignard reagent and then coupled with 6-bromo-2-methylnaphthoate in presence of novel Pd – Zn double metal catalyst to yield ester, which on saponification followed by treatment with acid yields Adapalene.The recent published application WO 2006/108717 describes the use of Suzuki coupling for the synthesis of adapalene the compound of formula – 1. The application describes the preparation of 3-adamantyl-4-methoxyphenyl boronic acid from 2-(l-adamantyl)-4- bromoanisole using n-Butyl Lithium and triisopropyl borate in solvent tetrahydrofuran. Finally 3-adamantyl-4-methoxyphenyl boronic acid is reacted with 6-bromo-2-naphthoic acid involving Suzuki coupling in presence of Palladium acetate catalyst, a ligand 2 – (dicyclohexyl – phosphino) biphenyl, an inorganic base in solvent to get the compound adapalene.Some of the drawbacks of the prior art processes include:- The reported process in US patent 4717720, using Negishi cross coupling involves Grignard reaction. This requires anhydrous condition and a possibility of runaway reaction during Grignard reagent formation. Also the reaction involves the addition of fused ZnC12 and the preparation of the catalyst NiC12 (DPPE) complex, which needs to be freshly prepared increases the reaction step and has to be thoroughly dried before its use for coupling. Further the coupling reaction, results in the formation of dimer impurities during the organozinc compound reaction, with 2-(I -adamantyl)-4-bromoanisole and 6-bromo-2-methylnaphthoate respectively, which are difficult to remove. All these operations make the entire synthesis extremely sensitive and difficult to handle.Some of the above drawbacks were addressed by the authors in the article published in Organic Process Research & Development, 2006, 10, 285 – 288 for the preparation of Adapalene. But the use of Pd catalyst with the ligand like PdCl2 (PPh3)2 for the direct conversion of Grignard reagent employing ZnCYl in catalytic amount has its own limitations. The use of Grignard reagent, palladium catalyst with ligand and hygroscopic ZnCl2 demerits this process for industrial application.The recent published application WO 2006/108717; describes the use of Suzuki coupling for the synthesis of adapalene the compound of formula – I. The use of organo boronic acids for the Suzuki reaction has some limitations because of the indeterminate stoichiometry associated with the use of boronic acid, and its difficulty in purification and the byproducts formed during the reaction.Therefore there remains a need for an improved process for preparing adapalene that eliminates or substantially reduces the impurities, decreases the number of steps, and employs a more robust process which is convenient and cost efficient.

Figure imgf000007_0001

Examples:Example 1: Preparation of 3 – Adamantyl – 4 – methoxy phenyl potassium trifluoroborate:In a 2.0 L round bottom flask equipped with stirring and under nitrogen atmosphere 100.0 gm of 2-(l- adamantyl) 4-bromo anisole was charged in 600 ml tetrahydrofuran. The reaction mixture was cooled to -55 ± 50C and 302 ml of 1.6 M n – butyl Lithium was slowly added and stirred. 87 ml of tri isopropyl borate was then charged and stirring was continued for 30 minutes at -55 ± 5°C. Cooling was removed and the temperature raised slowly to 25 – 300C. 1.0 L of 1.2N hydrochloric acid was then charged and reaction mass was stirred for 30 minutes and separated the organic layer. The organic layer was charged in 1.0 L round bottom flask and freshly prepared aqueous solution of potassium hydrogen difluoride (230 gm, in 700 ml water) was added at 25 – 300C and stirring was maintained till white precipitate is obtained. The mixture was continued under stirring and cooled to 0 – 50C. The product, 3 – adamantyl – 4 – methoxyphenyl potassium trifluoroborate obtained was filtered, washed with 100 ml of ethyl acetate. The product was dried at 60 – 65°C till constant weight. Yield: 90.5 gm (83%), Purity: 99.0 % by HPLC.Example 2: Preparation of 6 – [3-(l- Adamantyl) – 4 – methoxyphenyl] – 2 – naphthoic acid:In a 1.0 L round bottom flask equipped with stirring and under nitrogen atmosphere 50.0 gm of 3 – Adamantyl – 4 – methoxyphenyl potassium trifluoroborate, 23 gm of 6- bromo -2-methyl napthoate in 300 ml tetrahydrofuran (THF) was charged. Stirred for 15 min and charged 3.0 gm of 5% Pd / C was and aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (50.0 gm in 300 ml water). Stirring was continued and the temperature was raised to reflux. The reaction mass was maintained for 10 hours at reflux and after the completion of the reaction, 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran: water (1 : 1) mixture was added and then filtered through hyflow bed at 45-500C. The hyflow bed was washed with tetrahydrofuran: water (1 : 1) mixture at 45-500C. 500 ml water was charged and the reaction mass was stirred. The aqueous layer was acidified with 1.2N hydrochloric acid. The precipitated mass was filtered, washed with water till neutral pH. The solid product obtained was dried at 70 – 75°C till constant weight to get 6 – [3-(l- adamantyl) – 4 – methoxyphenyl] – 2 – naphthoic acid.The dried product was taken in 300 ml of tetrahydrofuran and stirred. The temperature was raised to reflux and was maintained for 30 minutes. The heating was stopped and cooled the reaction mass to 25 – 300C. 500 ml of n – heptane was charged to the reaction mass and stirred for 30 minutes. The reaction mass was then chilled to 0 – 5°C and maintained stirring at 0 – 5°C temperature for 2.0 hours. The precipitated solid was filtered and washed with n – heptane. The pure crystalline 6 – [3-(l- adamantyl) – 4 methoxyphenyl] – 2 – naphthoic acid thus obtained was then dried till constant weight. Yield = 40 – 42 gms (68 – 72 %)

PATENT

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/op050223f

Strategies that were adopted during the process development of adapalene to achieve a cost-effective commercial-scale synthesis are described herein. These included (1) the use of AcOH/H2SO4 to afford 2-(1-adamantyl)-4-bromophenol in quantitative yield; (2) the dimethyl sulfate methylation to enhance the yield of methylation to 95%; (3) direct conversion of the Grignard reagent into methyl 6-(3-(1-adamantyl)-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-naphthoate by the catalysis of both PdCl2(PPh3)2 and ZnCl2 in high yield; (4) the use of EDTA-disodium salt dihydrate to ensure the heavy metal’s content within acceptable limits; (5) the use of toluene to simplify the original chromatographic purification to recrystallization. The pilot-scale synthesis of adapalene is described in detail in the Experimental Section.

Abstract Image

6-(3-(1-Adamantyl)-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-naphthoic Acid (Adapalene, 1). Compound 7 (213 g, 0.5 mol) was treated with 2 N NaOH solution (8 L) in methanol under reflux for 8 h. After evaporation of methanol (7 L) and addition of water (1.5 L), the mixture was acidified until pH 1 with 6 N HCl and filtrated through Celite. The residue was washed with water (3 × 5 L), and recrystallized twice in THF (194 g/2 L/time) to give pure (99% HPLC) 1 (177 g, 85%), mp 320-322 °C.1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.77 (6 H,s, H on 1-adamantyl), 2.07 (3 H, s, H on 1-adamantyl), 2.14 (6 H, s, H on 1-adamantyl), 3.87 (3 H, s, H on ArOCH3), 7.12 (1 H, d, J ) 8.4 Hz, 5-phenyl H), 7.58 (1 H, d, J ) 2.0 Hz, 2-phenyl H), 7.65 (1 H, dd, J ) 8.4 Hz, J ) 2.0 Hz, 6-phenyl H), 7.89 (1 H, d, J ) 8.8 Hz, 7-naphthyl H), 7.98 (1 H, d, J ) 8.8 Hz, 4-naphthyl H), 8.08 (1 H, d, J ) 8.8 Hz, 8-naphthyl H), 8.15 (1 H, d, J ) 8.8 Hz, 3-naphthyl H), 8.22 (1 H, s, 5-naphthyl H), 8.60 (1 H, s, 1-naphthyl H), 13.05 (1 H, s, -COOH); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 28.32, 36.47, 40.09, 55.28, 112.68, 123.99, 124.99, 125.38, 125.68, 125.85, 127.55, 128.25, 129.72, 130.13, 130.83, 131.46, 135.38, 138.00, 140.13, 158.53, 167.34.


PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/US7345189B2/en

Adapalene, namely 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-naphthoic acid, having the following chemical formula:

Figure US07345189-20080318-C00004

is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,717,720 and used in dermatology, in particular for the treatment of acne vulgaris and psoriasis.According to U.S. Pat. No. 4,717,720 the synthesis is carried out by a coupling reaction between a magnesium, lithium or zinc derivative of a compound of formula (A) and a compound of formula (B), wherein X and Y are Cl, Br, F or I; R is hydrogen or alkyl; and Ad is 1-adamantyl

Figure US07345189-20080318-C00005

in an anhydrous solvent, in the presence of a metal transition or a complex thereof as a catalyst.A number of alternative synthetic approaches have been suggested in order to reduce the preparation costs. Surprisingly, particularly advantageous proved the alternative synthesis of the invention, which makes use of easily-available, low-cost 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid alkyl esters as intermediates, and provides good yields.EXAMPLE 1Synthesis of 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-naphthoic acid methyl ester [adapalene methyl ester]A round-bottom flask is loaded with nickel (II) chloride (0.158 g; 1.2 mmol) and THF (20 ml), and tris(hydroxypropyl)phosphine (1.53 g; 7.3 mmol) is added to the mixture, which is refluxed for an hour, then cooled to a temperature of 50° C. and added in succession with methyl 6-tosyl-naphthalene-2-carboxylate (8.7 g; 24.4 mmol), potassium phosphate (10.38 g; 48.8 mmol), 4-methoxy-3-adamantyl-phenylboronic acid (7-g; 24.4 mmol), water (0.88 g; 48.8 mmol) and THF (50 ml). The mixture is heated under reflux for 24 hours, then cooled to a temperature ranging from 50 to 55° C. and added with water, adjusting pH to a value below 7 with acetic acid. After cooling to a temperature of 15° C., the resulting product is filtered, thereby obtaining crystalline adapalene methyl ester (8.5 g; 20.08 mmol) in 82% yield.1H NMR: (300 MHz, DMSO), δ 8.6 (s, 1H), δ 8.3-7.8 (m, 6H), δ 7.7-7.5 (m, 2H), δ 7.1 (d, 1H), δ 3.9 (s, 3H), δ 3.85 (s, 3H), δ 2 (m, 9H), δ 1.7 (m, 6H).EXAMPLE 2Synthesis of 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-naphthoic acid sodium salt [adapalene sodium salt]A round-bottom flask is loaded with adapalene methyl ester (7 g; 16.41 mmol), THF (42 ml), water (7 ml) and a 50% w/w sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (1.44 g; 18.05 mmol). The mixture is refluxed for 6 hours, then added with water (133 ml) and THF is distilled off to a residual content of approx. 5% w/w, heated to a temperature of about 80° C. until complete dissolution of the solid, then cooled to 15° C. The crystallized product is filtered and dried under vacuum in a static dryer at a temperature of 50° C., thereby obtaining adapalene sodium salt (6.7 g; 15.42 mmol) in 94% yield.EXAMPLE 3Synthesis of 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-naphthoic acid [adapalene]A round-bottom flask is loaded with adapalene sodium salt (6.7 g; 15.42 mmol), THF (40 ml) and water (7 ml) and the mixture is refluxed until complete dissolution of the solid. The resulting solution is dropped into a 3% w/w acetic acid aqueous solution, keeping the temperature above 60-70° C., to precipitate adapalene acid (6.3 g; 15.27 mmol), which is filtered and dried under vacuum at a temperature of 50-60° C. The yield is 95%.EXAMPLE 4Synthesis of adapalene methyl esterA round-bottom flask is loaded with nickel (II) chloride (0.158 g; 1.2 mmol) and THF (20 ml), and tris(hydroxypropyl)phosphine (1.53 g; 7.3 mmol) is added. The mixture is refluxed for an hour, then cooled to a temperature of 50° C. and added in succession with methyl 6-tosyl-naphthalene-2-carboxylate (8.7 g; 24.4 mmol), potassium phosphate (10.38 g; 48.8 mmol), 4-methoxy-3-adamantyl-phenylboronic acid (9.1 g; 31.8 mmol), water (10.53 g; 585.3 mmol) and THF (50 ml). The mixture is refluxed for 24 hours, then cooled to a temperature ranging from 50 to 55° C., added with water, and adjusted to pH lower than 7 with acetic acid. After cooling to 15° C., the resulting product is filtered, thereby obtaining adapalene methyl ester (9 g; 21.2 mmol) in 86% yield.EXAMPLE 5Synthesis of adapalene methyl esterA round-bottom flask is loaded with nickel (II) chloride (0.158 g; 1.2 mmol) and THF (15 ml), and tris(hydroxypropyl)phosphine (1.53 g; 7.3 mmol) is added. The mixture is refluxed for an hour, then cooled to a temperature of 50° C. and added in succession with methyl 6-tosyl-naphthalene-2-carboxylate (8.7 g; 24.4 mmol), potassium carbonate (6.75 g; 48.8 mmol), 4-methoxy-3-adamantyl-phenylboronic acid (9.1 g; 31.8 mmol), water (8.11 g; 450.5 mmol) and THF (30 ml). The mixture is refluxed for 24 hours, then cooled to a temperature ranging from 50 to 55° C., added with water, and adjusted to pH lower than 7 with acetic acid. After cooling to 15° C., the resulting product is filtered, thereby obtaining adapalene methyl ester (9.37 g; 21.96 mmol) in 90% yield.EXAMPLE 6Synthesis of adapalene methyl esterA round-bottom flask is loaded with methyl 6-tosyl-naphthalene-2-carboxylate (8.7 g; 24.4 mmol), THF (70 ml), potassium phosphate (10.38 g; 48.8 mmol), 4-methoxy-3-adamantyl-phenylboronic acid (7 g; 24.4 mmol), nickel chloride complexed with tri(cyclohexyl)phosphine (0.83 g; 1.2 mmol) and tri(cyclohexyl)phosphine (1.37 g; 4.88 mmol). The mixture is refluxed for 24 hours, then cooled to a temperature ranging from 50 to 55° C. and added with water, then cooled to 15° C. The resulting product is filtered, thereby obtaining adapalene methyl ester (8.1 g; 19.0 mmol) in 78% yield.

PATENThttps://patents.google.com/patent/WO2008126104A2/en

The compound 6-[3-(l – Adamantyl) – 4 – methoxy phenyl] – 2 – naphthoic acid of Formula – I known as Adapalene is used in dermatology, particularly in the treatment of acne vulgaris and psoriasis.

Figure imgf000002_0001

Formula – 1Adapalene was first time disclosed in the US patent No. 4,717,720 (herein after referred as ‘720) describe the preparation of compound of Formula – I using Negishi cross Coupling. In this reaction, 2-(l-adamantyl)-4-bromoanisole is converted to its organomagnesium compound followed by conversion to organozinc compound using zinc chloride and reacted with 6-bromo-2-methylnaphthoate employing transition metal as reaction catalyst such as palladium or nickel or one of its complexes with various phosphines. The reaction sequence is as shown in scheme – 1 below:

Figure imgf000002_0002

Scheme – 1 Another US patent No. 5,015,758 describe the process for preparation of 6[3-(l- Adamantyl) – 4 – methoxyphenyl] – 2 – naphthoate a penultimate step for preparation of Adapalene using Friedel – Crafts alkylation by reacting 1 – acetoxy adamantane with methyl – 6 – (4 – hydroxyphenyl) – 2 – naphthoate in presence of cone. Sulfuric acid in solvent n – heptane.Another improved process was published in the journal, Organic Process Research & Development, 2006, 10, 285 – 288 for the preparation of Adapalene. The process involves the preparation of intermediates followed by Negishi cross Coupling, where in 2-(l-adamantyl)-4-bromophenol was prepared using 1 – adamentol and 4- bromo phenol in presence of 98% sulphuric acid and acetic acid, which on methylation with dimethyl sulfate and potassium carbonate in dry acetone yields 2-(l -adamantyl)-4-bromoanisole. The compound is reacted with magnesium to form Grignard reagent and then coupled with 6-bromo-2-methylnaphthoate in presence of novel Pd – Zn double metal catalyst to yield ester, which on saponification followed by treatment with acid yields Adapalene.The recent published application WO 2006/108717 describes the use of Suzuki coupling for the synthesis of adapalene the compound of formula – 1. The application describes the preparation of 3-adamantyl-4-methoxyphenyl boronic acid from 2-(l-adamantyl)-4- bromoanisole using n-Butyl Lithium and triisopropyl borate in solvent tetrahydrofuran. Finally 3-adamantyl-4-methoxyphenyl boronic acid is reacted with 6-bromo-2-naphthoic acid involving Suzuki coupling in presence of Palladium acetate catalyst, a ligand 2 – (dicyclohexyl – phosphino) biphenyl, an inorganic base in solvent to get the compound adapalene.Some of the drawbacks of the prior art processes include:- The reported process in US patent 4717720, using Negishi cross coupling involves Grignard reaction. This requires anhydrous condition and a possibility of runaway reaction during Grignard reagent formation. Also the reaction involves the addition of fused ZnC12 and the preparation of the catalyst NiC12 (DPPE) complex, which needs to be freshly prepared increases the reaction step and has to be thoroughly dried before its use for coupling. Further the coupling reaction, results in the formation of dimer impurities during the organozinc compound reaction, with 2-(I -adamantyl)-4-bromoanisole and 6-bromo-2-methylnaphthoate respectively, which are difficult to remove. All these operations make the entire synthesis extremely sensitive and difficult to handle.Some of the above drawbacks were addressed by the authors in the article published in Organic Process Research & Development, 2006, 10, 285 – 288 for the preparation of Adapalene. But the use of Pd catalyst with the ligand like PdCl2 (PPh3)2 for the direct conversion of Grignard reagent employing ZnCYl in catalytic amount has its own limitations. The use of Grignard reagent, palladium catalyst with ligand and hygroscopic ZnCl2 demerits this process for industrial application.The recent published application WO 2006/108717; describes the use of Suzuki coupling for the synthesis of adapalene the compound of formula – I. The use of organo boronic acids for the Suzuki reaction has some limitations because of the indeterminate stoichiometry associated with the use of boronic acid, and its difficulty in purification and the byproducts formed during the reaction.Therefore there remains a need for an improved process for preparing adapalene that eliminates or substantially reduces the impurities, decreases the number of steps, and employs a more robust process which is convenient and cost efficient.The present inventors have come out with a novel process which ameliorates the problems in the prior art with a one – pot process for the preparation of adapalene by employing Suzuki – Miyaura coupling involving the use of novel reactant 3-adamantyl-4- methoxyphenyl potassium trifiuoroborate.The novel compound 3 – Adamantyl – 4 – methoxy phenyl potassium trifiuoroborate, exhibit superb behavior in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction and provides a powerful method for the preparation of 6 – [3-(I – Adamantyl) – 4 – methoxy phenyl] – 2 – naphthoic acid, the compound of Formula – I.

Figure imgf000005_0001

Formula – 1Potassium organotrifluoroborates are air and moisture-stable crystalline solids which can be stored for extended periods of time making it more industrial friendly to use on large scale production.The other advantage of the present invention is in the use of methyl ester of 6 – Bromo – 2 -naphthoic acid and isolating adapalane directly from the reaction instead of its methyl ester, the above process becomes more robust and eliminates the saponification step as reported in prior art. Also the use of readily and cheaply available Pd catalyst on carbon over the conventional and costlier Pd-catalyst with ligands offers further advantage to the current process.Examples:Example 1: Preparation of 3 – Adamantyl – 4 – methoxy phenyl potassium trifluoroborate:In a 2.0 L round bottom flask equipped with stirring and under nitrogen atmosphere 100.0 gm of 2-(l- adamantyl) 4-bromo anisole was charged in 600 ml tetrahydrofuran. The reaction mixture was cooled to -55 ± 50C and 302 ml of 1.6 M n – butyl Lithium was slowly added and stirred. 87 ml of tri isopropyl borate was then charged and stirring was continued for 30 minutes at -55 ± 5°C. Cooling was removed and the temperature raised slowly to 25 – 300C. 1.0 L of 1.2N hydrochloric acid was then charged and reaction mass was stirred for 30 minutes and separated the organic layer. The organic layer was charged in 1.0 L round bottom flask and freshly prepared aqueous solution of potassium hydrogen difluoride (230 gm, in 700 ml water) was added at 25 – 300C and stirring was maintained till white precipitate is obtained. The mixture was continued under stirring and cooled to 0 – 50C. The product, 3 – adamantyl – 4 – methoxyphenyl potassium trifluoroborate obtained was filtered, washed with 100 ml of ethyl acetate. The product was dried at 60 – 65°C till constant weight. Yield: 90.5 gm (83%), Purity: 99.0 % by HPLC.Example 2: Preparation of 6 – [3-(l- Adamantyl) – 4 – methoxyphenyl] – 2 – naphthoic acid:In a 1.0 L round bottom flask equipped with stirring and under nitrogen atmosphere 50.0 gm of 3 – Adamantyl – 4 – methoxyphenyl potassium trifluoroborate, 23 gm of 6- bromo -2-methyl napthoate in 300 ml tetrahydrofuran (THF) was charged. Stirred for 15 min and charged 3.0 gm of 5% Pd / C was and aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (50.0 gm in 300 ml water). Stirring was continued and the temperature was raised to reflux. The reaction mass was maintained for 10 hours at reflux and after the completion of the reaction, 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran: water (1 : 1) mixture was added and then filtered through hyflow bed at 45-500C. The hyflow bed was washed with tetrahydrofuran: water (1 : 1) mixture at 45-500C. 500 ml water was charged and the reaction mass was stirred. The aqueous layer was acidified with 1.2N hydrochloric acid. The precipitated mass was filtered, washed with water till neutral pH. The solid product obtained was dried at 70 – 75°C till constant weight to get 6 – [3-(l- adamantyl) – 4 – methoxyphenyl] – 2 – naphthoic acid.The dried product was taken in 300 ml of tetrahydrofuran and stirred. The temperature was raised to reflux and was maintained for 30 minutes. The heating was stopped and cooled the reaction mass to 25 – 300C. 500 ml of n – heptane was charged to the reaction mass and stirred for 30 minutes. The reaction mass was then chilled to 0 – 5°C and maintained stirring at 0 – 5°C temperature for 2.0 hours. The precipitated solid was filtered and washed with n – heptane. The pure crystalline 6 – [3-(l- adamantyl) – 4 methoxyphenyl] – 2 – naphthoic acid thus obtained was then dried till constant weight. Yield = 40 – 42 gms (68 – 72 %)

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Medical uses

Per the recommendations of the Global Alliance on Improving Outcomes of Acne, retinoids such as adapalene are considered first-line therapy in acne treatment and are to be used either independently or in conjunction with benzoyl peroxide and/or an antimicrobial agent, like clindamycin, for maximum efficacy.[4][5] Furthermore, adapalene, like other retinoids, increases the efficacy and penetration of other topical acne medications that are used in conjunction with topical retinoids as well as hastens the improvement of the post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation caused by acne.[4] In the long term, it can be used as maintenance therapy.[4]

Off-label uses

Adapalene has the unique ability to inhibit keratinocyte differentiation and decrease keratin deposition. This property makes adapalene an effective treatment for keratosis pilaris and callus. It may be used by men undergoing foreskin restoration to reduce excess keratin that forms a layer on the exterior of the human penis after circumcision. Other non-FDA approved indications that have been reported in the literature include treatment of wartsmolluscum contagiosumDarier diseasephotoaging, pigmentary disorders, actinic keratoses and alopecia areata.[6]

Side effects

Adapalene is known to cause mild adverse effects such as photosensitivity, irritation, redness, dryness, itching, and burning.[2] It is common (between 1% and 10% of users)[7] to experience a brief sensation of warmth or stinging, as well as dry skin, peeling and redness during the first 2–4 weeks of using the medication.[4][8] These effects are considered mild and generally decrease over time.[4][8] Any serious allergic reaction is rare.[8] Furthermore, of the three topical retinoids, adapalene is often regarded as the most tolerable.[6]

In pregnancy

Use of topical adapalene in pregnancy has not been well studied, but has a theoretical risk of retinoid embryopathy.[9] Thus far, there is no evidence that the cream causes problems in the baby if used during pregnancy. Use is at the consumer’s own risk.[10]

According to the Drugs and Lactation Database, topical adapalene has poor systemic absorption and results in low blood levels (less than 0.025 mcg/L) despite long term use, suggesting that there is low risk of harm for a nursing infant.[11] However, it is recommended that the topical medication should not be applied to the nipple or any other area that may come into direct contact with the infant’s skin.[11]

Interactions

Adapalene has been shown to enhance the efficacy of topical clindamycin, although adverse effects are also increased.[12][13] Application of adapalene gel to the skin 3–5 minutes before application of clindamycin enhances penetration of clindamycin into the skin, which may enhance the overall efficacy of the treatment as compared to clindamycin alone.[14]

Pharmacology

Unlike the retinoid tretinoin (Retin-A), adapalene has also been shown to retain its efficacy when applied at the same time as benzoyl peroxide due to its more stable chemical structure.[15] Furthermore, photodegradation of the molecule is less of a concern in comparison to tretinoin and tazarotene.[6]

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption of adapalene through the skin is low. A study with six acne patients treated once daily for five days with two grams of adapalene cream applied to 1,000 cm2 (160 sq in) of skin found no quantifiable amounts, or less than 0.35 ng/mL of the drug, in the patients’ blood plasma.[16] Controlled trials of chronic users of adapalene have found drug levels in the patients’ plasma to be 0.25 ng/mL.[9]

Pharmacodynamics

Adapalene is highly lipophilic. When applied topically, it readily penetrates hair follicles and absorption occurs 5 minutes after topical application.[2] After penetration into the follicle, adapalene binds to nuclear retinoic acid receptors (namely retinoic acid receptor beta and gamma).[5][9] These complexes then bind to the retinoid X receptor which induces gene transcription by binding to specific DNA sites, thus modulating downstream keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation.[2][9] This results in normalization of keratinocyte differentiation, allowing for decreased microcomedone formation, decreased clogging of pores, and increased exfoliation by increasing cell turnover.[6][9][17] Adapalene is also regarded as an anti-inflammatory agent, as it suppresses the inflammatory response stimulated by the presence of Cutibacterium acnes,[6] and inhibits both lipoxygenase activity and the oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins.[9]

Adapalene selectively targets retinoic acid receptor beta and retinoic acid receptor gamma when applied to epithelial cells such as those found in the skin.[18] Its agonism of the gamma subtype is largely responsible for adapalene’s observed effects. In fact, when adapalene is applied in conjunction with a retinoic acid receptor gamma antagonist, adapalene loses clinical efficacy.[19]

Retinization is a common temporary phenomenon reported by patients when initiating use of retinols.[20] Within the initial period of treatment, skin can become red, irritated, dry and may burn or itch from retinol application; however, this tends to resolve within four weeks with once a day use.[20]

History

Adapalene is a research product of Galderma Laboratories, France.[21] Adapalene was approved in 1996 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the treatment of acne.[22]

Research

A study has concluded that adapalene can be used to treat plantar warts and may help clear lesions faster than cryotherapy.[23]

References

  1. ^ Rolewski SL (October 2003). “Clinical review: topical retinoids”Dermatology Nursing15 (5): 447–50, 459–65. PMID 14619325.
  2. Jump up to:a b c d e f Tolaymat, L; Zito, PM (January 2021). “Adapalene”. PMID 29494115.
  3. ^ Asai, Yuka; Baibergenova, Akerke; Dutil, Maha; Humphrey, Shannon; Hull, Peter; Lynde, Charles; Poulin, Yves; Shear, Neil H.; Tan, Jerry; Toole, John; Zip, Catherine (2 February 2016). “Management of acne: Canadian clinical practice guideline”Canadian Medical Association Journal188 (2): 118–126. doi:10.1503/cmaj.140665PMC 4732962PMID 26573753.
  4. Jump up to:a b c d e Kolli, Sree S.; Pecone, Danielle; Pona, Adrian; Cline, Abigail; Feldman, Steven R. (2019-01-23). “Topical Retinoids in Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review”. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology20 (3): 345–365. doi:10.1007/s40257-019-00423-zISSN 1179-1888PMID 30674002S2CID 59225325.
  5. Jump up to:a b Xiang, Leihong Flora; Troielli, Patricia; Lozada, Vicente Torres; Tan, Jerry; Suh, Dae Hun; See, Jo-Ann; Piquero-Martin, Jaime; Perez, Montserrat; Orozco, Beatriz (2018-02-01). “Practical management of acne for clinicians: An international consensus from the Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne”Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology78 (2): S1–S23.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.09.078hdl:10067/1492720151162165141ISSN 0190-9622PMID 29127053S2CID 31654121.
  6. Jump up to:a b c d e Tolaymat, Leila; Zito, Patrick M. (2018), “Adapalene”StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, PMID 29494115, retrieved 2019-03-13
  7. ^ “Differin”Swedish Drug Formulary. Retrieved 2017-12-11.
  8. Jump up to:a b c “Adapalene Gel”WebMD. Retrieved 2017-12-11.
  9. Jump up to:a b c d e f Piskin, Suleyman; Uzunali, Erol (August 2007). “A review of the use of adapalene for the treatment of acne vulgaris”Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management3 (4): 621–624. ISSN 1176-6336PMC 2374937PMID 18472984.
  10. ^ “FDA approves Differin Gel 0.1% for over-the-counter use to treat acne”. July 8, 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  11. Jump up to:a b “Adapalene”Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed), National Library of Medicine (US), 2006, PMID 30000483, retrieved 2019-03-13
  12. ^ Wolf JE, Kaplan D, Kraus SJ, Loven KH, Rist T, Swinyer LJ, Baker MD, Liu YS, Czernielewski J (September 2003). “Efficacy and tolerability of combined topical treatment of acne vulgaris with adapalene and clindamycin: a multicenter, randomized, investigator-blinded study”. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology49 (3 Suppl): S211-7. doi:10.1067/S0190-9622(03)01152-6PMID 12963897.
  13. ^ Jain, GauravK; Ahmed, FarhanJ (2007). “Adapalene pretreatment increases follicular penetration of clindamycin: In vitro and in vivo studies”Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology73 (5): 326–9. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.34010ISSN 0378-6323PMID 17921613.
  14. ^ Jain GK, Ahmed FJ (2007). “Adapalene pretreatment increases follicular penetration of clindamycin: in vitro and in vivo studies” (PDF). Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology73 (5): 326–9. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.34010PMID 17921613.
  15. ^ Martin B, Meunier C, Montels D, Watts O (October 1998). “Chemical stability of adapalene and tretinoin when combined with benzoyl peroxide in presence and in absence of visible light and ultraviolet radiation”. The British Journal of Dermatology. 139 Suppl 52: 8–11. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.1390s2008.xPMID 9990414S2CID 43287596.
  16. ^ “DIFFERIN® (adapalene) Cream, 0.1% Label” (PDF). FDA. May 25, 2000. Retrieved 4 Oct 2011.
  17. ^ “DIFFERIN® (adapalene) Gel, 0.3%” (PDF). Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  18. ^ Mukherjee S, Date A, Patravale V, Korting HC, Roeder A, Weindl G (2006). “Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety”Clinical Interventions in Aging1 (4): 327–48. doi:10.2147/ciia.2006.1.4.327PMC 2699641PMID 18046911.
  19. ^ Michel S, Jomard A, Démarchez M (October 1998). “Pharmacology of adapalene”. The British Journal of Dermatology. 139 Suppl 52: 3–7. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.1390s2003.xPMID 9990413S2CID 23084886.
  20. Jump up to:a b “Differin Gel: An Over-the-Counter Retinoid for Acne”http://www.differin.com. Retrieved 2019-03-25.
  21. ^ US Patent 4717720A, Shroot B, Eustache J, Bernardon J-M, “Benzonaphthalene derivatives and compositions”, published 1988-01-05, issued 1988-01-05, assigned to Galderma Research and Development SNC
  22. ^ “FDA approval of DIFFERIN® (adapalene) Solution, 0.1%”. FDA. May 31, 1996. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  23. ^ Gupta, Ramji; Gupta, Sarthak (2015). “Topical Adapalene in the Treatment of Plantar Warts; Randomized Comparative Open Trial in Comparison with Cryo-Therapy”Indian Journal of Dermatology60 (1): 102. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.147835ISSN 0019-5154PMC 4318023PMID 25657417.
  • “Adapalene”Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Clinical data
Trade namesDifferin, Pimpal, Gallet, Adelene, Adeferin
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa604001
License dataUS DailyMedAdapalene
Pregnancy
category
AU: D
Routes of
administration
Topical
Drug classRetinoids
ATC codeD10AD03 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal statusAU: S4 (Prescription only) / S3CA℞-onlyUK: POM (Prescription only)US: OTC / Rx-only
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityVery low[medical citation needed]
ExcretionBile
Identifiers
showIUPAC name
CAS Number106685-40-9 
PubChem CID60164
IUPHAR/BPS5429
DrugBankDB00210 
ChemSpider54244 
UNII1L4806J2QF
KEGGD01112 
ChEBICHEBI:31174 
ChEMBLChEMBL1265 
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID5046481 
ECHA InfoCard100.149.379 
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC28H28O3
Molar mass412.529 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
showSMILES
showInChI
  (verify)

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Fluphenazine.svg
ChemSpider 2D Image | Fluphenazine | C22H26F3N3OS

Fluphenazine

  • Molecular FormulaC22H26F3N3OS
  • Average mass437.522 Da
  • SQ 10733
  • Squibb 16144

UNIIS79426A41Z

CAS number69-23-8

Product Ingredients

INGREDIENTUNIICASINCHI KEY
Fluphenazine decanoateFMU62K1L3C5002-47-1VIQCGTZFEYDQMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Fluphenazine enanthateQSB34YF0W92746-81-8LRWSFOSWNAQHHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Fluphenazine hydrochlorideZOU145W1XL146-56-5MBHNWCYEGXQEIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N

2-(Trifluoromethyl)-10-[3-[1-(b-hydroxyethyl)-4-piperazinyl]propyl]phenothiazine
200-702-9[EINECS]
4-(3-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenothiazin-10-yl)propyl)-1-Piperazineethanol
4-[3-[2-(Trifluoromethyl)-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl]propyl]-1-piperazineethanol
69-23-8[RN]
فلوفينازين[Arabic][INN]
氟奋乃静[Chinese][INN]
1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl-10-phenothiazinyl)propyl]piperazine
10-[3′-[4”-(b-Hydroxyethyl)-1”-piperazinyl]propyl]-3-trifluoromethylphenothiazine
1-Piperazineethanol, 4-(3-(2-(trifluoromethyl)-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)propyl)-
1-Piperazineethanol, 4-[3-[2-(trifluoromethyl)-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl]propyl]-

read https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/071413s019lbl.pdfFluphenazineCAS Registry Number: 69-23-8 
CAS Name: 4-[3-[2-(Trifluoromethyl)-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl]propyl]-1-piperazineethanol 
Additional Names: 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl-10-phenothiazinyl)propyl]piperazine; 10-[3¢-[4¢¢-(b-hydroxyethyl)-1¢¢-piperazinyl]propyl]-3-trifluoromethylphenothiazine; 2-(trifluoromethyl)-10-[3-[1-(b-hydroxyethyl)-4-piperazinyl]propyl]phenothiazine 
Manufacturers’ Codes: S-94; SQ-4918 
Molecular Formula: C22H26F3N3OS, Molecular Weight: 437.52 
Percent Composition: C 60.39%, H 5.99%, F 13.03%, N 9.60%, O 3.66%, S 7.33% 
Literature References: Prepn: H. L. Yale, F. Sowinski, J. Am. Chem. Soc.82, 2039 (1960); GB829246; G. E. Ullyot, US3058979 (1960, 1962 both to SKF); GB833474 (1960 to Scherico), C.A.54, 21143e (1960); E. L. Anderson et al.,Arzneim.-Forsch.12, 937 (1962); H. L. Yale, R. C. Merrill, US3194733 (1965 to Olin Mathieson). Metabolism: J. Dreyfuss, A. J. Cohen, J. Pharm. Sci.60, 826 (1971). Comprehensive description of the enanthate ester: K. Florey, Anal. Profiles Drug Subs.2, 245-262 (1973); of the dihydrochloride: idem,ibid. 263-294; of the decanoate ester: G. Clarke, ibid.9, 275-294 (1980). 
Properties: Dark brown viscous oil, bp0.5 268-274°; bp0.3 250-252°. 
Boiling point: bp0.5 268-274°; bp0.3 250-252° 
Derivative Type: Dihydrochloride 
CAS Registry Number: 146-56-5 
Trademarks: Anatensol (BMS); Dapotum (BMS); Lyogen (Promonta Lundbeck); Moditen (Sanofi Winthrop); Omca (BMS); Pacinol (Schering); Permitil (Schering); Prolixin (Apothecon); Siqualone (BMS); Tensofin (BMS); Valamina (Schering) 
Molecular Formula: C22H26F3N3OS.2HCl, Molecular Weight: 510.44 
Percent Composition: C 51.77%, H 5.53%, F 11.17%, N 8.23%, O 3.13%, S 6.28%, Cl 13.89% 
Properties: Crystals from abs ethanol, mp 235-237°. Also reported as mp 224.5-226°. 
Melting point: mp 235-237°; Also reported as mp 224.5-226° 

Derivative Type: Decanoate 
CAS Registry Number: 5002-47-1 
Manufacturers’ Codes: SQ-10733; QD-10733 
Trademarks: Modecate (Sanofi Winthrop) 
Molecular Formula: C32H44F3N3O2S, Molecular Weight: 591.77 
Percent Composition: C 64.95%, H 7.49%, F 9.63%, N 7.10%, O 5.41%, S 5.42% 
Properties: Pale yellow-orange, viscous liquid. Slowly crystallizes at room temp. mp 30-32°. Very sol in chloroform, ether, cyclohexane, methanol, ethanol. Insol in water. 
Melting point: mp 30-32° 
Derivative Type: Enanthate 
CAS Registry Number: 2746-81-8 
Manufacturers’ Codes: SQ-16144 
Molecular Formula: C29H38F3N3O2S, Molecular Weight: 549.69Percent Composition: C 63.36%, H 6.97%, F 10.37%, N 7.64%, O 5.82%, S 5.83% 
Properties: Pale yellow to yellow-orange viscous liquid or oily solid. 
Therap-Cat: Antipsychotic. 
Keywords: Antipsychotic; Phenothiazines.

Fluphenazine is a phenothiazine used to treat patients requiring long-term neuroleptic therapy.

A phenothiazine used in the treatment of psychoses. Its properties and uses are generally similar to those of chlorpromazine.

Fluphenazine, sold under the brand names Prolixin among others, is a high-potency typical antipsychotic medication.[1] It is used in the treatment of chronic psychoses such as schizophrenia,[1][2] and appears to be about equal in effectiveness to low-potency antipsychotics like chlorpromazine.[3] It is given by mouthinjection into a muscle, or just under the skin.[1] There is also a long acting injectable version that may last for up to four weeks.[1] Fluphenazine decanoate, the depot injection form of fluphenazine, should not be used by people with severe depression.[4]

Common side effects include movement problemssleepinessdepression and increased weight.[1] Serious side effects may include neuroleptic malignant syndromelow white blood cell levels, and the potentially permanent movement disorder tardive dyskinesia.[1] In older people with psychosis as a result of dementia it may increase the risk of dying.[1] It may also increase prolactin levels which may result in milk productionenlarged breasts in malesimpotence, and the absence of menstrual periods.[1] It is unclear if it is safe for use in pregnancy.[1]

Fluphenazine is a typical antipsychotic of the phenothiazine class.[1] Its mechanism of action is not entirely clear but believed to be related to its ability to block dopamine receptors.[1] In up to 40% of those on long term phenothiazines, liver function tests become mildly abnormal.[5]

Fluphenazine came into use in 1959.[6] The injectable form is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines.[7] It is available as a generic medication.[1] It was discontinued in Australia around mid 2017.[8]

Synthesis Reference

Ullyot, G.E.; U.S. Patent 3,058,979; October 16, 1962; assigned to Smith Kline & French Laboratories.

US3058979

syn

File:Fluphenazine synthesis.png

syn

Antipsychotics (Neuroleptics)

R.S. Vardanyan, V.J. Hruby, in Synthesis of Essential Drugs, 2006

Fluphenazine

Fluphenazine, 4-[3-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenothiazin-10-yl]propyl]-1-piperazineethanol (6.1.8), is synthesized by any of the methods described above [21–27]. Alkylation of 2-trifluoromethylphenothiazine using 4-formyl-1-piperazineylpropylchlo-ride in the presence of sodium amide synthesizes 2-trifluoromethyl-10-[3-(4-formyl-1-piperazinyl)propyl]phenothizine (6.1.6). Further alkaline hydrolysis removes the N-formyl group, giving 2-trifluoromethyl-10-[3-(1-piperazinyl)propyl]phenothiazine (6.1.7). This is alkylated by 2-bromethanol-1 acetate, which upon further acidic hydrolysis removes the protecting acetyl group, yielding fluphenazine (6.1.8) [27,28].

Fluphenazine is an extremely strong antipsychotic drug. A stimulatory effect accompanies the neuroleptic effect. It is used in psychiatry for treating various forms of schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. The most common synonyms are fluorphenazine, moditen, dapotum, motival, permitil, and others.SYN

Manufacturing Process

A suspension of 69.0 grams of 2-trifluoromethylphenothiazine in 1 liter of toluene with 10.9 grams of sodium amide is heated at reflux with high speed stirring for 15 minutes. A solution of 54.1 grams of 1-formyl-4-(3’chloropropyl)-piperazine, [prepared by formylating 1-(3′-hydroxypropyl)piperazine by refluxing in an excess of methyl formate, purifying the 1-formyl4-(3′-hydroxypropyl)-piperazine by vacuum distillation, reacting this compound with an excess of thionyl chloride at reflux and isolating the desired 1-formyl-4(3′-chloropropyl)-piperazine by neutralization with sodium carbonate solution followed by distillation] in 200 ml of toluene is added. The reflux period is continued for 4 hours. The cooled reaction mixture is treated with 200 ml of water. The organic layer is extracted twice with dilute hydrochloric acid. The acid extracts are made basic with ammonia and extracted with benzene. The volatiles are taken off in vacuo at the steam bath to leave a dark brown oil which is 10-[3′-(N-formylpiperazinyl)-propyl]-2trifluoromethylphenothiazine. It can be distilled at 260°C at 10 microns, or used directly without distillation if desired.
A solution of 103.5 grams of 10-[3′-(N-formylpiperazinyl)-propyl]-2trifluoromethylphenothiazine in 400 ml of ethanol and 218 ml of water containing 26 ml of 40% sodium hydroxide solution is heated at reflux for 2 hours. The alcohol is taken off in vacuo on the steam bath. The residue is swirled with benzene and water. The dried benzene layer is evaporated in vacuo. The residue is vacuum distilled to give a viscous, yellow oil, 10(3’piperazinylpropyl)-2-trifluoromethylphenothiazine, distilling at 210° to235°C at 0.5 to 0.6 mm.
A suspension of 14.0 grams of 10-(3′-piperazinylpropyl)-2trifluoromethylphenothiazine, 6.4 grams of β-bromoethyl acetate and 2.6 grams of potassium carbonate in 100 ml of toluene is stirred at reflux for 16 hours. Water (50 ml) is added to the cooled mixture. The organic layer is extracted into dilute hydrochloric acid. After neutralizing the extracts and taking the separated base up in benzene, a viscous, yellow residue is obtained by evaporating the organic solvent in vacuo. This oil is chromatographed on alumina. The purified fraction of 7.7 grams of 10-[3′-(Nacetoxyethylpiperazinyl)-propyl] -2-trifluoromethylphenothiazine is taken up in ethyl acetate and mixed with 25 ml of alcoholic hydrogen chloride. Concentration in vacuo separates white crystals of the dihydrochloride salt, MP 225° to 227°C.
A solution of 1.0 gram of 10-[3′-(N-acetoxyethylpiperazinyl)-propyl]-2trifluoromethylphenothiazine in 25 ml of 1 N hydrochloric acid is heated at reflux briefly. Neutralization with dilute sodium carbonate solution and extraction with benzene gives the oily base, 10-[3′-(N-βhydroxyethylpiperazinyl)-propyl]-2-trifluoromethylphenothiazine. The base is reacted with an excess of an alcoholic hydrogen chloride solution. Trituration with ether separates crystals of the dihydrochloride salt, MP 224° to 226°C, (from US Patent 3,058,979).

Chemical Synthesis

Fluphenazine, 4-[3-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenothiazin-10-yl]propyl]-1- piperazineethanol (6.1.8), is synthesized by any of the methods described above [21–27]. Alkylation of 2-trifluoromethylphenothiazine using 4-formyl-1-piperazineylpropylchloride in the presence of sodium amide synthesizes 2-trifluoromethyl-10-[3-(4-formyl- 1-piperazinyl)propyl]phenothizine (6.1.6). Further alkaline hydrolysis removes the N-formyl group, giving 2-trifluoromethyl-10-[3-(1-piperazinyl)propyl]phenothiazine (6.1.7). This is alkylated by 2-bromethanol-1 acetate, which upon further acidic hydrolysis removes the protecting acetyl group, yielding fluphenazine (6.1.8) [27,28].

SYN

Indian Pat. Appl., 2014MU02033,

PATENT

CN 105153062

https://patents.google.com/patent/CN105153062A/en

Embodiment 1(1) preparation of 2-trifluoromethyl thiodiphenylamine: by 100g(0.356mol) Tecramine adds in reaction flask, be heated to 180-190 DEG C, open and stir, treat that it melts in backward reaction flask completely and add 10g(0.178mol) iron powder, stirring reaction about 2 hours at 180-190 DEG C of temperature, after reaction terminates, reaction solution is cooled to pour in beaker by reaction solution while hot when 100 DEG C, and iron powder stays (used water flushing) bottom reaction flask.Reaction solution is added underpressure distillation in clean reaction flask, collects 134-135 DEG C of (3mmHg) cut, obtain weak yellow liquid 3-trifluoromethyl pentanoic and be about 67.5g, yield about 80%.By 3-trifluoromethyl pentanoic 60g(0.253mol), sublimed sulphur 8g(0.253mol) add in reaction flask, whipped state is warming up to about 130 DEG C, after the complete melting of sulphur, in reaction flask, add 3g elemental iodine, continue to be warming up to 185-190 DEG C, react about 1 hour at this temperature.There is hydrogen sulfide to release in reaction process, note tail gas absorption.After reaction terminates, reaction solution is cooled to about 100 DEG C, adds 200g toluene in reaction flask, about raised temperature to 100 DEG C, in reaction flask, add 100g water, stir layering while hot after 5 minutes, water layer discarded, toluene layer returns reaction flask, and whipped state borehole cooling, to 15-18 DEG C, filters, filtrate retains (to be recycled apply mechanically 3-trifluoromethyl pentanoic), filter cake adopts 60 DEG C, vacuum to dry 10 hours, and obtain 29g intermediate 2-trifluoromethyl thiodiphenylamine, yield is about 85%(and calculates by sulphur)(2) preparation of 1-(3-chloropropyl)-4-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine: by 79g(0.5mol) 1,3-bromo-chloropropane, 320g toluene add in reaction flask, 130g(1.0mol is dripped under control 32-35 DEG C condition) 1-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine, time for adding about 2 hours.After dropwising, 32-35 DEG C of stirring reaction 10 hours, after reaction terminates, passes into hydrogen chloride gas to reaction system, regulate PH=8, solids removed by filtration, filtrate decompression distillation and concentration removing toluene solvant and unreacted complete 1,3-bromo-chloropropane, obtains viscous liquid product 95g, yield about 92%.(3) fluorine puts forth energy to be the preparation of nearly alkali: by 2-trifluoromethyl thiodiphenylamine 28g(0.105mol), toluene 140g, granular sodium hydroxide 28g(0.7mol) drop in reaction flask, whipped state is warming up to reflux state (110-112 DEG C), drip (the mixing solutions solution of 1-(3-chloropropyl)-4-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine and 50g toluene, the dropping process lasts about 1.5 hours of 26g (0.126mol) at reflux.After dropwising, reflux state reaction about 8 hours, whole reflux course notices that system moisture removes by timely water trap.After reaction terminates, be cooled to room temperature, solids removed by filtration insolubles, 150g purifying moisture three washing organic phases.Add the 10% concentration aqueous hydrochloric acid of 100g to organic phase, stir static layering after 10 minutes, discard upper toluene organic phase, retain lower floor’s aqueous phase, wash aqueous phase at twice with 150g toluene.In aqueous phase, add toluene 140g, drip the sodium hydroxide solution of 20% of 62g under whipped state, in process, hierarchy of control temperature is no more than 45 DEG C, after dropwising, stir 20 minutes, static layering, discard lower floor’s aqueous phase, retain upper organic phase, organic phase 15g anhydrous sodium sulfate drying, underpressure distillation removing toluene solvant, residue carries out underpressure distillation, collect 230 DEG C of (0.5mmHg) cuts, obtain 33g fluorine and put forth energy to be nearly alkali, yield 72%.(4) preparation of fluophenazine hydrochloride: 32g alkali is dissolved in 128g dehydrated alcohol, stirring is dissolved backward system completely and is led to hydrogen chloride gas, process temperature is no more than 20 DEG C, logical hydrogen chloride gas is stopped as PH=2, stir after 30 minutes and filter, filter cake 50g absolute ethanol washing, product puts into vacuum drying oven, dry after 10 hours for 45 DEG C and obtain fluophenazine hydrochloride 36g, yield about 95%.embodiment 2.(1) preparation of 2-trifluoromethyl thiodiphenylamine: by 500g(1.78mol) Tecramine adds in reaction flask, be heated to 180-190 DEG C, open and stir, treat that it melts in backward reaction flask completely and add 50g(0.89mol) iron powder, stirring reaction about 2 hours at 180-190 DEG C of temperature, after reaction terminates, reaction solution is cooled to pour in beaker by reaction solution while hot when 100 DEG C, and iron powder stays (used water flushing) bottom reaction flask.Reaction solution is added underpressure distillation in clean reaction flask, collects 134-135 DEG C of (3mmHg) cut, obtain weak yellow liquid 3-trifluoromethyl pentanoic and be about 346g, yield about 82%.By 3-trifluoromethyl pentanoic 300g(1.265mol), sublimed sulphur 40g(1.265mol) add in reaction flask, whipped state is warming up to about 130 DEG C, after the complete melting of sulphur, in reaction flask, add 15g elemental iodine, continue to be warming up to 185-190 DEG C, react about 1 hour at this temperature.There is hydrogen sulfide to release in reaction process, note tail gas absorption.After reaction terminates, reaction solution is cooled to about 100 DEG C, adds 1000g toluene in reaction flask, about raised temperature to 100 DEG C, in reaction flask, add 1000g water, stir layering while hot after 5 minutes, water layer discarded, toluene layer returns reaction flask, and whipped state borehole cooling, to 15-18 DEG C, filters, filtrate retains (to be recycled apply mechanically 3-trifluoromethyl pentanoic), filter cake adopts 60 DEG C, vacuum to dry 10 hours, and obtain 147g intermediate 2-trifluoromethyl thiodiphenylamine, yield is about 86%(and calculates by sulphur)(2) preparation of 1-(3-chloropropyl)-4-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine: by 395g(2.5mol) 1,3-bromo-chloropropane, 1600g toluene add in reaction flask, 650g(5.0mol is dripped under control 32-35 DEG C condition) 1-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine, time for adding about 2 hours.After dropwising, 32-35 DEG C of stirring reaction 10 hours, after reaction terminates, passes into hydrogen chloride gas to reaction system, regulate PH=8, solids removed by filtration, filtrate decompression distillation and concentration removing toluene solvant and unreacted complete 1,3-bromo-chloropropane, obtains viscous liquid product 470g, yield about 91%.(3) fluorine puts forth energy to be the preparation of nearly alkali: by 2-trifluoromethyl thiodiphenylamine 140g(0.525mol), toluene 700g, granular sodium hydroxide 140g(3.5mol) drop in reaction flask, whipped state is warming up to reflux state (110-112 DEG C), drip (the mixing solutions solution of 1-(3-chloropropyl)-4-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine and 300g toluene, the dropping process lasts about 1.5 hours of 130g (0.63mol) at reflux.After dropwising, reflux state reaction about 8 hours, whole reflux course notices that system moisture removes by timely water trap.After reaction terminates, be cooled to room temperature, solids removed by filtration insolubles, 750g purifying moisture three washing organic phases.Add the 10% concentration aqueous hydrochloric acid of 500g to organic phase, stir static layering after 10 minutes, discard upper toluene organic phase, retain lower floor’s aqueous phase, wash aqueous phase at twice with 750g toluene.In aqueous phase, add toluene 720g, drip the sodium hydroxide solution of 20% of 310g under whipped state, in process, hierarchy of control temperature is no more than 45 DEG C, after dropwising, stir 20 minutes, static layering, discard lower floor’s aqueous phase, retain upper organic phase, organic phase 75g anhydrous sodium sulfate drying, underpressure distillation removing toluene solvant, residue carries out underpressure distillation, collect 230 DEG C of (0.5mmHg) cuts, obtain 168g fluorine and put forth energy to be nearly alkali, yield 73%.(4) preparation of fluophenazine hydrochloride: 160g alkali is dissolved in 640g dehydrated alcohol, stirring is dissolved backward system completely and is led to hydrogen chloride gas, process temperature is no more than 20 DEG C, logical hydrogen chloride gas is stopped as PH=2, stir after 30 minutes and filter, filter cake 300g absolute ethanol washing, product puts into vacuum drying oven, dry after 10 hours for 45 DEG C and obtain fluophenazine hydrochloride 182g, yield about 96%.embodiment 3.(1) preparation of 2-trifluoromethyl thiodiphenylamine: by 1000g(3.56mol) Tecramine adds in reaction flask, be heated to 180-190 DEG C, open and stir, treat that it melts in backward reaction flask completely and add 100g(1.78mol) iron powder, stirring reaction about 2 hours at 180-190 DEG C of temperature, after reaction terminates, reaction solution is cooled to pour in beaker by reaction solution while hot when 100 DEG C, and iron powder stays (used water flushing) bottom reaction flask.Reaction solution is added underpressure distillation in clean reaction flask, collects 134-135 DEG C of (3mmHg) cut, obtain weak yellow liquid 3-trifluoromethyl pentanoic and be about 1029g, yield about 82%.By 3-trifluoromethyl pentanoic 600g(2.53mol), sublimed sulphur 80g(2.53mol) add in reaction flask, whipped state is warming up to about 130 DEG C, after the complete melting of sulphur, in reaction flask, add 30g elemental iodine, continue to be warming up to 185-190 DEG C, react about 1 hour at this temperature.There is hydrogen sulfide to release in reaction process, note tail gas absorption.After reaction terminates, reaction solution is cooled to about 100 DEG C, adds 2000g toluene in reaction flask, about raised temperature to 100 DEG C, in reaction flask, add 1000g water, stir layering while hot after 5 minutes, water layer discarded, toluene layer returns reaction flask, and whipped state borehole cooling, to 15-18 DEG C, filters, filtrate retains (to be recycled apply mechanically 3-trifluoromethyl pentanoic), filter cake adopts 60 DEG C, vacuum to dry 10 hours, and obtain 294g intermediate 2-trifluoromethyl thiodiphenylamine, yield is about 86%(and calculates by sulphur)(2) preparation of 1-(3-chloropropyl)-4-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine: by 790g(5mol) 1,3-bromo-chloropropane, 3200g toluene add in reaction flask, 1300g(10mol is dripped under control 32-35 DEG C condition) 1-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine, time for adding about 2 hours.After dropwising, 32-35 DEG C of stirring reaction 10 hours, after reaction terminates, passes into hydrogen chloride gas to reaction system, regulate PH=8, solids removed by filtration, filtrate decompression distillation and concentration removing toluene solvant and unreacted complete 1,3-bromo-chloropropane, obtains viscous liquid product 940g, yield about 91%.(3) fluorine puts forth energy to be the preparation of nearly alkali: by 2-trifluoromethyl thiodiphenylamine 280g(1.05mol), toluene 1400g, granular sodium hydroxide 280g(7mol) drop in reaction flask, whipped state is warming up to reflux state (110-112 DEG C), drip (the mixing solutions solution of 1-(3-chloropropyl)-4-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine and 500g toluene, the dropping process lasts about 1.5 hours of 260g (1.26mol) at reflux.After dropwising, reflux state reaction about 8 hours, whole reflux course notices that system moisture removes by timely water trap.After reaction terminates, be cooled to room temperature, solids removed by filtration insolubles, 1500g purifying moisture three washing organic phases.Add the 10% concentration aqueous hydrochloric acid of 1000g to organic phase, stir static layering after 10 minutes, discard upper toluene organic phase, retain lower floor’s aqueous phase, wash aqueous phase at twice with 1500g toluene.In aqueous phase, add toluene 1400g, drip the sodium hydroxide solution of 20% of 620g under whipped state, in process, hierarchy of control temperature is no more than 45 DEG C, after dropwising, stir 20 minutes, static layering, discard lower floor’s aqueous phase, retain upper organic phase, organic phase 150g anhydrous sodium sulfate drying, underpressure distillation removing toluene solvant, residue carries out underpressure distillation, collect 230 DEG C of (0.5mmHg) cuts, obtain 344g fluorine and put forth energy to be nearly alkali, yield 75%.(4) preparation of fluophenazine hydrochloride: 320g alkali is dissolved in 1280g dehydrated alcohol, stirring is dissolved backward system completely and is led to hydrogen chloride gas, process temperature is no more than 20 DEG C, logical hydrogen chloride gas is stopped as PH=2, stir after 30 minutes and filter, filter cake 500g absolute ethanol washing, product puts into vacuum drying oven, dry after 10 hours for 45 DEG C and obtain fluophenazine hydrochloride 364g, yield about 96%.

PATENT

WO 2015103587

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2015103587A2/no

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Medical use

A 2018 Cochrane review found that fluphenazine was an imperfect treatment and other inexpensive drugs less associated with side effects may be an equally effective choice for people with schizophrenia.[9]

Side effects

Discontinuation

The British National Formulary recommends a gradual withdrawal when discontinuing antipsychotics to avoid acute withdrawal syndrome or rapid relapse.[10] Symptoms of withdrawal commonly include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.[11] Other symptoms may include restlessness, increased sweating, and trouble sleeping.[11] Less commonly there may be a feeling of the world spinning, numbness, or muscle pains.[11] Symptoms generally resolve after a short period of time.[11]

There is tentative evidence that discontinuation of antipsychotics can result in psychosis.[12] It may also result in reoccurrence of the condition that is being treated.[13] Rarely tardive dyskinesia can occur when the medication is stopped.[11]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

See also: Antipsychotic § Pharmacodynamics, and Antipsychotic § Comparison of medications

Fluphenazine acts primarily by blocking post-synaptic D2 receptors in the basal ganglia, cortical and limbic system. It also blocks alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, muscarinic-1 receptors, and histamine-1 receptors.[14][15]

SiteKi (nM)ActionRef
5-HT1A145-2829ND[16]
5-HT1B334ND[16]
5-HT1D334ND[16]
5-HT1E540ND[16]
5-HT2A3.8-98ND[16]
5-HT2BNDND[16]
5-HT2C174–2,570ND[16]
5-HT34,265- > 10,000ND[16]
5-HT5A145ND[16]
5-HT67.9 – 38ND[16]
5-HT78ND[16]
D114.45ND[16]
D20.89ND 
D2L ND[16]
D31.412ND[16]
D489.12ND[16]
D595–2,590ND[16]
α1A6.4-9ND[16]
α1B13ND[16]
α2A304-314ND[16]
α2B181.6-320ND[16]
α2C28.8-122ND[16]
β1> 10,000ND[16]
β2> 10,000ND[16]
H17.3-70ND[16]
H2560ND[16]
H31,000ND[16]
H4> 10,000ND[16]
M11,095-3,235.93ND[16]
M22,187.76-7,163ND[16]
M31441–1445.4ND[16]
M45,321ND[16]
M5357ND[16]
SERTNDND[16]
NETNDND[16]
DATNDND[16]
NMDA
(PCP)
NDND[16]
Values are Ki (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. All data are for human cloned proteins, except 5-HT3 (rat), D4 (human/rat), H3 (guinea pig), and NMDA/PCP (rat).[16]

Pharmacokinetics

History

Fluphenazine came into use in 1959.[6]

Availability

The injectable form is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[7] It is available as a generic medication.[1] It was discontinued in Australia around mid 2017.[8]

Other animals

In horses, it is sometimes given by injection as an anxiety-relieving medication, though there are many negative common side effects and it is forbidden by many equestrian competition organizations.[27]

References

  1. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o “fluphenazine decanoate”. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  2. ^ “Product Information: Modecate (Fluphenazine Decanoate Oily Injection )” (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. Bristol-Myers Squibb Australia Pty Ltd. 1 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  3. ^ Tardy M, Huhn M, Engel RR, Leucht S (August 2014). “Fluphenazine versus low-potency first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia”. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews8 (8): CD009230. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009230.pub2PMID 25087165.
  4. ^ “Modecate Injection 25mg/ml – Patient Information Leaflet (PIL) – (eMC)”http://www.medicines.org.uk. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  5. ^ “Fluphenazine”livertox.nih.gov. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  6. Jump up to:a b McPherson EM (2007). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Burlington: Elsevier. p. 1680. ISBN 9780815518563.
  7. Jump up to:a b World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  8. Jump up to:a b Rossi S, ed. (July 2017). “Fluphenazine – Australian Medicines Handbook”Australian Medicines Handbook. Adelaide, Australia: Australian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  9. ^ Matar HE, Almerie MQ, Sampson SJ (June 2018). “Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia”The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews6: CD006352. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006352.pub3PMC 6513420PMID 29893410.
  10. ^ Joint Formulary Committee, BMJ, ed. (March 2009). “4.2.1”. British National Formulary (57 ed.). United Kingdom: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-85369-845-6Withdrawal of antipsychotic drugs after long-term therapy should always be gradual and closely monitored to avoid the risk of acute withdrawal syndromes or rapid relapse.
  11. Jump up to:a b c d e Haddad P, Haddad PM, Dursun S, Deakin B (2004). Adverse Syndromes and Psychiatric Drugs: A Clinical Guide. OUP Oxford. pp. 207–216. ISBN 9780198527480.
  12. ^ Moncrieff J (July 2006). “Does antipsychotic withdrawal provoke psychosis? Review of the literature on rapid onset psychosis (supersensitivity psychosis) and withdrawal-related relapse”. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica114 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00787.xPMID 16774655S2CID 6267180.
  13. ^ Sacchetti E, Vita A, Siracusano A, Fleischhacker W (2013). Adherence to Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 85. ISBN 9788847026797.
  14. ^ Siragusa S, Saadabadi A (2020). “Fluphenazine”StatPearlsPMID 29083807.
  15. ^ PubChem. “Fluphenazine”pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  16. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Roth, BL; Driscol, J. “PDSP Ki Database”Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  17. ^ Parent M, Toussaint C, Gilson H (1983). “Long-term treatment of chronic psychotics with bromperidol decanoate: clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation”. Current Therapeutic Research34 (1): 1–6.
  18. Jump up to:a b Jørgensen A, Overø KF (1980). “Clopenthixol and flupenthixol depot preparations in outpatient schizophrenics. III. Serum levels”. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum279: 41–54. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1980.tb07082.xPMID 6931472.
  19. Jump up to:a b Reynolds JE (1993). “Anxiolytic sedatives, hypnotics and neuroleptics.”. Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (30th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. pp. 364–623.
  20. ^ Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR, Jann MW, Davis CM, Richards A, Seidel DR (May 1984). “Future of depot neuroleptic therapy: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approaches”. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry45 (5 Pt 2): 50–9. PMID 6143748.
  21. Jump up to:a b Curry SH, Whelpton R, de Schepper PJ, Vranckx S, Schiff AA (April 1979). “Kinetics of fluphenazine after fluphenazine dihydrochloride, enanthate and decanoate administration to man”British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology7 (4): 325–31. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1979.tb00941.xPMC 1429660PMID 444352.
  22. ^ Young D, Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR, Jann MW, Garcia N (1984). Explaining the pharmacokinetics of fluphenazine through computer simulations. (Abstract.). 19th Annual Midyear Clinical Meeting of the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. Dallas, Texas.
  23. ^ Janssen PA, Niemegeers CJ, Schellekens KH, Lenaerts FM, Verbruggen FJ, van Nueten JM, et al. (November 1970). “The pharmacology of fluspirilene (R 6218), a potent, long-acting and injectable neuroleptic drug”. Arzneimittel-Forschung20 (11): 1689–98. PMID 4992598.
  24. ^ Beresford R, Ward A (January 1987). “Haloperidol decanoate. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in psychosis”. Drugs33 (1): 31–49. doi:10.2165/00003495-198733010-00002PMID 3545764.
  25. ^ Reyntigens AJ, Heykants JJ, Woestenborghs RJ, Gelders YG, Aerts TJ (1982). “Pharmacokinetics of haloperidol decanoate. A 2-year follow-up”. International Pharmacopsychiatry17 (4): 238–46. doi:10.1159/000468580PMID 7185768.
  26. ^ Larsson M, Axelsson R, Forsman A (1984). “On the pharmacokinetics of perphenazine: a clinical study of perphenazine enanthate and decanoate”. Current Therapeutic Research36 (6): 1071–88.
  27. ^ Loving NS (31 March 2012). “Effects of Behavior-Modifying Drug Investigated (AAEP 2011)”. The Horse Media Group. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
Clinical data
Trade namesProlixin, Modecate, Moditen others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682172
License dataUS DailyMedFluphenazine
Pregnancy
category
AU: C
Routes of
administration
By mouthIntramuscular injection, depot injection (fluphenazine decanoate)
Drug classTypical antipsychotic
ATC codeN05AB02 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal statusAU: DiscontinuedCA℞-onlyUK: POM (Prescription only)US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability2.7% (by mouth)
Metabolismunclear[1]
Elimination half-lifeIM 15 hours (HCL), 7–10 days (decanoate)[1]
ExcretionUrine, feces
Identifiers
showIUPAC name
CAS Number69-23-8 
PubChem CID3372
IUPHAR/BPS204
DrugBankDB00623 
ChemSpider3255 
UNIIS79426A41Z
KEGGD07977 
ChEBICHEBI:5123 
ChEMBLChEMBL726 
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID2023068 
ECHA InfoCard100.000.639 
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC22H26F3N3OS
Molar mass437.53 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
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OCCN1CCN(CCCN2C3=CC=CC=C3SC3=C2C=C(C=C3)C(F)(F)F)CC1

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Gefapixant citrate

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Gefapixant structure.png
ChemSpider 2D Image | Gefapixant | C14H19N5O4S

Gefapixant

  • Molecular FormulaC14H19N5O4S
  • Average mass353.397 Da

1015787-98-0[RN]
10642
AF 217 
5-[(2,4-Diamino-5-pyrimidinyl)oxy]-4-isopropyl-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide
5-(2,4-diamino-pyrimidin-5-yloxy)-4-isopropyl-2-methoxy-benzene- sulfonamide

Gefapixant citrate (JAN/USAN).png

Gefapixant Citrate

FormulaC14H19N5O4S. C6H8O7
CAS2310299-91-1
Mol weight545.5203

APPROVED JAPAN PMDA 2022/1/20, Lyfnua

ゲーファピキサントクエン酸塩

吉法匹生

EfficacyAnalgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antitussive, P2X3 receptor antagonist
CommentTreatment of disorders associated with purinergic receptor activation

Gefapixant (MK-7264) is a drug which acts as an antagonist of the P2RX3 receptor, and may be useful in the treatment of chronic cough.[1][2][3] It was named in honour of Geoff Burnstock.[4]

Gefapixant is under investigation in clinical trial NCT02397460 (Effect of Gefapixant (AF-219/MK-7264) on Cough Reflex Sensitivity).

PAPER

Organic Process Research & Development (2020), 24(11), 2445-2452.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00248

A robust, green, and sustainable manufacturing process has been developed for the synthesis of gefapixant citrate, a P2X3 receptor antagonist that is under investigation for the treatment of refractory and unexplained chronic cough. The newly developed commercial process features low process mass intensity (PMI), short synthetic sequence, high overall yield, minimal environmental impact, and significantly reduced API costs. The key innovations are the implementation of a highly efficient two-step methoxyphenol synthesis, an innovative pyrimidine synthesis in flow, a simplified sulfonamide synthesis, and a novel salt metathesis approach to consistently deliver the correct active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) salt form in high purity.

Abstract Image

SYN

Organic Process Research & Development (2020), 24(11), 2478-2490.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00252

Gefapixant citrate (MK-7264) is a P2X3 antagonist for the treatment of chronic cough. The second generation manufacturing route developed for the Step 3A/3B formylation–cyclization reaction to generate the key intermediate diaminopyrimidine (1) (AF-072) required a significant excess of ethyl formate (EF), potassium tert-butoxide (KOt-Bu), and guanidine•HCl (G•HCl) when both steps were run as batch processes. It was imperative to develop an alternative process that required less of each reagent and generated less carbon monoxide byproducts, as the annual production of the final active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is expected to be over 50 MT. In addition, the second generation process was misaligned with our company’s strategy of having the best science in place at the first regulatory filing. The final flow–batch process described herein, which features a flow-based formylation combined with a batch cyclization, has been performed on a 500 kg scale and now requires 35% less EF (leading to a 70% reduction in waste carbon monoxide), 38% less KOt-Bu, and 50% less G•HCl. These improvements, along with a twofold increase in concentration, have resulted in a 54% reduction in the step process mass intensity (step-PMI) from the second generation two-step batch–batch process (PMI of 17.16) to the flow–batch process (PMI of 7.86), without sacrificing reaction performance.

Abstract Image

SYN

H. REN*, K. M. MALONEY* ET AL. (MERCK & CO., INC., RAHWAY USA) Development of a Green and Sustainable Manufacturing Process for Gefapixant Citrate (MK-7264) Part 1: Introduction and Process Overview Org. Process Res. Dev. 2020, 24, 2445–2452, DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00248.

SYN

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00247

Abstract Image

A scalable two-pot sulfonamidation through the process has been developed for the synthesis of gefapixant citrate, a P2X3 receptor antagonist that is under investigation for the treatment of refractory and unexplained chronic cough. Direct conversion of the diaryl ether precursor to a sulfonyl chloride intermediate using chlorosulfonic acid, followed by treatment with aqueous ammonia hydroxide, provided the desired sulfonamide in high yield. A pH-swing crystallization allowed for the formation of a transient acetonitrile solvate that enables the rejection of two impurities. After drying, the desired anhydrous free base form was isolated in high yield and purity.

SYN

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1566070221000898

Gefapixant is the approved generic name for a compound also known as MK-7264, and prior to that AF-219 and RO-4926219. It is the first-in-class clinically developed antagonist for the P2X3 subtype of trimeric ionotropic purinergic receptors, a family of ATP-gated excitatory ion channels, showing nanomolar potency for the human P2X3 homotrimeric channel and essentially no activity at related channels devoid of P2X3 subunits. As the first P2X3 antagonist to have progressed into clinical studies it has now progressed to the point of successful completion of Phase 3 investigations for the treatment of cough, and the NDA application is under review with US FDA for treatment of refractory chronic cough or unexplained chronic cough. The molecule was discovered in the laboratories of Roche Pharmaceuticals in Palo Alto, California, but clinical development then continued with the formation of Afferent Pharmaceuticals for the purpose of identifying the optimal therapeutic indication for this novel mechanism and establishing a clinical plan for development in the optimal patient populations selected. Geoff Burnstock was a close collaborator and advisor to the P2X3 program for close to two decades of discovery and development. Progression of gefapixant through later stage clinical studies has been conducted by the research laboratories of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA (MRL; following acquisition of Afferent in 2016), who may commercialize the product once authorization has been granted by regulatory authorities.

PATENT

WO 2008040652

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2008040652A1/en

Figure imgf000016_0001

SCHEME AExample 1: 5-(2,4-Diamino-pyrimidin-5-yloxy)-4-isopropyl-2-methoxy- benzenesulfonamideThe synthetic procedure used in this Example is outlined in Scheme B.

Figure imgf000027_0001
Figure imgf000028_0001

not isolated

Figure imgf000028_0002
Figure imgf000028_0003

SCHEME BStep 1 2-Isopropyl-4-methoxy-phenolTo a cooled solution of l-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-phenyl)-ethanone (10.0 kg) in 79.0 kg of THF was gradually added 46.4 kg of 3M solution of MeMgCl in THF at a rate such that the reaction mixture temperature did not exceed 25°C. Following addition of the MeMgCl solution, the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 hours, at which point HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography) analysis showed more than 98% conversion of l-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-phenyl)-ethanone to 2- (1 -hydroxy- 1- methyl-ethyl)-4-methoxy-phenol (not shown in Scheme D). To the stirred solution was then added 10% palladium on carbon (1.02 kg, 50% water wet) suspended in 3.5 kg of THF. The reaction mixture was cooled and placed under a hydrogen atmosphere at 0.34 atmosphere pressure, and concentrated HCl (19.5 kg) was added while maintaining the reaction temperature at 25°C. The resultant mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 hours, then treated with 44.4 kg water and filtered through a bed of Celite to remove suspended catalyst. The filter cake was rinsed with EtOAc and the combined filtrate was separated. The organic phase was washed with water, then concentrated by distillation to provide an oil. This oil was dissolved in 2-butanone (20.4 kg) and the crude solution was employed directly in the next step. A 161.8 g aliquot of the solution was concentrated under vacuum to provide 49.5 g of 2-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenol as an oil, projecting to 10.4 kg crude contained product in the bulk 2-butanone solution. 1H NMR (DMSO) delta: 1.14 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz), 3.18 (septet, IH, J = 6.9 Hz), 3.65 (s, 3H), 6.56, (dd, IH, J = 8.6 Hz, 3.1 Hz), 6.67 (d, IH, J = 3.1 Hz), 6.69 (d, IH, 8.6 Hz).Step 2 (2-Isopropyl-4-methoxy-phenoxy)-acetonitrileA stirred slurry of toluene-4-sulfonic acid cyanomethyl ester (13.0 kg), potassium carbonate (13.0 kg) and 2-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenol (9.57 kg) in 79.7 kg of 2-butanone was heated to 55-600C for 4 days, then heated to reflux for 18 hours. The resultant slurry was cooled and filtered to remove solids. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was redissolved in toluene. The toluene solution was extracted with IN KOH, and the organic phase was concentrated by distillation to give 20.6 g of a 1:1 (by weight) solution of (2-isopropyl-4-methoxy-phenoxy)-acetonitrile in toluene, which was used directly in the next step. A aliquot (96.7 g) of this solution was concentrated to dryness to give 50.9 g of crude (2-isopropyl-4-methoxy-phenoxy)- acetonitrile, projecting to a yield of 10.9 kg in the bulk solution: MS (M+H) = 206; 1H NMR (CDCl3) delta: 1.25 (d, J = 6.9 Hz), 3.31 (septet, IH, J = 6.9 Hz), 3.82 (s, 3H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 6.73 (dd. IH, J = 8.8 Hz, 3.1 Hz), 6.87 (d, IH, J = 3.1 Hz), 6.91 (d, IH, J = 8.8 Hz).Step 3 5-(2-Isopropyl-4-methoxy-phenoxy)-pyrimidine-2,4-diamine An approximately 1:1 (by weight) solution of 10.6 kg of (2-isopropyl-4-methoxy-phen- oxy) -acetonitrile in toluene was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was treated with 10.8 kg of tert-butoxybis(dimethylamino)methane (Brederick’s Reagent). The resulting mixture was dissolved in 20.2 kg of DMF and the solution was heated to 1100C for 2 hours, at which point HPLC analysis showed essentially complete conversion to 3,3-bis-dimethylamino-2-(2-isopropyl-4-methoxy-phenoxy)-propionitrile (not isolated, 1H NMR (CDCl3) delta: 1.21 (d, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz), 1.23 (d, 3H, J = 7.1 Hz), 2.46 (s, 6H), 2.48 (s, 6H), 3.43 (d, IH, J = 5.0 Hz), 3.31 (septet, IH, J = 6.9 Hz), 3.79 (s, 3H), 4.93 (d, IH, J = 5.0 Hz), 6.70 (dd, IH, J = 8.8 Hz, 3.0 Hz), 6.82 (d, IH, J = 3.0 Hz), 6.98 (d, IH, J = 8.8 Hz). The DMF solution was cooled and transferred onto 14.7 kg of aniline hydrochloride. The resulting mixture was heated to 1200C for 22 hours, at which point HPLC analysis showed greater than 97% conversion to 2-(2-isopropyl-4-methoxy-phenoxy)-3- phenylamino-acrylonitrile (not isolated, 1H nmr (CDCl3) delta: 1.31 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz), 3.39 (septet, IH, J = 6.9 Hz), 3.82 (s, 3H), 6.61 (d (br), IH, J = 12.7 Hz), 6.73 (dd, IH, J = 8.9 Hz, 3.1 Hz), 6.88 (d, IH, J = 3.0 Hz), 6.93 (m, 2H), 6.97 (d, IH, J = 8.9 Hz), 7.05 (m, IH), 7.17 (d, IH, J = 12.6 Hz), 7.35 (m. 2H)).The mixture was cooled, diluted with 21.5 kg toluene, then with 72.2 L of water. The organic layer was separated, washed with water, and concentrated by distillation. The concentrate was transferred into 23.8 kg DMF, and the DMF solution was transferred onto 6.01 kg of guanidine carbonate. The resulting mixture was heated to 1200C for 3 days, at which point HPLC analysis showed greater than 95% conversion of 2-(2- isopropyl-4-methoxy-phenoxy)-3-phenylamino-acrylonitrile into 5-(2-Isopropyl-4- methoxy-phenoxy)-pyrimidine-2,4-diamine. The reaction mixture was cooled, diluted with 7.8 kg of EtOAc, then reheated to 600C. Water (75.1 L) was added and the resultant mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature. The precipitated solid was collected by filtration, rinsed with isopropanol and dried under vacuum at 50 degrees to give 9.62 kg of 5-(2-isopropyl-4-methoxy- phenoxy)-pyrimidine-2,4-diamine: m.p. 170-171 degrees C; MS (M+H) = 275; H nmr (chloroform) delta: 1.25 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz), 3.30 (septet, IH, J = 6.9 Hz), 3.79 (s, 3H), 4.68 (br, 2H), 4.96 (br, 2H), 6.64 (dd, IH, J = 8.9 Hz, 3.0 Hz), 6.73, d, J = 8.9 Hz), 6.85 (d, IH, J = 3 Hz), 7.47 (s, IH).Step 4 5-(2,4-diamino-pyrimidin-5-yloxy)-4-isopropyl-2-methoxy-benzenesulfon- amide, sulfolane solvate Chlorosulfonic acid (13.82 kg) was added to a slurry of 5-(2-isopropyl-4-methoxy-phen- oxy)-pyrimidine-2,4-diamine (10.07 kg) in sulfolane (50.0 kg) at a rate to maintain an internal pot temperature below 65°C. The reaction mixture was aged at 60-650C for 12 hours, at which point HPCL showed that all 5-(2-isopropyl-4-methoxy-phenoxy)- pyrimidine-2,4-diamine starting material had been converted to 5-(2,4-diamino- pyrimidin-5-yloxy)-4-isopropyl-2-methoxy-benzenesulfonic acid. MS (M+H) = 355. Phosphorus oxychloride (3.41 kg) was then added to the reaction mixture at 600C. The reaction mixture was heated to 75°C and aged for 12 hours, at which point HPLC showed that approximately 99% of 5-(2,4-diamino-pyrimidin-5-yloxy)-4-isopropyl-2-methoxy- benzenesulfonic acid had been converted to 5-(2,4-diamino-pyrimidin-5-yloxy)-4-iso- propyl-2-methoxy-benzenesulfonyl chloride. MS (M+H) = 373. The solution of 5-(2,4- diamino-pyrimidin-5-yloxy)-4-isopropyl-2-methoxy-benzenesulfonyl chloride was then cooled to around 2°C).To a cooled (ca. 2°C) solution of ammonia (7N) in MeOH (74.1 kg) was added the cooled sulfolane solution of 5-(2,4-diamino-pyrimidin-5-yloxy)-4-isopropyl-2-methoxy- benzenesulfonyl chloride (a homogeneous syrup) at a rate such that the internal temperature did not exceed 23°C. The resultant slurry was stirred for 18 hours at ambient temperature, then filtered on a coarse porosity frit filter. The collected solids were rinsed with MeOH (15.9 kg), then dried under reduced pressure at 700C to a constant weight of 23.90 kg. HPLC showed 97.5% conversion of 5-(2,4-diamino- pyrimidin-5-yloxy)-4-isopropyl-2-methoxy-benzenesulfonyl chloride to 5-(2,4-diamino- pyrimidin-5-yloxy)-4-isopropyl-2-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide sulfolane solvate. H nmr (DMSOd6) delta: 1.26 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz), 2.07 (sym. m, 8H), 2.99 (sym. m, 8H), 3.41 (septet, IH, J = 6.9 Hz), 3.89 (s, 3H), 6.03 (s (br), 2H), 6.58 (s (br), 2H), 7.00 (s, IH), 7.04 (s (br), 2H), 7.08 (s, IH), 7.35 (s, IH). 
Step 5 5-(2,4-diamino-pyrimidin-5-yloxy)-4-isopropyl-2-methoxy-benzene- sulfonamideA slurry of 5-(2,4-diamino-pyrimidin-5-yloxy)-4-isopropyl-2-methoxy-benzenesulfon- amide sulfolane solvate (23.86 kg) in a mixture of ethanol (74.3 kg) and 0.44 N HCl (109.4 kg) was heated to reflux to provide a homogeneous solution of the monohydrochloride salt of 5-(2,4-diamino-pyrimidin-5-yloxy)-4-isopropyl-2-methoxy- benzenesulfonamide. This solution was filterd while hot, then treated with concentrated ammonium hydroxide (3.4 L) to liberate the free base of 5-(2,4-diamino-pyrimidin-5- yloxy)-4-isopropyl-2-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide. The resultant mixture was cooled slowly to 200C and the crystalline product isolated by filtration. The filter cake was washed with water (20.1 kg) and dried under reduced pressure at 700C to a constant weight of 8.17 kg (57.7% yield based on di-solvate of sulfolane).MP = 281-282 0C.1H nmr (DMSOd6) delta: 1.27 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz), 3.41 (septet, IH, J = 6.9 Hz), 3.89 (s, 3H), 5.87 (s (br), 2H), 6.40 (s (br), 2H), 6.98 (s, IH), 7.01 (s (br), 2H), 7.07 (s, IH), 7.36 (s, IH). 
PATENT 
 US 20080207655https://patents.google.com/patent/US20080207655
PATENThttps://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2016004358

xample 20

5-(2,4-Diamino-pyrimidin-5-yloxy)-4-isopropyl-2-methoxy-N-methyl-benzenemethylsulfonamide Step 1. 5-(2,4-Diamino-pyrimidin-5-yloxy)-4-isopropyl-2-methoxy- benzenesulfonyl chloride

[211] A mixture of pyrimidine (0.400 g, 1.5 mmol) in 2 ml chlorosulfonic acid was allowed to stir 20 min. The mixture was poured over ice. The precipitate was filtered, washed by cold H2O and dried under vacuum to afford 5-(2,4-diamino-pyrimidin-5-yloxy)-4-isopropyl-2-methoxy-benzenesulfonyl chloride (0.515 g, 95%) as a white solid; [MH]+= 373.

PATENT

WO 2017058645

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2017058645A1/en

PATENTDisclosed herein is a novel process for preparing Compound A, a phenoxy diaminopyrimidine compound of the following formula, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

Figure imgf000004_0001

Compound A.Also disclosed herein are various salts and solvates of Compound A.

Scheme 1

Figure imgf000006_0001
Figure imgf000014_0001

Step 1. Preparation of 4-Bromo-2-isopropylphenol DABCO Co-crystalStep 1. Preparation of 4-Bromo-2-isopropylphenol DABCO Co-crystalThe following 4-bromo-2-isopropylphenol hemi-DABCO co-crystal is obtained in greater than 99% purity and at about 85-92% yield by the following process:

Figure imgf000014_0002

To a solution of 2-isopropyl phenol (75.0 g, 550 mmol) in acetonitrile (225 mL) was added MSA (0.520 g, 5.41 mmol). The mixture was cooled to -10 °C and NBS (98.01 g, 550 mmol) was added in portions while maintaining the internal temperature below 10 °C. The reaction was aged for 30 min to 1 h and then warmed to 20 °C, diluted with water (450 mL), and extracted with toluene (225 mL). The organic layer was sequentially washed with 9 wt% phosphoric acid (150 mL) and 5 wt% NaCl (150 mL). The organic layers were concentrated to roughly 150 mL and filtered into a clean reactor. The mixture was heated to 30-40 °C and n- heptane (28.5 mL) was added followed by DABCO (30.89 g, 275 mmol). The mixture was seeded (a seed can be synthesized from a previous batch of this procedure preformed without seeding) with 4-bromo-2-isopropylphenol hemi-DABCO co-crystal (75 mg, 0.277 mmol), diluted with 52.5 mL of n-heptane, and stirred for 1 h. The slurry was cooled to 20 °C over 1 h and 370 mL of n-heptane is added over 2 h. The slurry was cooled to 5 °C over 2 h, aged for 2 h, filtered, and washed with n-heptane (2 x 75 mL). The solid was dried at 20-25 °C under vacuum to yield 4-bromo-2-isopropylphenol hemi-DABCO co-crystal (134.8 g, 90 %) as a solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-76) d 7.20 (d, J= 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (dd, J= 8.5, 2.6 Hz, 2H), 6.73 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 3.16 (hept, J= 6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (s, 12H), 1.14 (d, J= 6.9 Hz, 12H).The crystallization of step 1 generates 4-bromo-2-isopropylphenol hemi-DABCO co-crystal, bromophenol mono-DABCO co-crystal, or a mixture of bromophenol hemi-DABCO co-crystal and bromophenol mono-DABCO co-crystal. An XRPD pattern of bromophenol hemi- DABCO co-crystal is shown in Figure 1.

The bromo-phenol mono-DABCO co-crystal can be generated in the following procedure:

Figure imgf000015_0001

bromophenol DABCO co-crystalTo a vial with a stir bar was charged DABCO (1.7 g, 15 mmol), phenol (2.5 g, 15 mmol), and 2 mL of n-heptane. The resulting slurry was stirred at 23 °C overnight. The slurry was then filtered and the resulting wet cake was washed with 2 mL of 5 °C n-heptane. The cake was dried under vacuum with nitrogen sweep to afford 4-bromo-2-isopropylphenol mono- DABCO co-crystal (2.9 g, 70% yield) as a solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-76) d 9.65 (s, 1H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 7.14 (d, J= 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (d, J= 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (hept, J= 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.61(s, 12H), 1.15 (d, 7 = 6.9 Hz, 6H).An XRPD pattern of bromophenol mono-DABCO co-crystal is shown in Figure 2.Step 2a. Preparation of 2-Isopropyl-4-Methoxyphenol

The 2-isopropyl-4-Methoxyphenol shown below is obtained at about 92% yield by the following process:

Figure imgf000015_0002

bromophenol DABCO co-crystal methoxy phenolTo a solution of 4-bromo-2-isopropylphenol hemi-DABCO co-crystal (120 g, 442 mmol) in 25 wt% sodium methoxide in methanol (430 g) was added 60 mL of DMF. The solution was pressure purged with nitrogen, copper (I) bromide (3.23 g, 22.5 mmol) was added to the mixture, and the reaction was heated to reflux for 12-16 h. The reaction is cooled to 0-5 °C and quenched with 6M HC1 until the pH of the solution is less than 5. The slurry is diluted with 492 mL of toluene and 720 mL of water to provide a homogeneous solution with a rag between the layers. The aqueous layer is cut to waste. The organic layer is filtered to remove the rag and washed with 240 mL of water to provide 2-isopropyl-4-methoxylphenol (491 g, 13.3 wt%, 89% assay yield) as a solution in toluene. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-76) d 8.73 (s, 1H), 6.68 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (d, 7= 3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (dd, 7= 8.6, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 3.17 (hept, j = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.14 (d, 7= 6.9 Hz, 6H).Step 2b. Preparation of 2-Isopropyl-4-Methoxyphenol

Alternatively, the methoxy phenol is obtained by the following process:

Figure imgf000016_0001

To a high-pressure vessel were charged 400 mL of anhydrous toluene, Re2(CO)io (3.16 g, 4.84 mmol) and mequinol (100 g, 806 mmol) at RT. The vessel was then degassed with propylene, and charged with propylene (85.0 g, 2.02 mol). The vessel was sealed and heated to 170 °C. Internal pressure was measured near 250 psi. The reaction was stirred at this condition for 72 h. The vessel was then allowed to cool down to 23 °C. The internal pressure was carefully released to 1 atmospheric pressure, and the toluene solution was assayed as 91% and used directly in the next step or isolated as a solid.Step 2a/2b results in anhydrous 2-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenol form 1. An XRPD pattern of the methoxy phenol form 1 is shown in Figure 3.In another embodiment, the product is isolated as a DMAP co-crystal:

Figure imgf000016_0002

To a vial with a stir bar was charged DMAP (3.67 g, 30.1 mmol), 2.5 ml of toluene, and 2-isopropyl-4-methoxylphenol (5.00 g, 30.1 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 5 min, and a homogeneous solution was formed. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 5 °C. Ten mL of n-heptane was slowly charged over 20 min. The resulting slurry was stirred at 5 °C overnight. The slurry was filtered and the resulting wet cake was washed with 3 mL of 5 °C n-heptane. The cake was dried under vacuum with a nitrogen sweep to provide 2- isopropyl-4-methoxylphenol DMAP co-crystal (7.01 g, 81%) as a solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-76) d 8.78 (s, 1H), 8.10 (d, J= 6.1 Hz, 2H), 6.71 – 6.65 (m, 2H), 6.57 (dd, J= 11.3, 6.0 Hz, 3H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.17 (hept, J= 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.95 (s, 6H), 1.14 (d, J= 6.9 Hz, 6H).The crystallization generates anhydrous 2-isopropyl -4-methoxyphenol DMAP co crystal. An XRPD pattern of the 2-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenol DMAP co-crystal is shown in Figure 4.Step 3a. Preparation of the Cvanoether. 2-(2-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenoxy)acetonitrile

The cyanoether is obtained at about 95 % yield by the following process:

Figure imgf000017_0001

A 12-15 wt% solution of 2-isopropyl-4-methoxylphenol (314.3 g, 12 wt%, 226.8 mmol) was concentrated to greater than 50 wt% 2-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenol in toluene under vacuum at 40-50°C. To the solution was added 189 mL of NMP, and the mixture was cooled to 5 °C. Sodium hydroxide (27.2 g, 50 wt% in water, 340 mmol) and chloroacetonitrile (36 g, 340 mmol) were added sequentially to the mixture while maintaining the internal temperature below 10 °C. The reaction was aged for 2 h and then diluted with 150 mL of toluene and 226 mL of water while maintaining the temperature below 10 °C. The mixture was warmed to 20-25 °C, the layers were separated, and the organic layer was washed with 75 mL of 20 wt% NaCl (aq.). The organic layer was and filtered to provide 2-(2-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenoxy)acetonitrile (56.8 g, 74.6 wt%) as a solution in toluene. The filter was washed with NMP to provide additional 2-(2-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenoxy)acetonitrile (27.1 g, 5.0 wt%) as a solution in NMP. The combined yield was about 94 %. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-i¾) d 7.05 (d, J= 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (d, 7= 3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (dd, j= 8.8, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.20 (hept, j = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.17 (d, 7= 6.9 Hz, 6H).Step 3b. Preparation of the Cvanoether. 2-(2-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenoxy)acetonitrile

Alternatively, the cyanoether shown below is obtained at about 92% yield by the following process:

Figure imgf000018_0001

A solution of 2-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenol in toluene (491 g, 13.3 wt%, 393 mmol) was concentrated and solvent switched to acetonitrile under vacuum at 40-50 °C.Potassium carbonate (164.5 g, 1190 mmol) and tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate (1.5 g, 4.42 mmol) were added to a separate vessel, and the vessel was pressure purged with nitrogen gas.The solution of phenol in acetonitrile and chloroacetonitrile was added sequentially to the reaction vessel. The vessel was heated to 40 °C and aged for 4 h. The mixture was allowed to cool to 25 °C, and was diluted with 326 mL water. The layers were separated, and the organic layer was washed with 130 mL of 10 wt% NaCl. A solvent switch to toluene was performed under vacuum, and the organic layer was filtered through two 16D Cuno #5 cartridges. The organic layer was concentrated to provide 2-(2-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenoxy)acetonitrile in toluene (128.2 g, 58 wt%, 92% yield).Step 4 Preparation of the Dia inopyrimidine 5-(2-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenoxy)pyrimidine-2.4-di amineThe diaminopyrimidine is obtained at about 90 % yield by the following process:

Figure imgf000018_0002

A solution of potassium tert-butoxide (44.8 g, 0399 mmol) in NMP (180 mL) was cooled to -10 °C. A solution of 2-(2-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenoxy)acetonitrile, the cyanoether, (59.3 g, 61.4 wt%, 177 mmol) in toluene and ethyl formate (26.3 g, 355 mmol) was charged to the base solution while maintaining the internal temperature between -12 °C and -8 °C. After a 3 h age, guanidine hydrochloride (136 g, 1420 mmol) was added to the mixture and the reaction was heated to 115 °C for 6 h. The mixture was allowed to cool to 90 °C, diluted with 200 mL of water, and aged until the reaction mixture was homogeneous (about 30-45 min). After all solids dissolved, vacuum (400 mm Hg) was applied to the reactor to remove toluene. Vacuum was disconnected and the solution was allowed to cool to 85°C. 5-(2-Isopropyl-4- methoxyphenoxy)pyrimidine-2, 4-diamine seed (49.8 mg) (a seed can be synthesized by a route described in U.S. Patent 7,741,484) was charged, the solution was aged for 2 h, 200 mL of water was added, and the batch was allowed to cool to 20 °C over 6 h. The slurry was aged for 10 h at 20 °C, filtered, washed with 2: 1 water :NMP (3 x 100 mL) and water (3 x 100 mL), and dried under vacuum at 50 °C to provide the title compound (42.2 g, 88%) as a solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-r¾) d 7.23 (s, 1H), 6.83 (d, J= 3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (dd, J= 8.9, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (d, j= 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.32 (s, 2H), 5.75 (s, 2H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.28 (hept, j= 6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.20 (d, j = 6.9 Hz, 6H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-r¾) d 159.7, 157.2, 155.1, 148.4, 144.2, 139.0, 130.4,116.9, 112.5, 111.3, 55.4, 26.57, 22.83.The crystallization of step 4 generates an anhydrous 5-(2-isopropyl-4- methoxyphenoxy)pyrimidine-2, 4-diamine form 1. An XRPD pattern of the 5-(2-isopropyl-4- methoxyphenoxy)pyrimidine-2, 4-diamine form 1 is shown in Figure 5.In one embodiment, 5-(2-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenoxy)pyrimidine-2, 4-diamineNMP solvate 1 is obtained by adding excess amount of 5-(2-isopropyl-4- methoxyphenoxy)pyrimidine-2, 4-diamine form 1 into NMP in a closed vessel to form a suspension. The suspension is stirred at RT until the completion of form transition. The crystals of 5-(2 -isopropyl -4-methoxyphenoxy)pyrimidine-2, 4-diamine NMP solvate 1 can be collected by filtration and measured immediately by XRPD to prevent desolvation. An XRPD pattern of the 5-(2 -isopropyl -4-methoxyphenoxy)pyrimidine-2, 4-diamine NMP solvate 1 is shown in Figure 6.Step 5. Preparation of Compound A Free BaseCompound A free base is obtained at about 91% yield by a process comprising the steps:

Figure imgf000019_0001

To a suspension of 5-(2 -isopropyl -4-methoxyphenoxy)pyrimidine-2, 4-diamine, the diaminopyrimidine, (47.0 g, 171 mmol) in 141 mL of acetonitrile at -10 °C was added chlorosulfonic acid (63.1 mL, 942 mmol) while maintaining the internal temperature below 25 °C. The solution was aged for 1 h at 25 °C and then heated to 45 °C for 12 h. The solution was allowed to cool to 20 °C and added to a solution of 235 mL ammonium hydroxide and 71 mL of acetonitrile at -10 °C while maintaining the internal temperature below 15 °C. The slurry was aged at l0°C for 1 h, heated to 25 °C, and aged for 1 h. The slurry was diluted with 564 mL of water and 188 mL of 50 wt% sodium hydroxide to provide a homogeneous solution that was heated to 35 °C for 2 h. The solution was allowed to cool to 22 °C and the pH of the solution was adjusted to 12.9 with a 2M solution of citric acid. The solution was seeded with Compound A free base (470 mg, 1.19 mmol) (a seed can be synthesized by a route described in U.S. Patent 7,741,484), aged for 2 h, acidified to pH 10.5-11.3 with a 2M solution of citric acid over 5-10 h, and then aged for 2 h. The slurry was filtered, the resulting cake was washed with 90: 10 water: acetonitrile (2 x 118 mL) and water (2 x 235 mL), and dried at 55 °C under vacuum to provide Compound A free base (50.9 g, 91%) as a solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-i¾) d 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.07 (s, 1H), 7.05 – 6.89 (m, 3H), 6.37 (s, 2H), 5.85 (s, 2H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.41 (hept, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 1.27 (d, J= 6.8 Hz, 6H).The crystallization of step 5 generates anhydrous Compound A free base form 1. In one embodiment, Compound A free base acetonitrile solvate 1 can be prepared by adding excess amount of Compound A free base form 1 into acetonitrile in a closed vessel to form a suspension. The suspension is stirred at 50 °C until the completion of form transition.The crystals of Compound A free base acetonitrile solvate 1 can be collected by filtration and measured immediately by XRPD to prevent desolvation. An XRPD pattern of Compound A free base acetonitrile solvate 1 is shown in Figure 7.Step 6a. Preparation of Compound A Citrate SaltCompound A citrate salt is obtained by a process comprising the steps:

Figure imgf000020_0001

Compound A free base (30.0 g, 84.9 mmol) and glycolic acid (22.6 g, 297 mmol) were added to methanol (360 mL). The solution was heated to 60 °C, aged for 1 h, and filtered through a 0.6 pm filter into a clean vessel. A solution of citric acid (32.6 g, 170 mmol) in 2- propanol (180 mL) at RT was filtered through a 0.6 pm filter into the methanol solution over 30 min while the temperature of the methanol solution was maintained between 58-62 °C. The solution was seeded with Compound A citrate salt (450 mg, 0.825 mmol) (a seed can be synthesized by a route described in patent application number PCT/US17/66562), aged for 1 h, and diluted with 180 mL of 2-propanol over 3 h while the temperature was maintained between 58-62 °C. The slurry was cooled to 50 °C over 3 h. The slurry was filtered at 50 °C, washed with 1 : 1 methanol :2-propanol (120 mL) and 2-propanol (120 mL) at 50 °C, and dried under vacuum at 35 °C to provide Compound A citrate salt (45.1 g, 97%) as a solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-76) d 10.89 (s, 3H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 7.07 (s, 3H), 7.04 (s, 2H), 6.44 (s, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.34 (hept, J= 6.7 Hz, 1H), 2.69 (d, 7= 15.3 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (d, 7= 15.3 Hz, 2H), 1.26 (d, 7= 6.9 Hz, 6H). Step 6b. Alternative preparation of Compound A Citrate SaltAlternatively, Compound A citrate salt is obtained by a process comprising the steps:

Figure imgf000021_0001

To a suspension of Compound A citrate salt (4.5 g, 8.25 mmol) in methanol (72 mL) and 2-propanol (36 mL) at 50 °C were added simultaneously through separate 0.6 pm filters a solution of Compound A free base (30.0 g, 84.9 mmol) and glycolic acid (22.6 g, 297 mmol) in 360 mL of methanol at 50 °C and a solution of citric acid (19.5 g, 101 mmol) in 180 mL of 2- propanol at 25 °C over 8 h while maintaining the seed solution temperature of 60 °C. After the simultaneous addition is complete, citric acid (13.2 g, 68.7 mmol) in 180 mL of 2-propanol was added to the slurry over 8 h while the temperature was maintained at 60 °C. The slurry was allowed to cool to 50 °C and aged for 1 h, filtered at 50 °C, washed with 1 : 1 methanol :2- propanol (2 x 120 mL) and 2-propanol (120 mL), and dried under vacuum at 35 °C to provide Compound A citrate salt (45.1 g, 88%) as a solid.The crystallization of step 6a/6b generates anhydrous Compound A citrate form 1. In another embodiment, Compound A citrate methanol solvate 1 can be prepared via a saturated solution of Compound A citrate form 1 in methanol at 50C. The solution is naturally cooled to ambient temperature or evaporated at ambient temperature until the crystals of Compound A citrate methanol solvate 1 can be acquired. An XRPD pattern of Compound A citrate methanol solvate 1 is shown in Figure 8. 
PATENT 
https://patents.google.com/patent/CN111635368B/enPreparation of the Compound Gefapixant of example 11Adding compound 7(16g) and dichloromethane (64mL) into a 250mL three-necked bottle, stirring for dissolving, cooling to below 5 ℃ in an ice bath, dropwise adding a mixed solution of chlorosulfonic acid (21.1g) and dichloromethane (16mL) into the reaction solution, and stirring for 1 hour at the temperature of not higher than 5 ℃; then heating to room temperature and continuing stirring for 10 hours, after the reaction is finished, pouring the reaction liquid into ice water, and quickly separating a water layer; the organic layer was washed once with ice water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude product. Dissolving the crude product with 30ml of acetonitrile, and cooling to below 5 ℃; 16ml of ammonia water (25-28%) is dripped into the solution, and after the dripping is finished, the solution is heated to room temperature and stirred for 20 hours. After the reaction is completed, concentrating the reaction solution under reduced pressure to remove acetonitrile, and separating out a white solid; and filtering again, and drying the filter cake at 70 ℃ under reduced pressure for 24h to obtain Gefapixant: white powder (19.50g), yield 94.6%, purity: 97.2 percent.Example 12 purification of the Compound GefapixantAdding a compound Gefapixant (20.77g) into a 500mL reaction bottle, adding 0.44N hydrochloric acid (95.4mL), absolute ethyl alcohol (64.4g) and nitrogen protection, heating to 75 ℃, stirring for dissolving, then carrying out heat preservation and reflux for 1 hour, filtering while hot, after filtering, heating the filtrate again to 60 ℃, dropwise adding ammonia water (25-28 percent and 2.96mL), closing and heating after dropwise adding, slowly cooling to room temperature, and gradually precipitating white solids. And continuously cooling the reaction solution to 20 ℃, keeping the temperature and stirring for 4h, filtering, washing a filter cake with 15ml of water, and performing vacuum drying on the obtained wet product at 60 ℃ for 24h to obtain Gefapixant: white powder (6.58g), yield 53.2%, purity: 99.5 percent.1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO)δ7.37(s,1H),7.08(s,1H),7.02(s,2H),7.00(s,1H),6.43(brs,2H),5.89(s,2H),3.90(s,3H),3.42(m,1H),1.28(d,J=8.0Hz,6H);LC-MS:m/z=354.1[M+H]+。

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References

  1. ^ Muccino D, Green S (June 2019). “Update on the clinical development of gefapixant, a P2X3 receptor antagonist for the treatment of refractory chronic cough”. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics56: 75–78. doi:10.1016/j.pupt.2019.03.006PMID 30880151.
  2. ^ Richards D, Gever JR, Ford AP, Fountain SJ (July 2019). “Action of MK-7264 (gefapixant) at human P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors and in vivo efficacy in models of sensitisation”British Journal of Pharmacology176 (13): 2279–2291. doi:10.1111/bph.14677PMC 6555852PMID 30927255.
  3. ^ Marucci G, Dal Ben D, Buccioni M, Martí Navia A, Spinaci A, Volpini R, Lambertucci C (December 2019). “Update on novel purinergic P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptor antagonists and their potential therapeutic applications”. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents29 (12): 943–963. doi:10.1080/13543776.2019.1693542hdl:11581/435751PMID 31726893S2CID 208037373.
  4. ^ Ford, Anthony P.; Dillon, Michael P.; Kitt, Michael M.; Gever, Joel R. (November 2021). “The discovery and development of gefapixant”. Autonomic Neuroscience235: 102859. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102859.
Clinical data
ATC codeR05DB29 (WHO)
Identifiers
showIUPAC name
CAS Number1015787-98-0
PubChem CID24764487
DrugBankDB15097
ChemSpider58828660
UNII6K6L7E3F1L
KEGGD11349
ChEMBLChEMBL3716057
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC14H19N5O4S
Molar mass353.40 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
showSMILES
showInChI

////////////Gefapixant, Lyfnua, JAPAN 2022, APPROVALS 2022, ゲーファピキサントクエン酸塩 , MK 7264, 吉法匹生 , AF 217

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2D chemical structure of 1610408-97-3

VIP 152, BAY 1251152

CAS RN.: 1610358-56-9

C19H18F2N4O2S

5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-[4-[(methylsulfonimidoyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl]pyridin-2-amine

  • 2-Pyridinamine, 5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-[4-[(S-methylsulfonimidoyl)methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-, (+)-

(+)-BAY-1251152 is a CDK9 inhibitor extracted from patent WO 2014076091 A1, example 1.

RN: 1610408-97-3
UNII: 1255AT22ZJ

UNII-1255AT22ZJ

2-Pyridinamine, 5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-[4-[[[S(S)]-S-methylsulfonimidoyl]methyl]-2-pyridinyl]-

Molecular Formula, C19-H18-F2-N4-O2-S, Molecular Weight, 404.4336

  • OriginatorBayer
  • DeveloperBayer; Vincerx Pharma
  • ClassAntineoplastics; Fluorinated hydrocarbons; Organic sulfur compounds; Phenyl ethers; Pyridines; Small molecules
  • Mechanism of ActionCyclin dependent kinase 9 inhibitors; Positive transcriptional elongation factor B inhibitors
  • Orphan Drug StatusYes – Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
  • Phase IChronic lymphocytic leukaemia; Haematological malignancies; Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; Richter’s syndrome; Solid tumours
  • 17 Dec 2021Vincerx Pharma plans phase II trials for Cancer (IV, Infusion), in the second half of 2022
  • 16 Dec 2021Phase-I clinical trials in Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (Second-line therapy or greater) in USA (IV)
  • 16 Dec 2021Phase-I clinical trials in Richter’s syndrome (Second-line therapy or greater) (IV) in USA

First-in-human dose escalation study of cyclin-dependent kinase-9 inhibitor VIP152 in patients with advanced malignancies shows early signs of clinical efficacyJennifer R. Diamond, Valentina Boni, Emerson Lim, Grzegorz Nowakowski, Raul Cordoba, Daniel Morillo, Ray Valencia, Isabelle Genvresse, Claudia Merz, Oliver Boix, Melanie M. Frigault, Joy M. Greer, Ahmed M. Hamdy, Xin Huang, Raquel Izumi, Harvey Wong and Victor Moreno
DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-3617

Abstract

Purpose: To report on the first-in-human phase I study of VIP152 (NCT02635672), a potent and highly selective CDK9 inhibitor. Patients and Methods: Adults with solid tumors or aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) who were refractory to or had exhausted all available therapies received VIP152 monotherapy as a 30-minute intravenous, once weekly infusion, as escalating doses (5, 10, 15, 22.5, or 30 mg in 21-day cycles) until the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was determined. Results: Thirty-seven patients received {greater than or equal to} 1 VIP152 dose, with 30 mg identified as the MTD based on dose-limiting toxicity of grade 3/4 neutropenia. The most common adverse events were nausea and vomiting (75.7% and 56.8%, respectively), all of grade 1/2 severity. Of the most common events, Grade 3/4 events occurring in > 1 patient were neutropenia (22%), anemia (11%), abdominal pain (8%), increased alkaline phosphatase (8%), and hyponatremia (8%). Day 1 exposure for the MTD exceeded the predicted minimum therapeutic exposure and reproducibly achieved maximal pathway modulation; no accumulation occurred after multiple doses. Seven of 30 patients with solid tumors had stable disease (including 9.5 and 16.8 months in individual patients with pancreatic cancer and salivary gland cancer, respectively), and 2 of 7 patients with high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2/BCL6 translocations (HGL) achieved durable complete metabolic remission (ongoing at study discontinuation, after 3.7 and 2.3 years of treatment). Conclusion: VIP152 monotherapy, administered intravenously once weekly, demonstrated a favorable safety profile and evidence of clinical benefit in patients with advanced HGL and solid tumors.

CLIP

Preclinical bioconjugation platform designed to overcome limitations of smallmolecule and antibodydrug conjugates use to treat cancer

Vincera Pharma, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company aspiring to address the unmet medical needs of patients with cancer through paradigm-shifting therapeutics, today announced the signing of an exclusive license agreement with Bayer AG for the development and commercialization of an early development oncology portfolio. The license will become effective upon the closing of the transaction with LSAC (described below), and Vincera intends to use the funds it will receive upon closing of such transaction to initiate its clinical program.

Under the terms of the license agreement, Vincera will in-license VIP152 (formerly BAY 1251152 & CAS RN.: 1610358-56-9), a clinical-stage, highly selective, positive transcription elongation factor b (PTEFb)/cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor for the treatment of cancer. Additionally, Vincera will receive assets and license technology for a preclinical bioconjugation platform to address the limitations of small-molecule and antibody-drug conjugates in oncology. The preclinical assets include VIP236, a small molecule drug conjugate (SMDC) targeting advanced and metastatic cancer; as well as VIP943 (formerly BAY-943) and VIP924 (formerly BAY-924), two antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) targeting hematologic tumors; and VIP217, an oral PTEFb/CDK9 inhibitor in discovery. “This license agreement with Bayer creates the foundation of Vincera’s targeted clinical oncology pipeline, with a potentially best-in-class asset, while positioning us for long-term growth across two therapeutic platforms,” said Ahmed Hamdy M.D., Chief Executive Officer of Vincera. “Our lead asset, VIP152, is a small molecule PTEFb/CDK9 inhibitor with very encouraging data from monotherapy Phase 1 studies, including 2 of 7 patients with durable remissions of over 2 years in the very aggressive indication of relapsed/refractory double-hit DLBCL. In addition, preclinical data support our belief that VIP152 is the most selective CDK9 inhibitor in the clinic with on-target depletion of oncogenic MYC and MCL1 mRNA transcripts in patients. These results, combined with the acceptable safety profile seen to date, suggest that VIP152 could be an important new treatment option for patients with MYC- and MCL1-driven malignancies. Importantly, with proof-of-concept clinical data in hand, we are poised to execute on a strategic clinical development plan with the potential for multiple accelerated approvals in the U.S. Expansion of the current Phase 1b study to include these patient populations is expected to begin in 2021.” 

IP Information: 

WO2014076091A1 (Product Patent)

Assignee: Bayer Pharma Aktiengesellschaft, Germany

Application Date: 2013-11-12

Family Equivalents:

AP3872A; AR093505A1; AU2013346939A1; AU2013346939B2; BR112015010707A2; BR112015010707A8; CA2891358A1; CL2015001304A1; CN105102444A; CN105102444B; CR20150256A; CU20150052A7; CY1118441T1; DK2928878T3; DOP2015000118A; EA027226B1; EA201590890A1; EP2928878B1; ES2612978T3; HK1213255A1; HRP20161547T1; HUE032868T2; IL238322A; JO3332B1; JP2015537015A; JP6263193B2; KR20150084968A; LT2928878T; MA38090A1; MA38090B1; ME02880B; MX2015006169A; NZ707084A; PE20151071A1; PH12015501003A1; PH12015501003B1; PL2928878T3; PT2928878T; RS55580B1; SG11201503079PA; SI2928878T1; SV2015004979A; TN2015000185A1; TW201420569A; TWI613193B; UA115254C2; US2015291528A1; US2017202815A1; US9650340B2; US9877954B2; UY35141A; WO2014076091A1

Title: 5-FLUORO-N-(PYRIDIN-2-YL)PYRIDIN-2-AMINE DERIVATIVES CONTAINING A SULFOXIMINE GROUP.

Abstract

The present invention relates to 5-fluoro-N-(pyridin-2-yl)pyridin-2-amine derivatives containing a sulfoximine group of general formula (I) as described and defined herein, and methods for their preparation, their use for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of disorders, in particular of hyper-proliferative disorders and/or virally induced infectious diseases and/or of cardiovascular diseases. The invention further relates to intermediate compounds useful in the preparation of said compounds of general formula (I).

“CDK9 represents a validated target for malignancies such as CLL where other less selective CDK inhibitors have shown clinical activity in high-risk patients,” says Dr. John C. Byrd, Chair of the Scientific Advisory Board of Vincera. “VIP-152 represents an exciting new therapy for this disease, particularly those with prior resistance to ibrutinib and venetoclax where a true unmet need exists for new treatments.”

Dr. Hamdy continued, “In addition to our planned clinical program, we intend to advance, in parallel, the development of our preclinical bioconjugation platform. We believe our next-generation platform has the potential to generate first-in-class and best-in-class opportunities in oncology, improving the specificity of drug targeting and release through a modular platform with innovative warhead design and linker-payload technologies. We are thrilled that the Bayer license will allow us to pursue the commercial potential of this promising oncology portfolio and look forward to providing updates as we execute across our pipeline in the coming quarters.”

In exchange for this license, Vincera will pay Bayer an upfront license fee and development and commercial sales milestone payments. In further consideration of the rights granted, we will also pay an annual royalty on the commercial sale of licensed products in the single- to low-double-digit percentage range on net commercial sales of licensed products.

On September 29, 2020, Vincera announced that it has entered into a merger agreement with LifeSci Acquisition Corp. (“LSAC”), a publicly-traded blank check company targeting biopharma, medical technology, digital health, and healthcare services sectors. Following the completion of the merger, the combined company is expected to have approximately $60 million in cash to fund its preclinical and clinical pipeline. Additional information about the merger and related transactions, including a copy of the merger agreement, are included in a Current Report on Form 8-K filed by LSAC with the SEC on September 29, 2020, and available at www.sec.gov.

About Vincera Pharma, Inc.

Vincera is a recently formed clinical-stage life sciences company focused on leveraging its extensive development and oncology expertise to advance new therapies intended to address unmet medical needs for the treatment of cancer. Vincera’s executive team has assembled a management team of biopharmaceutical experts with extensive experience in building and operating organizations that develop and deliver innovative medicines to patients. Vincera’s current pipeline is derived from an exclusive license agreement with Bayer and includes (i) a clinical-stage and follow-on small molecule drug program and (ii) a preclinical stage bioconjugation/next-generation antibody-drug conjugate platform. The company intends to develop multiple products through clinical proof-of-concept and potentially through Accelerated Approval in the United States. For more information, please visit www.vincerapharma.com.

Source: https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/10/08/2105563/0/en/Vincera-Pharma-Inc-Announces-Exclusive-License-Agreement-for-Oncology-Portfolio-Including-a-Clinical-stage-PTEFb-CDK9-Inhibitor-and-a-Preclinical-Bioconjugation-Platform.html

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Patent

US 20150291528

Example 1

(rac)-5-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{4-[(S-methylsulfonimidoyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine

Preparation of Intermediate 1.12-Chloro-5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridine

      A batch with 2-chloro-5-fluoro-4-iodopyridine (1000 mg; 3.88 mmol; APAC Pharmaceutical, LLC), (4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)boronic acid (660 mg; 3.88 mmol; Aldrich Chemical Company Inc.) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphin)palladium(0) (449 mg; 0.38 mmol) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (10.0 mL) and 2 M aqueous solution of potassium carbonate (5.8 mL) was degassed using argon. The batch was stirred under an atmosphere of argon for 4 hours at 100° C. After cooling, the batch was diluted with ethyl acetate and THF and washed with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The organic phase was filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (hexane to hexane/ethyl acetate 50%) to give the desired product (947 mg; 3.70 mmol).
       1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 300K) δ=8.27 (m, 1H), 7.33 (m, 1H), 7.24 (m, 1H), 6.75 (m, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H).

Preparation of Intermediate 1.25-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine


 (MOL) (CDX)
      A batch containing 2-chloro-5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridine (400 mg; 1.57 mmol), 4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridin-2-amine (483 mg; 3.13 mmol; UkrOrgSynthesis Ltd.), (9,9-dimethyl-9H-xanthene-4,5-diyl)bis(diphenylphosphane) (40 mg; 0.07 mmol) and cesium carbonate (765 mg; 2.35 mmol) in dioxane (6.0 mL) was degassed using argon. Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (21 mg; 0.02 mmol) was added under argon and the batch was stirred in a closed pressure tube for 5 hours at 100° C. After cooling, the batch was diluted with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride and extracted with DCM (3×). The combined organic phases were filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography (hexane to hexane/ethyl acetate 30%) to give the desired product (556 mg; 1.48 mmol).
       1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 300K) δ=8.15 (m, 2H), 7.61 (m, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 7.35 (br, 1H), 7.29 (m, 1H), 6.82 (m, 1H), 6.75 (m, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.62 (s, 2H), 2.03 (s, 3H).
      Preparation of end product:
      Under argon, a solution of 2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (195 mg; 1.73 mmol) in dioxane (0.5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of sodium tert.-butoxide (111 mg; 1.15 mmol) in dioxane (0.6 mL), so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 10° C. Subsequently, a freshly prepared solution of 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (247 mg; 0.86 mmol) in dioxane (0.6 mL)/THF (1.0 mL) was added dropwise to the stirred mixture, so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 10° C. Then the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at 10° C. Finally, a solution of 5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine (430 mg; 1.15 mmol) in dioxane (1.0 mL) was added dropwise to the stirred mixture, so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 10° C. The mixture was stirred for 60 minutes at 10° C. The batch was diluted with toluene (2.0 mL) under cooling and an aqueous solution of sodium sulfite (145 mg; 1.15 mmol in 2.0 mL water) was added so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 15° C. An aqueous solution of sodium chloride was added and the batch was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×). The combined organic phases were filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated to give crude 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-{[(2-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}pyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ 4-sulfanylidene}acetamide, that was used without further purification.
      Acetone (6.0 mL) and potassium permanganate (814 mg; 5.15 mmol) were added to the residue and the mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 90 minutes. Additional potassium permanganate (223 mg; 1.42 mmol) was added and stirring was continued at 50° C. for 4 hours. Finally, additional potassium permanganate (305 mg; 1.93 mmol) was added and stirring was continued at 50° C. for 150 minutes. After cooling, the batch was filtered, the residue was washed with acetone and the combined filtrates were concentrated. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (60 mL), potassium carbonate (182 mg; 1.32 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes at RT. The batch was diluted with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride and extracted with DCM (3×). The combined organic phases were filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC to give the desired product (50 mg; 0.12 mmol).
[TABLE-US-00003] System:Waters Autopurificationsystem: Pump 254, Sample Manager 2767, CFO, DAD 2996, SQD 3100Column:XBrigde C18 5 μm 100 × 30 mmSolvent:A = H2O + 0.2% NH(32%) B = MeCNGradient:0-8 min 15-50% BFlow:50 mL/minTemperature:RTSolution:132 mg/2 mL DMF/MeOH 1:1Injection:2 × 1 mLDetection:DAD scan range 210-400 nm MS ESI+, ESI−, scan range 160-1000 m/zRetention:3.39-3.88 minMS(ES+):m/z = 404 
       1H NMR (400 MHz, d 6-DMSO, 300K) δ=9.80 (s, 1H), 8.20 (m, 1H), 8.16 (m, 1H), 7.79 (m, 1H), 7.59 (m, 1H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 7.09 (m, 1H), 6.91 (m, 2H), 4.36 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.72 (s, 1H), 2.88 (s, 3H).

Alternative Procedure for the Preparation of Intermediate 1.25-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine 

Preparation of Intermediate 1.3(2-{[5-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}pyridin-4-yl)methanol

      A batch containing 2-chloro-5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridine (411 mg; 1.61 mmol), (2-aminopyridin-4-yl)methanol (200 mg; 1.61 mmol; ABCR GmbH & CO. KG), (9,9-dimethyl-9H-xanthene-4,5-diyl)bis(diphenylphosphane) (418 mg; 0.72 mmol) and cesium carbonate (784 mg; 2.41 mmol) in dioxane (8.0 mL) was degassed using argon. Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (147 mg; 0.16 mmol) was added under an atmosphere of argon and the batch was stirred for 29 hours at 100° C. After cooling, additional (2-aminopyridin-4-yl)methanol (100 mg; 0.81 mmol), (9,9-dimethyl-9H-xanthene-4,5-diyl)bis(diphenylphosphane) (118 mg; 0.20 mmol) and tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (74 mg; 0.08 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred for 19 hours at 100° C. After cooling, the batch was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The organic phase was filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography (DCM/EtOH 9:1) to give the desired product (389 mg; 1.13 mmol).
       1H NMR (400 MHz, d 6-DMSO, 300K) δ=9.66 (s, 1H), 8.17 (m, 1H), 8.05 (m, 1H), 7.80 (m, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.31 (m, 1H), 7.06 (m, 1H), 6.88 (m, 1H), 6.75 (m, 1H), 5.31 (tr, 1H), 4.44 (d, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H).

Preparation of End Product (Alternative Preparation of Intermediate 1.2)

      Thionyl chloride (0.19 ml; 2.55 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of (2-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}pyridin-4-yl)methanol (350 mg; 1.01 mmol) in DCM (4.0 ml) and NMP (0.4 ml) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 7 hours at RT. The batch was diluted with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and aqueous sodium chloride solution and extracted with DCM (3×). The combined organic phases were filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated to give crude N-[4-(chloromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]-5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-amine, that was used without further purification in the next step.
      The residue was re-dissolved in EtOH (12.0 ml) and the resulting solution was cooled to 0° C. Sodium methanethiolate (158 mg; 2.26 mmol) was added portionwise to the stirred solution at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 4 hours at RT before it was diluted with DCM and washed with aqueous sodium chloride solution. The organic phase was filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography (DCM/EtOH 95:5) to give the desired product (301 mg; 0.81 mmol).
       1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 300K) δ=8.15 (m, 2H), 7.61 (m, 1H), 7.40 (br, 2H), 7.29 (m, 1H), 6.82 (m, 1H), 6.75 (m, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.62 (s, 2H), 2.03 (s, 3H).

Alternative Procedure for the Preparation of Example 1Preparation of Intermediate 1.4(rac)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-{[(2-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}pyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ4-sulfanylidene}acetamide

      Under an atmosphere of argon, a solution of 2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (2.53 g; 22.4 mmol) in THF (10.0 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of sodium tert.-butoxide (1.43 g; 14.9 mmol) in THF (12.0 mL), so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 10° C. Subsequently, a freshly prepared solution of 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (3.20 g; 11.2 mmol) in THF (12.0 mL) was added dropwise to the stirred mixture, so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 10° C. Then the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at 10° C. Finally, a solution of 5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine (5.57 g; 14.9 mmol; Intermediate 1.2) in dioxane (12.0 mL) was added dropwise to the stirred mixture, so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 10° C. The mixture was stirred for 60 minutes at 10° C. The batch was diluted with toluene (40.0 mL) under cooling and an aqueous solution of sodium sulfite (1.88 g; 14.9 mmol in 40.0 mL water) was added so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 15° C. The batch was extracted three times (3×) with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM to DCM/EtOH 95:5) to give the desired product (4.71 g; 9.72 mmol).
       1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 300K) δ=8.29 (m, 1H), 8.18 (m, 1H), 7.83 (s. 1H), 7.50 (br, 1H), 7.32 (m, 1H), 7.28 (m, 1H), 6.79 (m, 3H), 4.52 (d, 1H), 4.21 (d, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 2.71 (s, 3H).

Alternative Preparation of End Product (Example 1)

      An aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (25%) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-{[(2-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}pyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ 4-sulfanylidene}acetamide (4.64 g; 9.58 mmol) in DMF (350 mL), methanol (100 mL) and water (100 mL) to adjust the pH to 10.5. Oxone® (5.00 g; 8.14 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4.5 hours. During this time, the pH was kept between 10-11, by dropwise addition of an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (25%), if necessary. The mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with plenty of DCM. The pH of the filtrate was adjusted to 6-7 using an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (15%). The filtrate was washed with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, followed by an aqueous solution of sodium thiosulfate (10%). During evaporation of solvents using a rotary evaporator, a solid substance precipitated from the solution. The precipitated solid was isolated by suction filtration, washed with DCM and diisopropyl ether, and dried to give the desired product (2.61 g; 6.43 mmol).
       1H NMR (400 MHz, d 6-DMSO, 300K) δ=9.82 (s, 1H), 8.21 (m, 1H), 8.16 (m, 1H), 7.78 (m, 1H), 7.59 (m, 1H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 7.09 (m, 1H), 6.90 (m, 2H), 4.35 (m, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.75 (s, 1H), 2.87 (s, 3H).

Example 2 and 3

Enantiomers of 5-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{4-[(S-methylsulfonimidoyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine

      (rac)-5-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{4-[(S-methylsulfonimidoyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine (3.47 g) was separated into the single enantiomers by preparative chiral HPLC.
[TABLE-US-00004] System:Sepiatec: Prep SFC100,Column:Chiralpak IC 5 μm 250 × 30 mmSolvent:CO2/2-propanol 70/30 + 0.4% DEAFlow:100 mL/minPressure150 bar(outlet) Temperature:40° C.Solution:3.468 g/55 mL DCM/MeOH 2:1Injection:112 × 0.49 mLDetection:UV 254 nm  Retention time in minpurity in %yieldspecific optical rotation: Example 27.0-8.199.151.31 g[α]D20 = 12.0° +/− 0.15°Enantiomer 1  (3.24 mmol)(DMSO, 589 nm, 20° C.).Example 38.5-10.596.981.32 g[α]D20 = −13.8° +/− 0.25°Enantiomer 2  (3.26 mmol)(DMSO, 589 nm, 20° C.). 

Example 2(+)-5-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{4-[(S-methylsulfonimidoyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine 

       1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6, 300 K): δ [ppm]=9.80 (s, 1H), 8.20 (m, 1H), 8.16 (m, 1H), 7.78 (m, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 7.09 (m, 1H), 6.90 (m, 2H), 4.37 (d, 1H), 4.33 (d, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.72 (s, 1H), 2.87 (s, 3H).

Example 3(−)-5-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{4-[(S-methylsulfonimidoyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine 

       1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6, 300 K): δ [ppm]=9.80 (s, 1H), 8.20 (m, 1H), 8.16 (m, 1H), 7.78 (m, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 7.09 (m, 1H), 6.90 (m, 2H), 4.37 (d, 1H), 4.33 (d, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.72 (s, 1H), 2.87 (s, 3H).

Example 4(rac)-5-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{6-methyl-4-[(S-methylsulfonimidoyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine 

Preparation of Intermediate 4.15-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-amine

      A solution of lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide in THF (1M; 20.5 mL; 20.53 mmol; Aldrich Chemical Company Inc.) was added to a mixture of 2-chloro-5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridine (2.50 g; 9.78 mmol; Intermediate 1.1), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0) (0.18 g; 0.20 mmol; Aldrich Chemical Company Inc.) and 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (0.19 g; 0.39 mmol; Aldrich Chemical Company Inc.) in THF (16.3 mL) under an atmosphere of argon at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled to −40° C. and water (10 ml) was added. The mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature under stirring, solid sodium chloride was added and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate twice (2×). The combined organic layers were filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (hexane to hexane/ethyl acetate 60%) to give the desired product (2.04 g; 8.64 mmol).
       1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 300K) δ=7.95 (m, 1H), 7.20 (m, 1H), 6.72 (m, 2H), 6.46 (m, 1H), 4.33 (br, 2H), 3.61 (s, 3H).

Preparation of Intermediate 4.2(2-Chloro-6-methylpyridin-4-yl)methanol

      To a stirred solution of 2-chloro-6-methylpyridine-4-carboxylic acid (10.00 g; 55.4 mmol; Maybridge) in THF (100 mL) at 0° C. was added a 1M solution of borane-tetrahydrofuran complex in THF (221.5 mL; 221.5 mmol). The mixture was allowed to react at RT overnight. Then, MeOH (22 mL) was cautiously added to the stirred mixture while cooling with an ice bath. The batch was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1N) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution. The organic layer was filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM/EtOH 95:5) to give the pure product (7.24 g; 45.9 mmol).
       1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 300K) δ=7.18 (s, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 4.72 (d, 2H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.17 (tr, 1H).

Preparation of Intermediate 4.32-Chloro-6-methyl-4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridine

      To a stirred solution of (2-chloro-6-methylpyridin-4-yl)methanol (7.20 g; 45.7 mmol) in DMF (200 mL) at 0° C. was added dropwise thionyl chloride (8.3 mL; 114.2 mmol). The mixture was allowed to react at 10° C. for 2 hours. Then, the mixture was concentrated to give the crude product 2-chloro-4-(chloromethyl)-6-methylpyridine (17.08 g).
      Crude 2-chloro-4-(chloromethyl)-6-methylpyridine (8.04 g).was dissolved in acetone (250 mL) and an aqueous solution of sodium methanethiolate (21%, 18.3 mL, 54.8 mmol; Aldrich Chemical Company Inc.) was added dropwise under stirring. The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 hours before additional aqueous solution of sodium methanethiolate (21%, 15.3 mL, 45.7 mmol; Aldrich Chemical Company Inc.) was added and the mixture was stirred at RT overnight. Finally, additional aqueous solution of sodium methanethiolate (21%, 15.3 mL, 45.7 mmol; Aldrich Chemical Company Inc.) was added and the mixture was stirred at RT for 6 hours. The batch was diluted with ethyl acetate and an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The mixture was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (hexane to hexane/ethyl acetate 20%) to give the desired product (7.05 g; 37.6 mmol).
       1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 300K) δ=7.12 (s, 1H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 3.58 (s, 2H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H).

Preparation of Intermediate 4.45-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{6-methyl-4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine

      A batch containing 5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-amine (852 mg; 3.61 mmol), 2-chloro-6-methyl-4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridine (677 mg; 3.61 mmol) and cesium carbonate (1410 mg; 4.33 mmol) in dioxane (8.3 mL) was degassed using argon. (9,9-Dimethyl-9H-xanthene-4,5-diyl)bis(diphenylphosphane) (81 mg; 0.14 mmol) and tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (69 mg; 0.08 mmol) were added under an atmosphere of argon and the batch was stirred in a closed pressure tube for 3 hours at 100° C. Additional (9,9-dimethyl-9H-xanthene-4,5-diyl)bis(diphenylphosphane) (81 mg; 0.14 mmol) and tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (69 mg; 0.08 mmol) were added under an atmosphere of argon and the batch was stirred in the closed pressure tube for additional 20 hours at 100° C.
      After cooling, the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The organic layer was filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (hexane to hexane/ethyl acetate 50%) to give the desired product (628 mg; 1.62 mmol).

Preparation of Intermediates 4.5 and 4.6(rac)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-{[(2-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}-6-methylpyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ4-sulfanylidene}acetamide and (rac)-N-{[(3-bromo-6-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}-2-methylpyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ4-sulfanylidene}-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide

      Under an atmosphere of argon, a solution of 2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (125 mg; 1.11 mmol) in THF (1.0 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of sodium tert.-butoxide (71 mg; 0.74 mmol) in THF (1.0 mL), so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 10° C. Subsequently, a freshly prepared solution of 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (158 mg; 0.55 mmol) in THF (1.0 mL) was added dropwise to the stirred mixture, so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 10° C. Then the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at 10° C. Finally, a solution of 5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{6-methyl-4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine (286 mg; 0.74 mmol) in THF (1.5 mL) was added dropwise to the stirred mixture, so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 10° C. The mixture was stirred for 60 minutes at 10° C. The batch was diluted with toluene (4.0 mL) under cooling and an aqueous solution of sodium sulfite (93 mg; 0.74 mmol in 7.0 mL water) was added so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 15° C. The batch was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (hexane to hexane/ethyl acetate 100%) to give the desired product 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-{[(2-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}-6-methylpyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ 4-sulfanylidene}acetamide (134 mg; 0.27 mmol) and the side product N-{[(3-bromo-6-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}-2-methylpyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ 4-sulfanylidene}-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (110 mg; 0.19 mmol).

Intermediate 4.5:

       1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 300K) δ=8.18 (m, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.33 (br, 1H), 7.29 (m, 1H), 7.24 (m, 1H), 6.79 (m, 2H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 4.49 (d, 1H), 4.16 (d, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 2.70 (s, 3H), 2.48 (s, 3H).

Intermediate 4.6:

       1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 300K) δ=8.18 (s, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.29 (m, 1H), 7.23 (m, 1H), 6.78 (m, 2H), 4.77 (d, 1H), 4.36 (d, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 2.80 (s, 3H), 2.63 (s, 3H).

Preparation of End Product:

      An aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (25%) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-{[(2-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}-6-methylpyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ 4-sulfanylidene}acetamide (126 mg; 0.25 mmol) in methanol (5.0 mL) and water (1.8 mL) to adjust the pH to 10.5. Oxone® (132 mg; 0.22 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4.5 hours. During this time, the pH was kept between 10-11, by dropwise addition of an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (25%), if necessary. After 4.5 hours, additional Oxone® (33 mg; 0.05 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for additional 2.5 hours. The pH was kept between 10-11, by dropwise addition of an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (25%), if necessary. The mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with plenty of DCM. The filtrate was washed with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, followed by an aqueous solution of sodium thiosulfate (10%). The organic layer was filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography (DCM to DCM/ethanol 10%) to give the desired product (38 mg; 0.09 mmol).
       1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 300K) δ=8.16 (s, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.39 (m, 1H), 7.30 (m, 2H), 6.79 (m, 3H), 4.34 (d, 1H), 4.22 (d, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.02 (s, 3H), 2.79 (br, 1H), 2.48 (s, 3H).

Alternative Procedure for the Preparation of Example 4Preparation of Intermediate 4.15-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-amine

      2-Chloro-5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridine (20.00 g; 78.23 mmol), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0) (1.433 g; 1.563 mmol) and 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (1.492 g; 3.129 mmol) in anhydrous THF (200 mL) were degassed three times with argon. After 10 minutes of stirring at RT a solution of lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (156.5 mL; 1.0M; THF) was added and the reaction mixture was degassed three more times with argon. The reaction mixture was stirred 2.5 hours at 60° C.
      The reaction mixture was cooled to −20° C. Diluted aqueous hydrochloric acid (1.0M) was added so that the pH was adjusted to approximately 5. The reaction mixture was allowed to reach RT and stirred for 10 minutes at this temperature. Then, the pH was adjusted to 10-11 with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (5.0M). The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed twice with half saturated sodium chloride solution. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (gradient: hexane to ethyl acetate 100%, with 5% dichloromethane during the first 4 column volumes and afterwards 10% dichloromethane) to give the desired compound (12.04 g; 50.97 mmol).
       1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6, 300 K): δ [ppm]=7.85 (d, 1H), 7.25 (tr, 1H), 7.08-7.00 (m, 1H), 6.91-6.81 (m, 1H), 6.35 (d, 1H), 5.84 (s, 2H).

Preparation of Intermediate 4.32-Chloro-6-methyl-4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridine

      An aqueous solution of sodium methanethiolate (21%, 13.15 mL, 39.38 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of 4-(bromomethyl)-2-chloro-6-methylpyridine hydrochloride (4.60 g; 17.90 mmol; Aldlab Chemicals, LLC; for the free base see CAS 1227588-90-0) in acetone (100 mL) while cooling with a water bath at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT over night. EtOAc was added and the layers were separated. The organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (gradient: hexane to hexane/EtOAc 8:2) to give the desired product (2.60 g, 13.85 mmol).
       1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6, 300 K): δ [ppm]=7.24 (s, 1H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 3.66 (s, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 1.95 (s, 3H).

Preparation of Intermediate 4.45-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{6-methyl-4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine

      A batch containing 5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-amine (692.2 mg; 2.93 mmol), 2-chloro-6-methyl-4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridine (500 mg; 2.66 mmol) and cesium carbonate (1302 mg; 4.00 mmol) in dioxane (15 mL) was degassed with argon. (9,9-Dimethyl-9H-xanthene-4,5-diyl)bis(diphenylphosphane) (67.8 mg; 0.117 mmol) and tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (36.6 mg; 0.04 mmol) were added under an atmosphere of argon and the batch was stirred in a closed pressure tube for 10 hours at 100° C.
      Five of these batches were combined and diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed twice with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (gradient: hexane to hexane/EtOAc 1:1) affording the desired product (3.75 g; 9.68 mmol).
       1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3, 300 K): δ [ppm]=8.16 (d, 1H), 7.56 (d, 1H), 7.36-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 6.85-6.73 (m, 2H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.61 (s, 2H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 2.06 (s, 3H).

Preparation of Intermediate 4.5(rac)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-{[(2-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}-6-methylpyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ4-sulfanylidene}acetamide

Preparation of Intermediate 4.6(rac)-N-{[(3-bromo-6-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}-2-methylpyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ4-sulfanylidene}-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide

      Under an atmosphere of argon, a solution of 2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (450.7 mg; 3.99 mmol) in anhydrous THF (2.0 mL) was added dropwise to sodium tert.-butoxide (255.5 mg; 2.60 mmol) in anhydrous THF (3.0 mL), so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 10° C. Subsequently, a freshly prepared solution of 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (456.1 mg; 1.60 mmol) in anhydrous THF (3.0 mL) was added dropwise to the stirred mixture, so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 10° C. Then the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at 10° C. Finally, a solution of 5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{6-methyl-4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine (1030 mg; 2.66 mmol) in anhydrous THF (3.0 mL) was added dropwise to the stirred mixture, so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 10° C. The mixture was stirred 1 hour at 10° C. The batch was diluted with toluene (8.0 mL) under cooling and an aqueous solution of sodium sulfite (335 mg; 2.66 mmol in 15.0 mL water) was added under cooling so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 15° C. After 10 minutes the batch was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (gradient: hexane to ethyl acetate 100%) to yield the desired product 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-{[(2-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}-6-methylpyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ 4-sulfanylidene}acetamide (1202 mg; 2.41 mmol; containing 5,5-dimethylhydantoin) and the side product N-{[(3-bromo-6-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}-2-methylpyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ 4-sulfanylidene}-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (7 mg; 0.012 mmol).
      To remove the 5,5-dimethylhydantoin 3.76 g of the product from 4 batches were purified by column chromatography on silica gel (gradient: dichloromethane to dichloromethane/methanol 95:5) to yield the desired product (3.39 g; 6.80 mmol).

Intermediate 4.5:

       1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6, 300 K): δ [ppm]=9.85 (s, 1H), 8.17 (d, 1H), 7.65-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.34 (dd, 1H), 7.09 (dd, 1H), 6.96-6.87 (m, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 4.56-4.48 (m, 1H), 4.42-4.33 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 2.34 (s, 3H).

Intermediate 4.6(1H-NMR was Taken from a Different Batch) 

       1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6, 300 K): δ [ppm]=10.02 (s, 1H), 8.18 (d, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.52 (d, 1H), 7.38-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.13-7.06 (m, 1H), 6.96-6.87 (s, 1H), 4.67-4.55 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 2.92 (s, 3H), 2.51 (br. s., 3H).

Preparation of Intermediates 4.7 and 4.8

      3.76 g of racemic 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-{[(2-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}-6-methylpyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ 4-sulfanylidene}acetamide were separated by chiral HPLC:
[TABLE-US-00005] System:Agilent: Prep 1200, 2xPrep Pump, DLA, MWD, Prep FCColumn:Chiralpak IA 5 μm 250 × 30 mm Nr.: 010Solvent:hexane/ethanol/diethylamine 50:50:0.1 (v/v/v)Flow:45 mL/minTemperature:RTSolution:3760 mg/30.4 mL DCM/MeOHInjection:38 × 0.8 mLDetection:UV 280 nm Fractionsretention time in minpurity in %yieldSpecific optical rotation Intermediate 4.7 5.3-6.8 min95.5%;1520 mg[α]D20 = +113.4°  ee: 100%(3.05 mmol)(1.00, DMSO)Intermediate 4.87.2-10.5 min97.1%;1480 mg[α]D20 = −112.1°  ee: 98.7%(2.97 mmol)(1.00, DMSO) 

Intermediate 4.7(+)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-{[(2-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}-6-methylpyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ4-sulfanylidene}acetamide

       1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6, 300 K): δ [ppm]=9.83 (s, 1H), 8.17 (d, 1H), 7.63-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.34 (dd, 1H), 7.09 (dd, 1H), 6.94-6.88 (m, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 4.52 (d, 1H), 4.37 (d, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 2.34 (s, 3H).

Intermediate 4.8(−)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-{[(2-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}-6-methylpyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ4-sulfanylidene}acetamide

       1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6, 300 K): δ [ppm]=9.83 (s, 1H), 8.17 (d, 1H), 7.63-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.34 (dd, 1H), 7.09 (dd, 1H), 6.94-6.88 (m, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 4.52 (d, 1H), 4.37 (d, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 2.34 (s, 3H).

Alternative Preparation of End Product (Example 4)(rac)-5-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{6-methyl-4-[(S-methylsulfonimidoyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine

      (rac)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-{[(2-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}-6-methylpyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ 4-sulfanylidene}acetamide (150 mg; 0.301 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (18.0 mL) and water (9.0 mL). At 0-5° C. the pH was adjusted to 9-10 with an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (15%). At this temperature Oxone® (157.0 mg; 0.256 mmol) was added in several portions and the pH was held at 9-10. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 0-5° C. and the pH was held at 9-10.
      The reaction mixture was adjusted with 2.0M hydrochloric acid to pH 6-7. Saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution was added and the reaction mixture was extracted three times with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were washed with an aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution (10%), dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (gradient: dichloromethane to dichloromethane/ethanol 9:1) to afford the desired product (100 mg; 0.239 mmol).
       1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d 6, 300 K): δ [ppm]=9.76 (s, 1H), 8.18 (d, 1H), 7.67 (d, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.38-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.13-7.06 (m, 1H), 6.96-6.87 (m, 1H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 4.37-4.25 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.71 (s, 1H), 2.87 (s, 3H), 2.35 (s, 3H).

Example 5

(rac)-5-Bromo-N-[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]-6-methyl-4-[(S-methylsulfonimidoyl)methyl]pyridin-2-amine

      An aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (25%) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of N-{[(3-bromo-6-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}-2-methylpyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ 4-sulfanylidene}-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (161 mg; 0.28 mmol, Intermediate 4.6) in methanol (15.0 mL) and water (5.0 mL) to adjust the pH to 10.5. Oxone® (146 mg; 0.24 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. During this time, the pH was kept between 10-11, by dropwise addition of an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (25%), if necessary. After 4 hours, an additional portion of Oxone® (50 mg; 0.08 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for additional 2.5 hours. The pH was kept between 10-11, by dropwise addition of an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (25%), if necessary. The mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with plenty of DCM/MeOH (2:1). The pH of the filtrate was adjusted to pH 6.5 using an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (15%), diluted with DCM and washed with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The organic layer was finally washed with an aqueous solution of sodium thiosulfate (10%). The organic phase was filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography (DCM to DCM/ethanol 5%) to give the desired product (44 mg; 0.09 mmol).
       1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 300K) δ=8.14 (m, 1H), 7.80 (s, 1H), 7.32 (m, 2H), 7.29 (m, 1H), 6.78 (m, 2H), 4.87 (d, 1H), 4.59 (d, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.07 (s, 3H), 2.99 (br, 1H), 2.62 (s, 3H).

Example 6(rac)-5-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{6-methoxy-4-[(S-methylsulfonimidoyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine 

Preparation of Intermediate 6.1:2-Chloro-6-methoxy-4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridine

      An aqueous solution of sodium methanethiolate (21%, 1.4 mL, 4.2 mmol; Aldrich Chemical Company Inc.) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of 4-(bromomethyl)-2-chloro-6-methoxypyridine (1000 mg; 4.2 mmol, ZereneX Molecular Limited) in acetone (50 mL) while cooling with a water bath at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 hours. The batch was diluted with ethyl acetate and an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The mixture was extracted twice (2×) with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (hexane to hexane/ethyl acetate 10%) to give the desired product (738 mg; 3.6 mmol).
       1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 300K) δ=6.92 (s, 1H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.56 (s, 2H), 2.03 (s, 3H).

Preparation of Intermediate 6.25-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{6-methoxy-4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine

      A mixture of 5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-amine (1281 mg; 5.4 mmol, Intermediate 4.1), 2-chloro-6-methoxy-4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridine (724 mg; 3.6 mmol), chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-tri-iso-propyl-1,1′-biphenyl)[2-(2-aminoethyl)phenyl]palladium(II) methyl-tert-butylether adduct (294 mg; 0.36 mmol; ABCR GmbH & CO. KG) and 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (170 mg; 0.36 mmol; Aldrich Chemical Company Inc.) and potassium phosphate (3773 mg; 17.77 mmol) in toluene (84 ml) and NMP (10 mL) was stirred under an atmosphere of argon at 130° C. in a closed vessel for 4 hours. After cooling, the batch was diluted with DCM and washed with aqueous sodium chloride solution. The organic layer was filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (hexane to hexane/ethyl acetate 35%) to give the pure product (1212 mg; 3.00 mmol).
       1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 300K) δ=8.15 (m, 1H), 7.91 (m, 1H), 7.29 (m, 1H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 6.77 (m, 3H), 6.28 (s, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.58 (s, 2H), 2.06 (s, 3H).

Preparation of Intermediate 6.3(rac)-2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-{[(2-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}-6-methoxypyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ4-sulfanylidene}acetamide

      Under an atmosphere of argon, a solution of 2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (252 mg; 2.23 mmol) in THF (2.0 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of sodium tert.-butoxide (143 mg; 1.49 mmol) in THF (2.0 mL), so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 10° C. Subsequently, a freshly prepared solution of 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (255 mg; 0.89 mmol) in THF (2.0 mL) was added dropwise to the stirred mixture, so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 10° C. Then the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at 10° C. Finally, a solution of 5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{6-methoxy-4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine (600 mg; 1.49 mmol) in THF (3.0 mL) was added dropwise to the stirred mixture, so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 10° C. The mixture was stirred for 3.5 hours at 10° C. The batch was diluted with toluene (8.0 mL) under cooling and an aqueous solution of sodium sulfite (187 mg; 1.49 mmol in 14.0 mL water) was added so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 15° C. The batch was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM to DCM/ethanol 5%) to give the desired product (37 mg; 0.07 mmol).
       1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 300K) δ=8.18 (m, 1H), 7.56 (m, 1H), 7.29 (m, 2H), 7.12 (m, 1H), 6.78 (m, 2H), 6.25 (s, 1H), 4.52 (d, 1H), 4.07 (d, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 2.70 (s, 3H).

Preparation of End Product:

      An aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (25%) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-{[(2-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}-6-methoxypyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ 4-sulfanylidene}acetamide (32 mg; 0.06 mmol) in methanol (1.0 mL) and water (0.6 mL) to adjust the pH to 10.5. Oxone® (32 mg; 0.05 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at RT for 2.5 hours. During this time, the pH was kept between 10-11, by dropwise addition of an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (25%), if necessary. The mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with plenty of DCM. The filtrate was washed with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, followed by an aqueous solution of sodium thiosulfate (10%). The organic layer was filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC to give the desired product (9 mg; 0.02 mmol).
[TABLE-US-00006] System:Waters Autopurificationsystem: Pump 2545, Sample Manager 2767, CFO, DAD 2996, ELSD 2424, SQD 3001Column:XBrigde C18 5 μm 100 × 30 mmSolvent:A = H2O + 0.1% HCOOH B = MeCNGradient:0-1 min 1% B, 1-8 min 1-99% B, 8-10 min 99% BFlow:50 mL/minTemperature:RTSolution:Max. 250 mg/max. 2.5 mL DMSO or DMFInjection:1 × 2.5 mLDetection:DAD scan range 210-400 nm MS ESI+, ESI−, scan range 160-1000 m/z 
       1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 300K) δ=8.16 (m, 1H), 7.78 (m, 1H), 7.26 (m, 2H), 7.00 (m, 1H), 6.77 (m, 2H), 6.36 (m, 1H), 4.30 (d, 1H), 4.19 (d, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.01 (s, 3H), 2.79 (br, 1H).

Alternative Procedure for the Preparation of Example 6(rac)-5-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{6-methoxy-4-[(S-methylsulfonimidoyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine

      A freshly prepared 1.5 M solution of sodium ethanolate in ethanol (1.5 mL; 2.25 mmol) was added under an atmosphere of argon to a solution of (rac)-ethyl{[(2-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}-6-methoxypyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)oxido-λ 6-sulfanylidene}carbamate (290 mg; 0.57 mmol; Example 15) in ethanol (6.3 mL). The batch was stirred at 60° C. for 4 hours. After cooling the batch was diluted with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated to give the desired product (257 mg; 0.0.59 mmol).
       1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 300K) δ=8.16 (m, 1H), 7.78 (m, 1H), 7.26 (m, 2H), 7.00 (m, 1H), 6.77 (m, 2H), 6.36 (m, 1H), 4.30 (d, 1H), 4.19 (d, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.01 (s, 3H), 2.79 (br, 1H).

Example 7(rac)-N-{6-Chloro-4-[(S-methylsulfonimidoyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}-5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-amine 

Preparation of Intermediate 7.12-Chloro-6-methoxy-4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridine

      A mixture of 5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-amine (2000 mg; 8.47 mmol, Intermediate 4.1), (2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)methanol (1507 mg; 8.47 mmol; ABCR GmbH & CO. KG), chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-tri-iso-propyl-1,1′-biphenyl)[2-(2-aminoethyl)phenyl]palladium(II) methyl-tert-butylether adduct (700 mg; 0.85 mmol; ABCR GmbH & CO. KG) and 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (404 mg; 0.85 mmol; Aldrich Chemical Company Inc.) and potassium phosphate (8986 mg; 42.33 mmol) in toluene (40 ml) and NMP (4 mL) was stirred under an atmosphere of argon at 110° C. for 135 minutes. After cooling, the batch was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with aqueous sodium chloride solution. The organic layer was filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (hexane to hexane/ethyl acetate 50%) to give the pure product (1350 mg; 3.57 mmol).
       1H NMR (400 MHz, d 6-DMSO, 300K) δ=10.06 (s, 1H), 8.25 (m, 1H), 7.71 (m, 1H), 7.56 (m, 1H), 7.35 (m, 1H), 7.10 (m, 1H), 6.93 (m, 1H), 6.85 (m, 1H), 5.47 (tr, 1H), 4.49 (d, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H).

Preparation of Intermediate 7.2N-{6-Chloro-4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}-5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-amine

      To a stirred solution of (2-chloro-6-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}pyridin-4-yl)methanol (1.47 g; 3.89 mmol) in DMF (43 mL) at 0° C. was added dropwise thionyl chloride (0.71 mL; 9.73 mmol). The mixture was allowed to react at RT for 2 hours. Then, the mixture was concentrated to give crude N-[6-chloro-4-(chloromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]-5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-amine (2.85 g).
      Crude N-[6-chloro-4-(chloromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]-5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-amine (2.85 g) was dissolved in acetone (87 mL) and an aqueous solution of sodium methanethiolate (21%, 5.2 mL, 15.58 mmol; Aldrich Chemical Company Inc.) was added dropwise under stirring. The mixture was stirred at RT for 6 hours. The mixture was diluted with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (hexane to hexane/ethyl acetate 20%) to give the desired product (1.24 g; 3.04 mmol).
       1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 300K) δ=8.17 (s, 1H), 7.50 (m, 3H), 7.32 (m, 1H), 6.90 (s, 1H), 6.79 (m, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.62 (s, 2H), 2.07 (s, 3H).

Preparation of Intermediate 7.3(rac)-N-{[(2-chloro-6-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}pyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ4-sulfanylidene}-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide

      Under an atmosphere of argon, a solution of 2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (312 mg; 2.76 mmol) in THF (2.0 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of sodium tert.-butoxide (176 mg; 1.84 mmol) in THF (2.0 mL), so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 10° C. Subsequently, a freshly prepared solution of 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (394 mg; 1.38 mmol) in THF (3.0 mL) was added dropwise to the stirred mixture, so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 10° C. Then the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at 10° C. Finally, a solution of N-{6-chloro-4-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}-5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-amine (750 mg; 1.84 mmol) in THF (3.0 mL) was added dropwise to the stirred mixture, so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 5° C. The mixture was stirred for 3 hours at 5° C. The batch was diluted with toluene (5.0 mL) under cooling and an aqueous solution of sodium sulfite (232 mg; 1.84 mmol in 5.0 mL water) was added so that the temperature of the mixture remained below 15° C. The batch was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (hexane to hexane/ethyl acetate 85%) to give the desired product (363 mg; 0.70 mmol).
       1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 300K) δ=8.18 (s, 1H), 8.12 (br, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.37 (m, 1H), 7.31 (m, 1H), 6.80 (m, 3H), 4.46 (d, 1H), 4.24 (d, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 2.75 (s, 3H).

Preparation of End Product:

      An aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (25%) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of N-{[(2-chloro-6-{[5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}pyridin-4-yl)methyl](methyl)-λ 4-sulfanylidene}-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (495 mg; 0.95 mmol) in methanol (15.0 mL) and water (6.7 mL) to adjust the pH to 10.5. Oxone® (498 mg; 0.81 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at RT for 90 minutes. During this time, the pH was kept between 10-11, by dropwise addition of an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (25%), if necessary. The mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with plenty of DCM and methanol. The pH of the filtrate was adjusted to 6-7 using an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (15%). The filtrate was washed with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, followed by an aqueous solution of sodium thiosulfate (10%). The organic phase was filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography (DCM to DCM/ethanol 50%) to give the desired product (118 mg; 0.27 mmol).

PATENT

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2014076091

Example 1:

(rac)-5-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{4-[(S-methylsulfonimidoyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine

Preparation of Intermediate 1.1:

2-Chloro-5-fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridine

A batch with 2-chloro-5-fluoro-4-iodopyridine (1000 mg; 3.88 mmol; APAC Pharmaceutical, LLC), (4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)boronic acid (660 mg; 3.88 mmol; Aldrich Chemical Company Inc.) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphin)palladium(0) (449 mg; 0.38 mmol) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (10.0 mL) and 2 M aqueous solution of potassium carbonate (5.8 mL) was degassed using argon. The batch was stirred under an atmosphere of argon for 4 hours at 100 °C. After cooling, the batch was diluted with ethyl

acetate and THF and washed with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The organic phase was filtered using a Whatman filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (hexane to hexane / ethyl acetate 50%) to give the desired product (947 mg; 3.70 mmol).

1H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3, 300K) δ = 8.27 (m, 1H), 7.33 (m, 1H), 7.24 (m, 1H), 6.75 (m, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H).

Example 2: (+)-5-Fluoro-4-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-{4-[(S- methylsulfonimidoyl)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}pyridin-2-amine

1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6, 300 K): δ [ppm] = 9.80 (s, 1H), 8.20 (m, 1H), 8.16 (m, 1H), 7.78 (m, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 7.09 (m, 1H), 6.90 (m, 2H), 4.37 (d, 1H), 4.33 (d, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.72 (s, 1H), 2.87 (s, 3H).

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Tebentafusp-tebn

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Tebentafusp-tebn

  • IMCGP100

UNIIN658GY6L3E

CAS number1874157-95-5

FDA APPROVED 1/25/2022, Kimmtrak, To treat unresectable or metastatic uveal melanoma

Immunocore Limited

  • T cell receptor α chain (synthetic human) fusion protein with T cell receptor β chain (synthetic human) fusion protein with immunoglobulin, anti-​(human CD3 antigen) (synthetic scFv fragment)
  • Protein Sequence
  • Sequence Length: 695, 500, 195

Sequence:

1AIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQDIR NYLNWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYY51TSRLESGVPS RFSGSGSGTD YTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ GNTLPWTFGQ101GTKVEIKGGG GSGGGGSGGG GSGGGGSGGG SEVQLVESGG GLVQPGGSLR151LSCAASGYSF TGYTMNWVRQ APGKGLEWVA LINPYKGVST YNQKFKDRFT201ISVDKSKNTA YLQMNSLRAE DTAVYYCARS GYYGDSDWYF DVWGQGTLVT251VSSGGGGSDG GITQSPKYLF RKEGQNVTLS CEQNLNHDAM YWYRQDPGQG301LRLIYYSWAQ GDFQKGDIAE GYSVSREKKE SFPLTVTSAQ KNPTAFYLCA351SSWGAPYEQY FGPGTRLTVT EDLKNVFPPE VAVFEPSEAE ISHTQKATLV401CLATGFYPDH VELSWWVNGK EVHSGVCTDP QPLKEQPALN DSRYALSSRL451RVSATFWQDP RNHFRCQVQF YGLSENDEWT QDRAKPVTQI VSAEAWGRAD

Sequence:

1AQQGEEDPQA LSIQEGENAT MNCSYKTSIN NLQWYRQNSG RGLVHLILIR51SNEREKHSGR LRVTLDTSKK SSSLLITASR AADTASYFCA TDGSTPMQFG101KGTRLSVIAN IQKPDPAVYQ LRDSKSSDKS VCLFTDFDSQ TNVSQSKDSD151VYITDKCVLD MRSMDFKSNS AVAWSNKSDF ACANAFNNSI IPEDT

Sequence Modifications

TypeLocationDescription
bridgeCys-23 – Cys-88disulfide bridge
bridgeCys-153 – Cys-227disulfide bridge
bridgeCys-281 – Cys-349disulfide bridge
bridgeCys-401 – Cys-466disulfide bridge
bridgeCys-427 – Cys-157′disulfide bridge
bridgeCys-23′ – Cys-89′disulfide bridge
bridgeCys-132′ – Cys-182′disulfide bridge

Tebentafusp, sold under the brand name Kimmtrak, is an anti-cancer medication used to treat uveal melanoma (eye cancer).[1][2]

The most common side effects include cytokine release syndromerashpyrexia (fever), pruritus (itching), fatiguenausea, chills, abdominal pain, edema, hypotension, dry skin, headache, and vomiting.[1][2]

Tebentafusp is a bispecific gp100 peptide-HLA-directed CD3 T cell engager.[1][2] It was approved for medical use in the United States in January 2022.[1][2]

Tebentafusp is a bispecific gp100 peptide-HLA-directed CD3 T cell engager used to treat unresectable or metastatic uveal melanoma.

Tebentafusp is a gp100 peptide-HLA-directed CD3 T cell engager.5 It is a bispecific, fusion protein and first-in-class drug of immune-mobilizing monoclonal T cell receptors against cancer (ImmTACs), a recently developed cancer immunotherapy with a novel mechanism of action. ImmTACs bind to target cancer cells that express a specific antigen of interest and recruit cytotoxic T cells to lyse the cells, such as melanocytes.1,2

Uveal melanoma is a rare ocular tumour with often poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Even after surgical ablation or removal of the ocular tumour, almost 50% of patients with uveal melanoma develop metastatic disease.1 On January 26, 2022, tebentafusp was first approved by the FDA for the treatment of HLA-A*02:01-positive adults with unresectable or metastatic uveal melanoma. This approval marks the first bispecific T cell engager to be approved by the FDA to treat a solid tumour and being the first and only therapy for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic uveal melanoma to be approved by the FDA.5

FDA approves tebentafusp-tebn for unresectable or metastatic uveal melanoma

https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-tebentafusp-tebn-unresectable-or-metastatic-uveal-melanoma

On January 25, 2022, the Food and Drug Administration approved tebentafusp-tebn (Kimmtrak, Immunocore Limited), a bispecific gp100 peptide-HLA-directed CD3 T cell engager, for HLA-A*02:01-positive adult patients with unresectable or metastatic uveal melanoma.

Efficacy was evaluated in IMCgp100-202 (NCT03070392), a randomized, open-label, multicenter trial of 378 patients with metastatic uveal melanoma. Patients were required to be HLA-A*02:01 genotype positive identified by a central assay. Patients were excluded if prior systemic therapy or localized liver-directed therapy were administered. Prior surgical resection of oligometastatic disease was permitted. Patients with clinically significant cardiac disease or symptomatic, untreated brain metastases were excluded.

Patients were randomized (2:1) to receive tebentafusp-tebn (N=252) or investigator’s choice (N=126) of either pembrolizumab, ipilimumab, or dacarbazine. Tebentafusp-tebn was administered weekly by intravenous infusion at 20 mcg on day 1, 30 mcg on day 8, 68 mcg on day 15 and every subsequent week until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The main efficacy outcome measure was overall survival (OS). An additional efficacy outcome was investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS) per RECIST 1.1. Median OS was 21.7 months (95% CI: 18.6, 28.6) for patients treated with tebentafusp-tebn and 16 months (95% CI: 9.7, 18.4) in the investigator’s choice arm (HR=0.51, 95% CI: 0.37, 0.71, p<0.0001) PFS was 3.3 months (95% CI: 3, 5) for those receiving tebentafusp-tebn and 2.9 months (95% CI: 2.8, 3) in the investigator’s choice arm (HR=0.73, 95% CI: 0.58, 0.94, p=0.0139).

The most common adverse reactions (≥30%) were cytokine release syndrome, rash, pyrexia, pruritus, fatigue, nausea, chills, abdominal pain, edema, hypotension, dry skin, headache, and vomiting. The most common laboratory abnormalities (≥50%) were decreased lymphocyte count, increased creatinine, increased glucose, increased aspartate aminotransferase, increased alanine aminotransferase, decreased hemoglobin, and decreased phosphate.

The recommended tebentafusp-tebn dose administered intravenously is:

  • 20 mcg on day 1,
  • 30 mcg on day 8,
  • 68 mcg on day 15, and
  • 68 mcg once weekly thereafter.

View full prescribing information for Kimmtrak.

This review was conducted under Project Orbis, an initiative of the FDA Oncology Center of Excellence. Project Orbis provides a framework for concurrent submission and review of oncology drugs among international partners. For this review, FDA collaborated with the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), Health Canada, and the United Kingdom’s Medicines and Healthcare product Regulatory Agency (MHRA). The application reviews may be ongoing at the other regulatory agencies.

This review used the Real-Time Oncology Review (RTOR) pilot program, which streamlined data submission prior to the filing of the entire clinical application, and the Assessment Aid, a voluntary submission from the applicant to facilitate the FDA’s assessment.

This application was granted priority review, breakthrough designation and orphan drug designation. A description of FDA expedited programs is in the Guidance for Industry: Expedited Programs for Serious Conditions-Drugs and Biologics.

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Clinical data
Trade namesKimmtrak
Other namesIMCgp100, tebentafusp-tebn
License dataUS DailyMedTebentafusp
ATC codeNone
Legal status
Legal statusUS: ℞-only [1][2]
Identifiers
CAS Number1874157-95-5
DrugBankDB15283
UNIIN658GY6L3E

Medical uses

Tebentafusp is indicated for HLA-A*02:01-positive adults with unresectable or metastatic uveal melanoma.[1][2]

History

Efficacy was evaluated in IMCgp100-202 (NCT03070392), a randomized, open-label, multicenter trial of 378 participants with metastatic uveal melanoma.[2] Participants were required to be HLA-A*02:01 genotype positive identified by a central assay.[2] Participants were excluded if prior systemic therapy or localized liver-directed therapy were administered.[2] Prior surgical resection of oligometastatic disease was permitted.[2] Participants with clinically significant cardiac disease or symptomatic, untreated brain metastases were excluded.[2]

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted Immunocore‘s application for tebentafusp priority reviewbreakthrough therapy, and orphan drug designations.[2]

References

  1. Jump up to:a b c d e f https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/761228s000lbl.pdf
  2. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l “FDA approves tebentafusp-tebn for unresectable”U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 25 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  • “Tebentafusp”Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  • Clinical trial number NCT03070392 for “Safety and Efficacy of IMCgp100 Versus Investigator Choice in Advanced Uveal Melanoma” at ClinicalTrials.gov

/////////////////Tebentafusp-tebn, Kimmtrak, priority review, breakthrough designation, orphan drug designation,  Immunocore Limited, IMCGP100, APPROVALS 2022, FDA 2022

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Somatrogon

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>Somatrogon amino acid sequence
SSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQFPTIPLSRLFDNAMLRAHRLHQLAFDTYQEFE
EAYIPKEQKYSFLQNPQTSLCFSESIPTPSNREETQQKSNLELLRISLLLIQSWLEPVQF
LRSVFANSLVYGASDSNVYDLLKDLEEGIQTLMGRLEDGSPRTGQIFKQTYSKFDTNSHN
DDALLKNYGLLYCFRKDMDKVETFLRIVQCRSVEGSCGFSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPS
DTPILPQSSSSKAPPPSLPSPSRLPGPSDTPILPQ

Somatrogon

CAS: 1663481-09-1

Protein Chemical FormulaC1359H2125N361O420S7

Protein Average Weight30465.1 Da (Aglycosylated)

NGENLA, JAPAN PMDA APPROVED 2022/1/20

ソマトロゴン;

  • MOD-4023

Replenisher (somatotoropin)

  • OriginatorModigene
  • DeveloperOPKO Health; Pfizer
  • ClassBiological proteins; Growth hormones; Hormonal replacements; Recombinant proteins
  • Mechanism of ActionHuman growth hormone replacements
  • Orphan Drug StatusYes – Somatotropin deficiency
  • RegisteredSomatotropin deficiency
  • 21 Jan 2022Pfizer and OPKO health receives complete response letter from the US FDA for somatrogon in Somatotropin deficiency (In children)
  • 20 Jan 2022Registered for Somatotropin deficiency (In children) in Japan (SC)
  • 01 Dec 2021CHMP issues a positive opinion and recommends approval of somatrogon for Somatotropin deficiency in the European Union

Somatrogon, sold under the brand name Ngenla, is a medication for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency.[1][2] Somatrogon is a glycosylated protein constructed from human growth hormone and a small part of human chorionic gonadotropin which is appended to both the N-terminal and C-terminal.[2]

Somatrogon is a long-acting recombinant human growth hormone used as the long-term treatment of pediatric patients who have growth failure due to growth hormone deficiency.

omatrogon is a long-acting recombinant human growth hormone. Growth hormone is a peptide hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that plays a crucial role in promoting longitudinal growth during childhood and adolescence and regulating metabolic function in adulthood.2 Recombinant growth hormone therapy for growth hormone deficiency and other conditions has been available since 1985, with daily administration being the standard treatment for many years. More recently, longer-acting forms of growth hormone were developed to improve patient adherence and thus, improve the therapeutic efficacy of treatment.1 Somatrogon was produced in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells using recombinant DNA technology. It is a chimeric product generated by fusing three copies of the C-terminal peptide (CTP), or 28 carboxy-terminal residues, from the beta chain of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to the N-terminus and C-terminus of human growth hormone.2,6 The glycosylation and the presence of CTPs in the protein sequence prolongs the half-life of somatrogon and allows its once-weekly dosing.6

In October 2021, Health Canada approved somatrogon under the market name NGENLA as the long-term treatment of pediatric patients who have growth failure due to an inadequate secretion of endogenous growth hormone caused by growth hormone deficiency, marking Canada as the first country to approve this drug.4 It is available as a once-weekly subcutaneous injection.5

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About Somatrogon©

Somatrogon©, a long-acting human growth hormone (hGH) molecule, is a once-weekly injectable, created using recombinant technology, for the treatment of pediatric and adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD). The molecule consists of the natural peptide sequence of native growth hormone and the 28 amino acids of the C-Terminus Peptide (CTP) of the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone. This molecule, as compared to current GH replacement therapies, is intended to reduce the injection frequency from a daily to once a week in adults and children with GHD.

Clinical data
Trade namesNgenla
Other namesMOD-4023
Pregnancy
category
AU: B1[1]
Routes of
administration
Subcutaneous injection
ATC codeH01AC08 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal statusAU: S4 (Prescription only) [1]
Identifiers
CAS Number1663481-09-1
DrugBankDB14960
UNII6D848RA61B

Somatrogon© COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES

In 2014, Pfizer and OPKO entered into a worldwide agreement for the development and commercialization of Somatrogon©. Under the agreement, OPKO is responsible for conducting the clinical program and Pfizer is responsible for registering and commercializing the product.

  • New molecular entity (NME) that maintains natural native sequence of growth hormone
  • Once weekly injection vs. current products requiring daily injections
  • Human growth hormone is used for:
    • Growth hormone deficient children and adults
    • SGA, PWS, ISS
  • Final presentation:
    • Refrigerated, liquid, non-viscous formulation
    • Disposable easy to handle pen injection device with thin needle and small injection volume
  • Orphan drug designation in the U.S. and the EU for children and adults

Somatrogon© PROGRAM STATUS

Phase 3 Pediatric Somatrogon©

  • Phase 3 study in naive growth hormone deficiency pediatric population was completed.

The study was conducted in over 20 countries. This study enrolled and treated 224 pre-pubertal, treatment-naive children with growth hormone deficiency.

  • OPKO and Pfizer Announce Positive Phase 3 Top-Line Results for Somatrogon© during Oct 2019.
  • Achieved Primary Endpoint
    • Somatrogon© was proven non-inferior to daily Genotropin® (somatropin) with respect to height velocity after 12 months
    • Height velocity at 12 months of treatment was higher in the Somatrogon© group (10.12 cm/year) than in the somatropin group (9.78 cm/year)
  • Secondary Endpoints Achieved
    • Change in height standard deviation scores at six and 12 months were higher with Somatrogon© in comparison to somatropin
    • At six months, change in height velocity was higher with Somatrogon© in comparison to somatropin
    • Somatrogon© was generally well tolerated in the study and comparable to that of somatropin dosed once-daily with respect to the types, numbers and severity of the adverse events observed between the treatment arms
  • Children completing this study had the opportunity to enroll in a global, open-label, multicenter, long-term extension study, in which they were able to either continue receiving or switch to Somatrogon© Approximately 95% of the patients switched into the open-label extension study and received Somatrogon© treatment

Phase 3 adults Somatrogon© completed

  • Primary endpoint of change in trunk fat mass from baseline to 26 weeks did not demonstrate a statistical significance between the Somatrogon© treated group and placebo
  • Completed post hoc outlier analysis in June 2017 to assess the influence of outliers on the primary endpoint results
  • Analyses which excluded outliers showed a statistically significant difference between Somatrogon© and placebo on the change in trunk fat mass: additional analyses that did not exclude outliers showed mixed results
  • No safety concerns
  • OPKO and Pfizer have agreed that OPKO may proceed with a pre-BLA meeting with FDA to discuss a submission plan
  • OPKO plans to carry out an additional study in adults using a pen device

Pediatric Somatrogon© registration study in Japan- expected to be completed in Q1 2020

  • 44 patients, comparison of weekly Somatrogon to daily growth hormone.
  • Same pen device, dosage and formulation used in global study.

Somatrogon© Path to Approval

  • BLA submission in US anticipated second half of 2020
    • Completion of analysis of immunogenicity and safety data from pivotal Phase 3 study and open label extension study
  • Two abstracts accepted for oral presentation of data set at the Endo Society’s Annual Meeting in March 2020
    • “Somatrogon© Growth Hormone in the Treatment of Pediatric Growth Hormone Deficiency: Results of the Pivotal Phase 3”
    • “Interpretation of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1) Levels Following Administration of Somatrogon© (a long acting Growth Hormone-hGH-CTP)”
  • MAA submission in Europe to follow upon completion of open label study demonstrating benefit and compliance with reduced treatment burden
    • Study expected to be completed in Q3 2020

References

Hershkovitz O, Bar-Ilan A, Guy R, et al. In vitro and in vivo characterization of MOD-4023, a long-acting carboxy-terminal peptide (CTP)-modified human growth hormone. Mol Pharm. 2016; 13:631–639 [PDF]

Strasburger CJ, Vanuga P, Payer J, et al. MOD-4023, a long-acting carboxy-terminal peptide-modified human growth hormone: results of a Phase 2 study in growth hormone-deficient adults. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;176:283–294 [PDF]

Zelinska N, Iotova V, Skorodok J, et al. Long-acting CTP-modified hGH (MOD-4023): results of a safety and dose-finding study in GHD children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102:1578–1587 [PDF]

Fisher DM, Rosenfeld RG, Jaron-Mendelson M, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of MOD-4023, a long-acting human growth hormone, in GHD Children. Horm Res Paediatr. 2017;87:324–332 [PDF]

Kramer W, Jaron-Mendelson M, Koren R, et al. Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Safety of a Long-Acting Human Growth Hormone (MOD-4023) in Healthy Japanese and Caucasian Adults. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2017 [in press]

Society and culture

On 16 December 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Ngenla, intended for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in children and adolescents from 3 years of age.[3] The applicant for this medicinal product is Pfizer Europe MA EEIG.[3]

Somatrogon was approved for medical use in Australia in November 2021.[1]

References

  1. Jump up to:a b c d “Ngenla”Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 13 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  2. Jump up to:a b “Pfizer and OPKO Announce Extension of U.S. FDA Review of Biologics License Application of Somatrogon for Pediatric Growth Hormone Deficiency” (Press release). Opko Health. 24 September 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021 – via GlobeNewswire.
  3. Jump up to:a b “Ngenla: Pending EC decision”European Medicines Agency (EMA). 16 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.

Further reading

///////////Somatrogon, NGENLA, APPROVALS 2022, JAPAN 2022, ソマトロゴン , MOD-4023, Modigene, OPKO Health,  Pfizer

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Faricimab-svoa

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(A chain)
QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT GYYMHWVRQA PGQGLEWMGW INPNSGGTNY
AQKFQGRVTM TRDTSISTAY MELSRLRSDD TAVYYCARSP NPYYYDSSGY YYPGAFDIWG
QGTMVTVSSA SVAAPSVFIF PPSDEQLKSG TASVVCLLNN FYPREAKVQW KVDNALQSGN
SQESVTEQDS KDSTYSLSST LTLSKADYEK HKVYACEVTH QGLSSPVTKS FNRGECDKTH
TCPPCPAPEA AGGPSVFLFP PKPKDTLMAS RTPEVTCVVV DVSHEDPEVK FNWYVDGVEV
HNAKTKPREE QYNSTYRVVS VLTVLAQDWL NGKEYKCKVS NKALGAPIEK TISKAKGQPR
EPQVCTLPPS RDELTKNQVS LSCAVKGFYP SDIAVEWESN GQPENNYKTT PPVLDSDGSF
FLVSKLTVDK SRWQQGNVFS CSVMHEALHN AYTQKSLSLS PGK
(B chain)
EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGYDFT HYGMNWVRQA PGKGLEWVGW INTYTGEPTY
AADFKRRFTF SLDTSKSTAY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCAKYP YYYGTSHWYF DVWGQGTLVT
VSSASTKGPS VFPLAPSSKS TSGGTAALGC LVKDYFPEPV TVSWNSGALT SGVHTFPAVL
QSSGLYSLSS VVTVPSSSLG TQTYICNVNH KPSNTKVDKK VEPKSCDKTH TCPPCPAPEA
AGGPSVFLFP PKPKDTLMAS RTPEVTCVVV DVSHEDPEVK FNWYVDGVEV HNAKTKPREE
QYNSTYRVVS VLTVLAQDWL NGKEYKCKVS NKALGAPIEK TISKAKGQPR EPQVYTLPPC
RDELTKNQVS LWCLVKGFYP SDIAVEWESN GQPENNYKTT PPVLDSDGSF FLYSKLTVDK
SRWQQGNVFS CSVMHEALHN AYTQKSLSLS PGK
(C chain)
DIQLTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCSASQDIS NYLNWYQQKP GKAPKVLIYF TSSLHSGVPS
RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ YSTVPWTFGQ GTKVEIKRTV AAPSVFIFPP
SDEQLKSGTA SVVCLLNNFY PREAKVQWKV DNALQSGNSQ ESVTEQDSKD STYSLSSTLT
LSKADYEKHK VYACEVTHQG LSSPVTKSFN RGEC
(D chain)
SYVLTQPPSV SVAPGQTARI TCGGNNIGSK SVHWYQQKPG QAPVLVVYDD SDRPSGIPER
FSGSNSGNTA TLTISRVEAG DEADYYCQVW DSSSDHWVFG GGTKLTVLSS ASTKGPSVFP
LAPSSKSTSG GTAALGCLVK DYFPEPVTVS WNSGALTSGV HTFPAVLQSS GLYSLSSVVT
VPSSSLGTQT YICNVNHKPS NTKVDKKVEP KSC
(Disulfide bridge: A22-A96, A156-A216, A236-D213, A242-B232, A245-B235, A277-A337, A365-A441, B22-B96, B150-B206, B226-C214, B267-B327, B360-B431, B23-B88, B134-B194, D22-D87, D137-D193)

Faricimab

FormulaC6506H9968N1724O1026S45
CAS1607793-29-2
Mol weight130194.6203

Faricimab-svoa

FDA APPROVED 1/28/2022, Vabysmo

To treat neovascular (wet) aged-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema

RO6867461

  • Faricimab
  • Faricimab [INN]
  • RG-7716
  • RG7716
  • RO-6867461
  • RO6867461
  • UNII-QC4F7FKK7I
  • WHO 10563
FDA Approves Faricimab for nAMD and Diabetic Macular Edema
EfficacyAngiogenesis inhibitor, Anti-angiopoietin 2 antibody, Anti-VEGF antibody
CommentAntibody
Opthamology indications in patients susceptible to blocking of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2)

Faricimab, sold under the brand name Vabysmo, is a monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME).[1] Faricimab is a bispecific monoclonal antibody.[2]

Faricimab was developed by Roche. Faricimab completed Phase III trials[3] and was approved for use in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration in January 2022.[1][4]

FDA Approves Faricimab to Treat Wet AMD and DME\

FDA Approves Faricimab to Treat Wet AMD and DMEFebruary 1, 2022

Laura Joszt, MA

This represents the approval of the first bispecific antibody to treat wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME).

https://www.ajmc.com/view/fda-approves-fariximab-to-treat-wet-amd-and-dme

The FDA has approved faricimab-svoa (Vabysmo; Genentech) to treat 2 leading causes of vision loss: wet, or neovascular, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME).

After 4 initial monthly doses, faricimab is delivered as injections from 1 to 4 months apart in the first year while the current standard of care for wet AMD and DME requires injections every 1 to 2 months. In wet AMD, patients receive the 4 monthly injections first and then based on outcomes may receive their subsequent treatments every 2, 3, or 4 months. For DME, after the 4 initial monthly injections, treatment is extended or reduced based on outcomes, with a range of 1 to 4 months between doses.

The treatment targets and inhibits pathways involving angiopoietin-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), which are thought to contribute to vision loss by destabilizing blood vessels.

“Vabysmo represents an important step forward for ophthalmology. It is the first bispecific antibody approved for the eye and a major advance in treating retinal conditions such as wet AMD and diabetic macular edema,” Charles Wykoff, MD, PhD, director of research at Retina Consultants of Texas in Houston and a Vabysmo phase 3 investigator, said in a statement. “With Vabysmo, we now have the opportunity to offer patients a medicine that could improve their vision, potentially lowering treatment burden with fewer injections over time.”

The FDA approved faricimab on the results from 4 phase 3 studies: TENAYA and LUCERNE for wet AMD and YOSEMITE and RHINE for DME. All 4 studies were randomized, multicenter, double-masked, global trials.

TENAYA and LUCERNE were identical: 1329 treatment-naive patients with wet AMD, aged 50 and older, were assigned 1:1 to faricimab up to every 16 weeks or aflibercept every 8 weeks. YOSEMITE and RHINE were also identical: 1891 patients with vision loss due to DME were randomly assigned 1:1:1 to faricimab every 8 weeks, faricimab per personalized treatment interval, or aflibercept every 8 weeks.

For all trials, faricimab was noninferior to aflibercept and the incidence of ocular adverse events was comparable. The researchers determined that the longer time between dosing intervals combined with the visual benefits of faricimab reduced the burden in patients.

The 1-year results from these studies were published January 24 in The Lancet.1,2

“These data published in The Lancet reinforce the potential of faricimab as an important treatment option that may help improve and maintain vision while extending the time between treatments up to 4 months,” Levi Garraway, MD, PhD, chief medical officer and head of Global Product Development, said in a statement. “We remain deeply committed to developing new medicines such as faricimab that may help preserve sight in many people living with serious retinal conditions.”

Now that faricimab is approved, Genentech expects it to become available in the United States within weeks. Meanwhile, the European Medicines Agency is currently evaluating a Marketing Authorization Application for faricimab to treat wet AMD and DME.

There are additional trials—COMINO and BALATON—underway to evaluate the efficacy and safety of faricimab in people with macular edema following retinal vein occlusion. In addition, 2-year results for faricimab in DME will be presented at the Angiogeneisis, Exudation, and Degeneration 2022 meeting in February.

References

1. Heier JS, Khanani AM, Quezada Ruiz C, et al; TENAYA and LUCERNE Investigators. Efficacy, durability, and safety of intravitreal faricimab up to every 16 weeks for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (TENAYA and LUCERNE): two randomised, double-masked, phase 3, non-inferiority trials. Lancet. Published January 24, 2022. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00010-1

2. Wykoff CC, Abreu F, Adamis AP, et al. Efficacy, durability, and safety of intravitreal faricimab with extended dosing up to every 16 weeks in patients with diabetic macular oedema (YOSEMITE and RHINE): two randomised, double-masked, phase 3 trials. Lancet. Published online January 24, 2022. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00018-6

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Monoclonal antibody
TypeWhole antibody
SourceHumanized
TargetVEGF-Aangiopoietin 2
Clinical data
Trade namesVabysmo
Other namesRO6867461; faricimab-svoa
License dataUS DailyMedFaricimab
ATC codeNone
Legal status
Legal statusUS: ℞-only
Identifiers
CAS Number1607793-29-2
UNIIQC4F7FKK7I
KEGGD11516
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC6506H9968N1724O1026S45
Molar mass130197.05 g·mol−1

Society and culture

Names

Faricimab is the International Nonproprietary Name (INN).[5]

References

  1. Jump up to:a b “FDA approves Roche’s Vabysmo, the first bispecific antibody for the eye, to treat two leading causes of vision loss”Roche (Press release). 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  2. ^ Nicolò M, Ferro Desideri L, Vagge A, Traverso CE (March 2021). “Faricimab: an investigational agent targeting the Tie-2/angiopoietin pathway and VEGF-A for the treatment of retinal diseases”. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs30 (3): 193–200. doi:10.1080/13543784.2021.1879791PMID 33471572S2CID 231665201.
  3. ^ Khan M, Aziz AA, Shafi NA, Abbas T, Khanani AM (August 2020). “Targeting Angiopoietin in Retinal Vascular Diseases: A Literature Review and Summary of Clinical Trials Involving Faricimab”Cells9 (8): 1869. doi:10.3390/cells9081869PMC 7464130PMID 32785136.
  4. ^ “FDA approves faricimab for treatment of wet AMD, DME”. Ophthalmology Times. 28 January 2022.
  5. ^ World Health Organization (2018). “International nonproprietary names for pharmaceutical substances (INN): recommended INN: list 80”. WHO Drug Information32 (3). hdl:10665/330907.
  • “Faricimab”Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.

////////////Faricimab-svoa, APPROVALS 2022, FDA 2022, RO6867461, RO 6867461, PEPTIDE, MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY, RG 7716, WHO 10563, peptide

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IODOQUINOL

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Iodoquinol
Skeletal formula of diiodohydroxyquinoline
ChemSpider 2D Image | Diiodohydroxyquinoline | C9H5I2NO

IODOQUINOL

Diiodohydroxyquinoline

  • Molecular FormulaC9H5I2NO
  • Average mass396.951 Da
  • NSC-8704
  • SS-578

5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol
5,7-Diiodooxine
5,7-diiodoquinolin-8-ol
83-73-8[RN]
8-Hydroxy-5,7-diiodoquinoline
8-Quinolinol, 5,7-diiodo-
дийодогидроксихинолин[Russian][INN]
ثنائي إيودوهيدروكسيكينوليين[Arabic][INN]
双碘喹啉[Chinese][INN]
201-497-9[EINECS]
5,7-Diiodo-8-hydroxyquinoline
 IodoquinolCAS Registry Number: 83-73-8 
CAS Name: 5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol 
Additional Names: diiodohydroxyquin; diiodo-oxyquinoline; 5,7-diiodo-8-hydroxyquinoline 
Manufacturers’ Codes: SS-578 
Trademarks: Diodoquin (Searle); Disoquin; Floraquin (Searle); Dyodin; Dinoleine; Searlequin; Diodoxylin; Rafamebin; Ioquin (Abbott); Direxiode (Delalande); Stanquinate; Yodoxin (Searle); Zoaquin; Enterosept; Embequin (M & B) 
Molecular Formula: C9H5I2NO, Molecular Weight: 396.95 
Percent Composition: C 27.23%, H 1.27%, I 63.94%, N 3.53%, O 4.03% 
Literature References: Prepd by the action of iodine monochloride on 8-hydroxyquinoline: Papesch, Burtner, J. Am. Chem. Soc.58, 1314 (1936); by the action of KIO3 on 8-hydroxyquinoline: Zeifman, C.A.34, 3745. Electrolytic prepn: Brown, Berkowitz, Trans. Electrochem. Soc.75, 385 (1939). See also Claus, DE78880; Passek, DE411050; Matsumura, C.A.21, 1461 (1927); Pirrone, Cherubino, C.A.28, 3073 (1934).Properties: Crystals from xylene. The medicinal grade is a yellowish-brown powder. mp 200-215° (extensive decompn). Almost insol in water. Sparingly sol in alcohol, ether, and acetone; sol in hot pyridine and in hot dioxane. 
Melting point: mp 200-215° (extensive decompn) 
Therap-Cat: Antiamebic. 
Keywords: Antiamebic. 

The quinoline derivative diiodohydroxyquinoline (INN), or iodoquinol (USAN), can be used in the treatment of amoebiasis.[1]

It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is used as a luminal amebicide. It acts by chelation of ferrous ions essential for metabolism.[2]

It was discovered by Adco Co. and introduced as diiodohydroxyquinoline.[3]

Susceptibility of Dientamoeba fragilis has been measured.[4]

Iodoquinol is an amebocide used against Entamoeba histolytica, and it is active against both cyst and trophozoites that are localized in the lumen of the intestine. It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amebiasis. The full mechanism of action is unknown. Iodoquinol is used for diseases caused by moderate intestinal amebiasis.

Diodoquin enhances zinc absorption in the zinc deficiency disorder Acrodermatitis enteropathica, probably because Diodoquin act as a zinc ionophore.[5]

5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol Chemical

Originator

Diiodohydroxyquinoline,Adco Co.

Uses

Antiamebic.

Uses

GABA prodrug

Uses

It acts as an amoebicidal and so used in the treatment of amoebiasis, balantidiasis (an infection caused by protozoa).

Indications

Iodoquinol (diiodohydroxyquin, Yodoxin, Moebiquin) is a halogenated 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative whose precise mechanism of action is not known but is thought to involve an inactivation of essential parasite enzymes. Iodoquinol kills the trophozoite forms of E. histolytica, B. coli, B. hominis, and Dientamoeba fragilis.
Iodoquinol is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is excreted in the urine as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Most of an orally administered dose is excreted in the feces. Iodoquinol has a plasma half-life of about 12 hours.
Iodoquinol is the drug of choice in the treatment of asymptomatic amebiasis and D. fragilis infections. It is also used in combination with other drugs in the treatment of other forms of amebiasis and as an alternative to tetracycline in the treatment of balantidiasis.
Adverse reactions are related to the iodine content of the drug; the toxicity is often expressed as skin reactions, thyroid enlargement, and interference with thyroid function studies. Headache and diarrhea also occur. Chronic use of clioquinol, a closely related agent, has been linked to a myelitislike illness and to optic atrophy with permanent loss of vision.

Manufacturing Process

5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names worldwide.
0.01 mol 8-oxychinoline and 0.01 mol salicylic acid were dissolved in 500 ml of water and then 0.05 mol potassium iodide was added. The mixture was heated to temperature 90°-100°C. After that 0.01 mol of KIO3 by little tiles was added. The next tile was added after a disappearence of discharging iodine. Then 10 ml 2 N HCl was added. The solid product was fallen, filtered off, washed with hot water and in 0.25 N NaOH dissolved. The solution was filtered and the clear filtrate precipitated with a very little excess of HCl. The product 5,7-diiodo-8-quinolinol was filtered, washed with hot water and dried. MP: 200°-250°C (with decomposition).

brand name

Quinadome (Bayer); Yodoxin (Glenwood).

Therapeutic Function

Antibacterial

Clinical Use

5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol, 5,7-diiodo-8-hydroxyquinoline,or diiodohydroxyquin (Yodoxin, Diodoquin, Diquinol) is ayellowish to tan microcrystalline, light-sensitive substancethat is insoluble in water. It is recommended for acute andchronic intestinal amebiasis but is not effective in extraintestinaldisease. Because a relatively high incidence of topicneuropathy has occurred with its use, iodoquinol should notbe used routinely for traveler’s diarrhea.

Safety Profile

Poison by ingestion and intravenous routes. Human systemic effects by ingestion: eye effects. Mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of Iand Nox

Chemical Synthesis

Iodoquinol, 5,7-diiodo-8-quinolinol (37.2.2), is made by iodination of 8-oxyquinoline (37.2.1) using a mixture of potassium iodide/potassium iodate. The initial 8-hydroxyquinolin (37.2.1) is made from 2-aminophenol and glycerol in the presence of sulfuric acid and nitrobenzene (Skraup synthesis).

Purification Methods

It crystallises from xylene and is dried at 70o in a vacuum. [Beilstein 21 II 58.]

5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol synthesis

148-24-3
83-73-8

Synthesis of 5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol from 8-Hydroxyquinoline

SYN

DE 411050 DOI: 10.1021/ja01298a506

File:Iodoquinol synthesis.svg

CLIP

Iodoquinol, 5,7-diiodo-8-quinolinol (37.2.2), is made by iodination of 8-oxyquinoline (37.2.1) using a mixture of potassium iodide/potassium iodate. The initial 8-hydroxyquinolin (37.2.1) is made from 2-aminophenol and glycerol in the presence of sulfuric acid and nitrobenzene (Skraup synthesis) [39,40]

Iodoquinol is an amebocide used against E. histolytica, and it is active against both cysts and trophozoites that are localized in the lumen of the intestine. It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amebiasis. The mechanism of action is unknown. Iodoquinol is used for diseases caused by moderate intestinal amebiasis. Synonyms of this drug are diquinol, iodoxin, diiodoquin, amebaquin, and others

39. F. Passek, Ger. Pat. 411.050 (1925). 40. V. Papesch, R.R. Burtner, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58, 1314 (1936).

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References

  1. ^ Ghaskadbi S, Vaidya VG (March 1989). “In vivo antimutagenic effect of ascorbic acid against mutagenicity of the common antiamebic drug diiodohydroxyquinoline”. Mutat. Res222 (3): 219–22. doi:10.1016/0165-1218(89)90137-7PMID 2493578.
  2. ^ Nagata, Noriyuki; Marriott, Deborah; Harkness, John; Ellis, John T.; Stark, Damien (2012). “Current treatment options for Dientamoeba fragilis infections”International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance2: 204–215. doi:10.1016/j.ijpddr.2012.08.002ISSN 2211-3207PMC 3862407PMID 24533282.
  3. ^ Publishing, William Andrew (2013-01-15). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Elsevier Science. p. 1312. ISBN 9780080947266.
  4. ^ Chan FT, Guan MX, Mackenzie AM, Diaz-Mitoma F (May 1994). “Susceptibility testing of Dientamoeba fragilis ATCC 30948 with iodoquinol, paromomycin, tetracycline, and metronidazole”Antimicrob. Agents Chemother38 (5): 1157–60. doi:10.1128/aac.38.5.1157PMC 188168PMID 8067755.
  5. ^ Aggett, P.J.; Delves, H.T.; Harries, J.T.; Bangham, A.D. (March 1979). “The possible role of Diodoquin as a zinc ionophore in the treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica”. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications87 (2): 513–517. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(79)91825-4PMID 375935.
Names
Preferred IUPAC name5,7-Diiodoquinolin-8-ol
Other namesDiquinol, iodoxin, diiodoquin, amebaquin
Identifiers
CAS Number83-73-8 
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
ChEBICHEBI:5950
ChEMBLChEMBL86754 
ChemSpider3597 
ECHA InfoCard100.001.362 
KEGGD00581 
MeSHIodoquinol
PubChem CID3728
UNII63W7IE88K8 
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID6023155 
showInChI
showSMILES
Properties
Chemical formulaC9H5I2NO
Molar mass396.951
Pharmacology
ATC codeG01AC01 (WHO)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒ verify (what is  ?)
Infobox references
<img src="https://atb.uq.edu.au/cache/nmr/40350_400_CDCL3/d4b20_nmr_spect.svg&quot; alt="<sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>5</sub>I<sub>2</sub>N<sub></sub>O<sub></sub> in CDCL3 at 400 MHz.

//////////////IODOQUINOL, Diiodohydroxyquinoline, NSC-8704, SS-578

OC1=C2N=CC=CC2=C(I)C=C1I

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Melitracen

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Skeletal formula of melitracen
ChemSpider 2D Image | Melitracen | C21H25N

Melitracen

  • Molecular FormulaC21H25N
  • Average mass291.430 Da

10563-70-9[RN]

1568

1-Propanamine, 3-(10,10-dimethyl-9(10H)-anthracenylidene)-N,N-dimethyl-

225-858-5[EINECS]234-150-5[EINECS]

3-(10,10-Dimethyl-9(10H)-anthracenyliden)-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanamine

Q7T0Y1109Z

Thymeol

мелитрацен[Russian][INN]

ميليتراسان[Arabic][INN]

美利曲辛[Chinese][INN]

Melitracen

CAS Registry Number: 5118-29-6

CAS Name: 3-(10,10-Dimethyl-9(10H)-anthracenylidene)-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanamine

Additional Names:N,N,10,10-tetramethyl-D9(10H),g-anthracenepropylamine; 9,10-dihydro-10,10-dimethyl-9-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)anthracene; 9-[3-(dimethylamino)propylidene]-10,10-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene; N,N-dimethyl-3-(10,10-dimethyl-9(10H)-anthrylidene)propylamine

Molecular Formula: C21H25N, Molecular Weight: 291.43

Percent Composition: C 86.55%, H 8.65%, N 4.81%

Literature References: Prepn of the hydrochloride: Holm, Acta Chem. Scand.17, 2437 (1963); idem,GB939856 corresp to US3177209 (1963, 1965, both to Kefalas A/S). Crystal structure: J. Lopez de Lerma et al.,Acta Crystallogr.B35, 1739 (1979). Toxicity data: P. V. Petersen et al.,Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol.24, 121 (1966).

Derivative Type: Hydrochloride

CAS Registry Number: 10563-70-9

Manufacturers’ Codes: U-24973A

Trademarks: Melixeran (Lusofarmaco); Trausabun (Promonta); Dixeran (Lundbeck)

Molecular Formula: C21H25N.HCl, Molecular Weight: 327.89

Percent Composition: C 76.92%, H 7.99%, N 4.27%, Cl 10.81%

Properties: Crystals from acetone, mp 245-248°. LD50 i.v. in mice: 52 mg/kg (Petersen).

Melting point: mp 245-248°

Toxicity data: LD50 i.v. in mice: 52 mg/kg (Petersen)

Therap-Cat: Antidepressant.

Keywords: Antidepressant; Tricyclics.

Melitracen (brand names Melixeran) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), for the treatment of depression and anxiety.[1][2][3][4] In addition to single drug preparations, it is also available as Deanxit, marketed by Lundbeck, a combination product containing both melitracen and flupentixol.[5][6][7][8]

The pharmacology of melitracen has not been properly investigated and is largely unknown, but it is likely to act in a similar manner to other TCAs. Indeed, melitracen is reported to have imipramine and amitriptyline-like effects and efficacy against depression and anxiety, though with improved tolerability and a somewhat faster onset of action.[9][10]

  • ATC:N06AA14
  • MW:291.44 g/mol
  • CAS-RN:5118-29-6
  • InChI Key:GWWLWDURRGNSRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • InChI:InChI=1S/C21H25N/c1-21(2)19-13-7-5-10-17(19)16(12-9-15-22(3)4)18-11-6-8-14-20(18)21/h5-8,10-14H,9,15H2,1-4H3
  • EINECS:225-858-5
  • LD50:52 mg/kg (M, i.v.); 315 mg/kg (M, p.o.);
    170 mg/kg (R, p.o.)

Derivatives

hydrochloride

  • Formula:C21H25N • HCl
  • MW:327.90 g/mol
  • CAS-RN:10563-70-9
  • EINECS:234-150-5
  • LD50:52 mg/kg (M, i.v.); 315 mg/kg (M, p.o.);
    170 mg/kg (R, p.o.)
CAS-RNFormulaChemical NameCAS Index Name
90-44-8C14H10Oanthrone9(10H)-Anthracenone
85118-29-2C21H27NO9-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-9,10-dihydro-10,10-dimethyl-9-anthracenol9-Anthracenol, 9-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-9,10-dihydro-10,10-dimethyl-
19070-16-7C5H12ClMgN3-dimethylaminopropylmagnesium chlorideMagnesium, chloro[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-
5447-86-9C16H14O10,10-dimethylanthrone9(10H)-Anthracenone, 10,10-dimethyl-

SYN

File:Melitracen synthesis.svg

English: DOI number: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.17-2437 GB 939856 corresp to US 3177209 (1963, 1965, both to Kefalas A/S).

SYN

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2020/re/d0re00087f

 Fig. 10 Synthesis of melitracen HCl-(36) by Kiil and co-workers making use of a one-flow system. Adapted with permission from Org. Process Res. Dev., 2018, 22, 228–235. Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society.35

Grignard reactions are commonly used for the construction of carbon–carbon bonds and show exothermic behaviour which can be dangerous in large-scale batch processes. The use of Grignard reagents in flow can be beneficial because of the high control of reaction conditions, facile heat transport and small effective reaction volume.6,34 A recent example was published by Kiil and co-workers, who synthesised melitracen (36) in a one-flow system.35 Kiil hypothesised that the seven unit operations required in batch could be decreased by combining a hydrolysis and dehydration step, and removing a phase separation (Fig. 10).

The investigation commenced with finding a suitable solvent for the Grignard reaction in which starting materials 3435 and intermediate products would dissolve. After having identified THF as the most suitable option, the next challenge was to find an acid that could induce both hydrolysis and dehydration in a single step. Hydrochloric acid was able to perform both transformations, however, precipitation was observed. Thus, hydrochloric acid molarities ranging from 1–12 M were tested. However, while even at the lowest molarity precipitation was observed, it also appeared that below 6 M the dehydration reaction did not proceed. Since the precipitation could not be prevented, a molarity of 12 M was eventually used. The individually optimised transformations were then combined in a one-flow continuous system. Most troublesome was that addition of HCl to the reaction mixture led to an exothermic reaction and boiling of the solvent. Therefore, a back-pressure regulator was employed so that melitracen (36) could be successfully synthesised as its HCl-salt in approximately 85% yield.

SYN

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00368

A Grignard-based batch process, for the preparation of Melitracen HCl, has been redesigned to fit a continuous reactor system. The Grignard addition is carried out at room temperature, with subsequent hydrolysis of the magnesium alkoxide intermediate followed by dehydration of the resulting alcohol. The product undergoes further workup by simple gravimetric phase separation and then crystallization with 2 M HCl in diethyl ether to afford pure Melitracen HCl. All steps in the laboratory setup were concatenated, and the setup was proven capable of producing a significant portion of the commercial quantities of Melitracen HCl. The flow setup profits from a reduced footprint, lower energy consumption, fewer synthetic steps, and reduced raw material usage compared to the batch process.

Abstract Image

As illustrated in Scheme 1, four synthetic steps are involved in the manufacturing of Melitracen HCl (6). The four steps are a classic Grignard addition to a ketone, a hydrolysis of a magnesium alkoxide, a dehydration of an alcohol and a salt precipitation to isolate the API. The Grignard addition is between 10,10-dimethylanthrone (10,10-DMA (1)) and 3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propylmagnesium chloride (DMPC-MgCl (2)), resulting in formation of the magnesium alkoxide 3. The magnesium alkoxide 3 is then hydrolyzed to the alcohol 4 and dehydrated to form product 5. The last step is a crystallization of the API as a salt, where HCl is added to obtain the Melitracen HCl (6)

Scheme 1: Syntheses of magnesium alkoxide 3, alcohol 4 and dehydrated product 5 in the manufacturing process of Melitracen HCl 6, from ketone 1 and Grignard reagent 2.

Current Batch Synthesis The current batch synthesis involves individual synthetic steps, as illustrated in Figure 1. DMPC-MgCl 2 is made in-house before it is used, due to its limited storage shelf life, in a toluene-THF solvent mixture. THF is present in trace amounts in order to stabilize the magnesium in the Grignard reagents.45 A solution of 10,10-DMA 1 is prepared in toluene and is slowly transferred to the DMPC-MgCl 2, maintaining a temperature of 50°C. DMPC-MgCl 2 is used in an equivalence of 1.6 compared to 10,10-DMA 1. The formed magnesium alkoxide 3 is hydrolyzed with water and acetic acid (80%). The aqueous phase is discarded and concentrated hydrochloric acid (37%) is used to dehydrate alcohol 4 to form dehydrated product 5. Toluene is replaced with ethanol by a solvent swap. Crystallization of the dehydrated product 5 from the ethanol phase is done with HCl gas to obtain the final Melitracen HCl (6), which is subsequently isolated by filtration.

Precipitation of Melitracen HCl from THF The dehydrated product 5 was crystallized as the final HCl salt in the THF in a batch experiment, in order to remove a solvent swap to ethanol. The crystallization was carried out with 2 M HCl in Et2O, as this was considered more suited for a later flow process and more easily implemented in the laboratory setup. An equivalence of 1.1 HCl was used and the requirement was an achievement of pH<2. The mixture was kept stirred during the crystallization and carried out at ambient temperature. After 10 minutes, fine white solids started to form, followed by a massive precipitation of Melitracen HCl 6. The Melitracen HCl 6 was filtered with a Büchner funnel and washed with THF. The isolated yield was 80% and within the specifications for the in-house analysis methods used in the routine production (CHN, TGA, UV-vis, HPLC, melting point). Figure 3 is a microscope picture of the isolated Melitracen HCl 6. For full-scale production, the HCl gas would still be more desirable for the crystallization and the 2 M HCl in Et2O merely serves as a proof of concept for the laboratory flow setup.

CLIP

1. Melitracen is a medication used to treat depression and anxiety. A. Fill in the boxes in the multistep synthesis schemes t

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/CN105418436B/en

Melitracen (Melitracen), is a kind of tricyclics, entitled 10, the 10- dimethyl -9- γ-two of chemistry Methylamino acrylic -9,10- dihydro-anthraquinone, Clinical practice is its hydrochloride.Melitracen can suppress in presynaptic membrane To the effect of the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, and therefore improve containing for monoamine transmitterses in synaptic cleft Amount.

On the preparation method of melitracen, document report both domestic and external is seldom, existing as described below:

US3177209, GB939856, DK97400, are the compound patents of Lundbeck drugmaker of Denmark, it is mentioned that Synthetic method is that, with 10,10- dimethylanthracene -9- ketone and N, TMSDMA N dimethylamine base propyl group magnesium chloride is generated in the middle of melitracen Body, then by intermediate be dissolved under chloroform, reflux state lead to hydrogen chloride prepare melitracen crude product, then crystallized again with acetone Melitracen is obtained, this method needs to be passed through hydrogen chloride at reflux, there is substantial amounts of smog to produce, and reaction condition is not yet It is easy to control, it there is larger safety factor.

CN103877088A is Lundbeck drugmaker of Denmark in a kind of safe melitracen group disclosed in 2014 Compound, wherein the purity to melitracen in drug regimen proposes more strict requirements, especially to that may make in clinic Cause the impurity (formula I, formula II) of the adverse reactions such as anxiety, irritated and excitement in, even more propose:Formula I<0.1%, formula II< 0.1, I+formula of formula II<0.1% rigors.The melitracen of patent US3177209, GB939856, DK97400 method synthesis Impurity is more, and primary purification can not obtain satisfactory active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).

It is also mentioned that the preparation method of melitracen hydrochloride, this method is with 10,10- diformazans in patent CN103877088A The γ of base-9-dimethylaminopropyl-9- anthrols are raw material, add dichloromethane and hydrochloric acid, are heated to reflux, reaction system alkaline hydrolysis from The free alkali obtained afterwards, is re-dissolved in acetone and leads to hydrogen chloride into salt, obtain melitracen crude product, then isolated and purified with column chromatography Obtain the melitracen of high-purity.The melitracen yield that it is prepared into is low, and purifies and separates process needs column chromatography, it is impossible to meet The need for large-scale production.

Embodiment 1

A kind of preparation method of melitracen hydrochloride, comprises the following steps:

(1) melitracen intermediate is prepared

10,10- dimethylanthracene -9- ketone carry out grignard reaction with 3- dimethylaminos-n-propyl chloride in the presence of initiator, obtain To melitracen intermediate, detailed process is as follows:

340g magnesium rods and 17.5L absolute ethers are added in 20L glass reaction kettles, stirring is warming up to 30~35 DEG C, addition 1.75kg 3- dimethylaminos-n-propyl chloride, finish insulated and stirred, add 1g iodine and 2mL 1,2- Bromofume as initiator, 9h is stirred at reflux, magnesium rod disappears completely, reaction system is cooled into 10~20 DEG C, 1.5kg 10,10- dimethyl is slowly added to Anthracene -9- ketone, then it is warming up to 30~35 DEG C, back flow reaction 1 hour;TLC monitoring reactions are complete, and reaction system is cooled into 10~20 DEG C, then add 5.5L water, ether layer is separated, anhydrous sodium sulfate is added and is concentrated under reduced pressure drying, obtain melitracen intermediate 2.03kg, receive The ﹪ of rate 97.2, purity 98.5%.

TLC monitoring methods:Add water and be quenched after sampling, take organic layer point plate;Solvent is petroleum ether:Ethyl acetate=2:1 (volume ratio);The Rf of 10,10- dimethylanthracene -9- ketone is 0.6, and the Rf of melitracen intermediate is 0.1.

(2) melitracen crude product is prepared

2kg melitracens intermediate, 10L chloroforms and 2.4L concentrated hydrochloric acids are put into 20L glass reaction kettles, stirred molten Solution, obtains pale yellow solution, and 60 DEG C of heating stirring reaction 2 hours, TLC monitoring reactions are complete, and separate aqueous layer, organic phase is concentrated under reduced pressure Dry, it is melitracen crude product 2.03kg, yield 95.7%, purity 99.41%, containing Formulas I to obtain white solid:0.20%, formula II:0.13%;Formulas I, II1HNMR spectrograms, melitracen crude product liquid phase spectrogram are shown in accompanying drawing 1,2,3 respectively;

TLC monitoring methods:Organic phase point plate is extracted reaction solution, solvent is dichloromethane:Methanol:Acetic acid=150:10:2 (volume ratio).

Formulas I:1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO)δ7.78-7.82(m,2H),δ7.50-7.53(m,2H),δ7.28-7.35 (m, 4H), δ 2.11 (S, 6H), δ 2.08 (d, J=6.8Hz, 2H), δ 1.96 (t, J=6.4Hz, 2H), δ 1.72 (s, 3H), δ 1.61(s,3H),δ1.26(brs,1H),δ1.02-1.09(m,2H)

Formula II:1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO)δ8.95(s,2H),δ7.47-7.63(m,4H),δ7.27-7.37(m, 4H), δ 6.06 (t, J=7.2Hz, 1H), δ 3.09 (t, J=7.2Hz, 2H), δ 2.91 (m, 2H), δ 2.54 (s, 3H), δ 1.53 (s,6H)

(3) purifying of melitracen crude product

Take 2.03kg melitracens crude product (purity 99.41%, Formulas I:0.20%, Formula II:0.13%) 4 times of amount (W/, are added V isopropanol), 20~25 DEG C of stirring 4h (mashing), is filtered, and is dried, is obtained product 2.0kg, yield is 98.5%, and purity is 99.61%, containing Formulas I:0.054%, without Formula II;Melitracen crude product is shown in accompanying drawing 4 through isopropanol mashing sample liquid chromatography(LC figure;

Product after 2kg is beaten is added in 30L glass reaction kettle, adds 16kg isopropanols, and backflow is dissolved, then Cool to 10 DEG C and stir crystallization and stay overnight, suction filtration is dried under reduced pressure, and obtains melitracen 1.89kg, and yield 94.5%, purity 99.98% contains Formulas I:0.0026%, without Formula II;See accompanying drawing 5 through isopropanol recrystallization liquid phase spectrogram.

Embodiment 2

A kind of preparation method of melitracen hydrochloride, comprises the following steps:

(1) melitracen intermediate is prepared

This step is identical with the step (1) in embodiment 1;

(2) melitracen crude product is prepared

This step is identical with the step (2) in embodiment 1;

(3) purifying of melitracen crude product

Take 10g melitracens crude product (purity 99.41%, Formulas I:0.20%, Formula II:0.13%) 4 times of amounts (W/V), are added Ethanol, 20~25 DEG C stirring 4h (mashing), filtering, drying, obtain product 9.79g, yield is 97.9%, purity 99.69% contains Formula I 0.047%, containing formula II 0.005%;Melitracen crude product is shown in accompanying drawing 6 through ethanol mashing sample liquid chromatography(LC figure;

Product after 9.0g ethanol is beaten is added in 250mL round-bottomed flask, adds the dissolving of 230mL alcohol refluxs, Then 10 DEG C are cooled to stir crystallization and stay overnight, suction filtration is dried under reduced pressure, obtain melitracen 8.4g, yield 93.3%, purity 99.98%, Containing Formulas I:0.0041%, without Formula II;See accompanying drawing 7 through ethanol recrystallization liquid phase spectrogram.

Embodiment 3

A kind of preparation method of melitracen hydrochloride, comprises the following steps:

(1) melitracen intermediate is prepared

This step is identical with the step (1) in embodiment 1;

(2) melitracen crude product is prepared

100g melitracens intermediate, 500mL chloroforms and 120mL concentrated hydrochloric acids are put into 1L three-necked bottles, stirred molten Solution, obtains pale yellow solution, and 60 DEG C of heating stirring reaction 2 hours, TLC monitoring reactions are complete, and separate aqueous layer, organic phase is concentrated under reduced pressure Dry, it is melitracen crude product 104g, yield 98.3%, purity 99.38%, containing Formulas I to obtain white solid:0.22%, Formula II: 0.15%;Melitracen crude product liquid phase spectrogram is shown in accompanying drawing 8;

TLC monitoring methods:Organic phase point plate is extracted reaction solution, solvent is dichloromethane:Methanol:Acetic acid=150:10:2 (volume ratio).

(3) purifying of melitracen crude product

Above-mentioned melitracen crude product is taken, the methanol of 4 times of amounts (W/V) is added, 20~25 DEG C of stirring 4h (mashing) obtain product Weight is 18.48g, and yield is 92.4%, and purity is 99.66%, containing Formulas I:0.05%, Formula II:0.008%, see accompanying drawing 9.

Embodiment 4

A kind of preparation method of melitracen hydrochloride, comprises the following steps:

(1) melitracen intermediate is prepared

This step is identical with the step (1) in embodiment 3;

(2) melitracen crude product is prepared

This step is identical with the step (2) in embodiment 3;

(3) purifying of melitracen crude product

Above-mentioned melitracen crude product is taken, the n-butanol of 4 times of amounts (W/V) is added, 20~25 DEG C of stirring 5h (mashing) are produced Thing weight is 19.6g, and yield is 98%, and purity is 99.54%, containing Formulas I:0.05%, Formula II:0.009%, see accompanying drawing 10.

Embodiment 5

A kind of preparation method of melitracen hydrochloride, comprises the following steps:

(1) melitracen intermediate is prepared

This step is identical with the step (1) in embodiment 3;

(2) melitracen crude product is prepared

This step is identical with the step (2) in embodiment 3;

(3) purifying of melitracen crude product

Above-mentioned melitracen crude product is taken, the isopropanol of 4 times of amounts (W/V) is added, 30~35 DEG C of stirring 5h (mashing) are produced Thing weight is 18.06g, and yield is 90.3%.

Embodiment 6

A kind of preparation method of melitracen hydrochloride, comprises the following steps:

(1) melitracen intermediate is prepared

This step is identical with the step (1) in embodiment 3;

(2) melitracen crude product is prepared

This step is identical with the step (2) in embodiment 3;

(3) purifying of melitracen crude product

Above-mentioned melitracen crude product is taken, the isopropanol of 4 times of amounts (W/V) is added, 50 DEG C of stirring 3h (mashing) obtain product weight Measure as 14.2g, yield is 71%.

Embodiment 7

A kind of preparation method of melitracen hydrochloride, comprises the following steps:

(1) melitracen intermediate is prepared

This step is identical with the step (1) in embodiment 3;

(2) melitracen crude product is prepared

This step is identical with the step (2) in embodiment 3;

(3) purifying of melitracen crude product

Above-mentioned melitracen crude product is taken, the isopropanol of 4 times of amounts (W/V) is added, 5-10 DEG C of stirring 5h (mashing) obtains product Weight is 19.7g, and yield is 98.5%, and purity is 99.53%, containing Formulas I:0.054%, Formula II:0.014%, see accompanying drawing 11.

Embodiment 8

With reference to CN103877088A, crystallized using acetone, that is, take 10g melitracens intermediate and 24mL dichloromethane, 6.7mL concentrated hydrochloric acids are heated to reflux 2h and are cooled to room temperature, and pH is to 8-9 for regulation, then are extracted with dichloromethane and product, are concentrated to give free Alkali cpd, acetone is dissolved in by the free alkali compound, concentrated hydrochloric acid is added dropwise to pH=0.1, stirring, cooling separate out solid 7.1g, This solid crystallizes to obtain sample 6.4g with acetone again, and total recovery is 60.9%, and purity is 99.64%, containing Formulas I:0.09%, Formula II: 0.04%.Melitracen is shown in accompanying drawing 12 only with acetone crystallization liquid chromatography(LC figure.

Repeat literature method crystallized only with acetone obtained by product in impurity Formulas I, Formula II impurity summation be 0.13%, The adverse reactions such as anxiety, irritated and excitement may be caused in Clinical practice.

In summary, the effect of mashing is to make melitracen crude product rapid dispersion, and the effect of methanol mashing is similar with ethanol, But it is good without isopropanol effect, but methanol mashing yield is decreased obviously trend;N-butanol mashing needs the extension time to reach To the effect same with ethanol, but be not as good as isopropanol effect, and because the viscosity of n-butanol is slightly larger, melitracen crude product is at it In disperse slightly worse, invention has the granular solids that not readily dissolve after filtering, and the removal effect to other impurities is also poor;Isopropanol Temperature is raised during mashing, yield is decreased obviously, and reduces temperature, yield has no raising, though to the removal effect of impurity Formula II It can so control in the range of conforming to quality requirements, but compared to being decreased obviously in embodiment 1.

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References

  1. ^ Swiss Pharmaceutical Society (2000). Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory (Book with CD-ROM). Boca Raton: Medpharm Scientific Publishers. ISBN 3-88763-075-0.
  2. ^ Hall, Chapman and; Chemical Abstracts Service, American Chemical Society; Rhodes, P. H (1996). Dictionary of organic compounds. London: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 0-412-54090-8.
  3. ^ O’Neil, Maryadele J. (2001). The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories. ISBN 0-911910-13-1.
  4. ^ José Miguel Vela; Helmut Buschmann; Jörg Holenz; Antonio Párraga; Antoni Torrens (2007). Antidepressants, Antipsychotics, Anxiolytics: From Chemistry and Pharmacology to Clinical Application. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-31058-6.
  5. ^ Muller, Niels F; Dessing, Rudolf P; Pharmacy, European Society of Clinical (1998). European Drug Index, 4th Edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 3-7692-2114-1.
  6. ^ Van Moffaert M, Dierick M, De Meulemeester F, Vereecken A (1983). “Treatment of depressive anxiety states associated with psychosomatic symptoms. A double-blind multicentre clinical study: mianserin versus melitracen-flupentixol”. Acta Psychiatrica Belgica83 (5): 525–39. PMID 6670581.
  7. ^ Bin Yaacob H (April 1985). “Flupenthixol and Melitracen in the management of trigeminal neuralgia”. Dental Journal of Malaysia8 (2): 37–8. PMID 3917005.
  8. ^ Hashash JG, Abdul-Baki H, Azar C, et al. (June 2008). “Clinical trial: a randomized controlled cross-over study of flupenthixol + melitracen in functional dyspepsia”Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics27 (11): 1148–55. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03677.xPMID 18331614S2CID 40714136.
  9. ^ Aronson, Jeffrey Kenneth (2008). Meyler’s Side Effects of Psychiatric Drugs (Meylers Side Effects). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-444-53266-4.
  10. ^ Author Unknown (1970). Ann Reports Medicinal Chem V5 (v. 5). Boston: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-040505-9{{cite book}}|author= has generic name (help)
Clinical data
Trade namesAdaptol, Dixeran, Melixeran, Thymeol, Trausabun
AHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug Names
Routes of
administration
Oralintramuscular injection
ATC codeN06AA14 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal statusIn general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Identifiers
showIUPAC name
CAS Number5118-29-6 
PubChem CID25382
ChemSpider23697 
UNIIQ7T0Y1109Z
KEGGD08171 
ChEMBLChEMBL110094 
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID4048274 
ECHA InfoCard100.023.507 
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC21H25N
Molar mass291.438 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
showSMILES
showInChI
  (what is this?)  (verify)

//////////Melitracen, Q7T0Y1109Z, Thymeol, мелитрацен , ميليتراسان , 美利曲辛 , U 24973A,  Antidepressant, Tricyclics,

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BIFONAZOLE

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Bifonazole.svg

BIFONAZOLE

  • Molecular FormulaC22H18N2
  • Average mass310.392 Da

(±)-1-(p,a-Diphenylbenzyl)imidazole

(±)-Bifonazole

1-([1,1′-Biphenyl]-4-ylphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole

1-(p,α-Diphenylbenzyl)imidazole

262-336-6[EINECS]

4887

60628-96-8[RN]

бифоназол

بيفونازول

联苯苄唑

  • BAY H 4502
  • BAY-H-4502

Bifonazole

CAS Registry Number: 60628-96-8

CAS Name: 1-([1,1¢-Biphenyl]-4-ylphenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole

Additional Names: (±)-1-(p,a-diphenylbenzyl)imidazole

Manufacturers’ Codes: Bay h 4502

Trademarks: Amycor (Lipha); Azolmen (Menarini); Bedriol (Andromaco); Mycospor (Bayer); Mycosporan (Bayer)

Molecular Formula: C22H18N2, Molecular Weight: 310.39

Percent Composition: C 85.13%, H 5.85%, N 9.03%

Literature References: Antimycotic deriv of imidazole. Prepn: E. Regel et al.,DE2461406eidem,US4118487 (1976, 1978 both to Bayer). Series of articles on in vitro and in vivo antimycotic efficacy, microscopic studies, pharmacokinetics, efficacy in dermatomycoses and comparison with clotrimazole and miconazole, q.q.v.:Arzneim.-Forsch.33, 517-551, 745-754 (1983). Toxicology: G. Schlüter, ibid. 739.

Properties: Crystals from acetonitrile, mp 142°. Very lipophilic. Sol in alcohols, DMF, DMSO. Soly in water at pH 6: <0.1 mg/100 ml. Stable in aq soln at pH 1-12. LD50 in male mice, rats (mg/kg): 2629, 2854 orally (Schlüter).

Melting point: mp 142°

Toxicity data: LD50 in male mice, rats (mg/kg): 2629, 2854 orally (Schlüter)

Therap-Cat: Antifungal.

Keywords: Antifungal (Synthetic); Imidazoles.

BrandsAmycor (Merck) / Azolmen (Menarini) / Bayclear Plus (Bayer) / Bifonol (Mayado Seiyaku) / Canespor (Bayer) / Canesten (Bayer) / Mycospor (Bayer)

Bifonazole (trade name Canespor among others[1]) is an imidazole antifungal drug used in form of ointments.

It was patented in 1974 and approved for medical use in 1983.[2] There are also combinations with carbamide for the treatment of onychomycosis.

Bifonazole is an azole antifungal drug used to treat fungal skin infections, such as dermatomycosis.

  • Synonyms:Bifonazolum
  • ATC:D01AC10
  • MW:310.40 g/mol
  • CAS-RN:60628-96-8
  • InChI Key:OCAPBUJLXMYKEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • InChI:InChI=1S/C22H18N2/c1-3-7-18(8-4-1)19-11-13-21(14-12-19)22(24-16-15-23-17-24)20-9-5-2-6-10-20/h1-17,22H
  • EINECS:262-336-6
  • LD50:57 mg/kg (M, i.v.); 2629 mg/kg (M, p.o.);
    63 mg/kg (R, i.v.); 1463 mg/kg (R, p.o.);
    >500 mg/kg (dog, p.o.)

Derivatives

Monohydrochloride

  • Formula:C22H18N2 • HCl
  • MW:346.86 g/mol
  • CAS-RN:60629-09-6

Sulfate

  • Formula:C22H18N2 • xH2O4S
  • MW:unspecified
  • CAS-RN:60629-08-5
CAS-RNFormulaChemical NameCAS Index Name
98-88-4C7H5ClObenzoyl chlorideBenzoyl chloride
92-52-4C12H10biphenyl1,1′-Biphenyl
7515-73-3C19H15Cl(±)-4-(chlorophenylmethyl)biphenyl1,1′-Biphenyl, 4-(chlorophenylmethyl)-
288-32-4C3H4N2imidazole1H-Imidazole

SYN

Synthesis Reference

Regal, E., Draber, W., Buchel, K.H.and Plempel, M.; U.S. Patent 4,118,487; October 3,1978; assigned to Bayer A.G.

US4118487

SYN

File:Bifonazole synthesis.svg

SYN

(CAS NO.: ), with its systematic name of , 1-(alpha-(4-biphenylyl)benzyl)-, could be produced through many synthetic methods.

Following is one of the synthesis routes: (I) could be reduced with NaBH4 in ethanol to produce 4-phenylbenzhydrol (II), and the yielding product is then condensed with imidazole (III) in the presence of SOCl2 in acetonitrile.

Synthesis of Bifonazole

PAT

https://patents.google.com/patent/DE10332684B3/en

  • The The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of Bifonazole (1- [biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methyl] -1H-imidazole) by reacting 1-biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methanol with a chlorinating reagent in cyclohexane and subsequent coupling with imidazole.
  • [0002]The compound bifonazole (1- [biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methyl] -1H-imidazole) is off DE-A 2 461 406 known and corresponds to the formula (I). Due to its antifungal activity, it can be used as an agent for the treatment of fungal diseases.
  • [0003]Various methods for preparing this compound are known. So describes DE-A 2 461 406 the synthesis (process 1) of bifonazole (Example 1) starting from biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methanol by reaction with imidazole and thionyl chloride in acetonitrile with a yield of only 56% of theory. An alternative synthesis described therein (process 2) starting from 4- [chloro (phenyl) methyl] biphenyl, which is prepared from biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methanol by reaction with thionyl chloride in toluene, by reaction with trimethylsilylimidazole bifonazole provides only in a yield of 52% of theory.
  • [0004]ES-A 2 024 363 describes also starting from 4- [chloro (phenyl) methyl] biphenyl, which is prepared from biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methanol by reaction with hydrogen chloride in acetonitrile, by reaction with imidazole in acetonitrile using a phase transfer catalyst, the synthesis (method 3) of bifonazole.
  • [0005]AT-B 396 931 describes the preparation (method 4) of bifonazole by means of reductive amination of biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methanone with imidazole and formic acid. However, this requires high reaction temperatures (220 ° C.) and long reaction times. DE-A 3 538 873 describes a comparable process (process 5) with the additional use of p-toluenesulfonic acid, wherein the reaction temperature is 180 ° C.
  • [0006]This in ES 539 345 described method (method 6) for the preparation of bifonazole involves a Gringard reaction between 4-biphenylmagnesium bromide and benzoylated imidazole. Finally, it is tosylated and reduced to bifonazole.
  • [0007]ES 549 793 describes the synthesis (method 7) of bifonazole starting from a cyclocondensation between biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methylamine, 2-chloro-1-aminoethane and ethyl orthoacetate. The final dehydrogenation is carried out by reaction with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone in benzene.
  • [0008]All known processes have various disadvantages which are particularly unfavorable in the preparation of the compound of the formula (I) on an industrial scale. The solvents used in processes 1 and 2 acetonitrile and toluene are of concern to health. Their use should be avoided in the manufacture of active ingredients used in medicines. By using toluene in process 2, chlorination to give 4- [chloro (phenyl) methyl] biphenyl also produces a toluene-specific, undesired by-product which can only be removed incompletely and thus deteriorates the product quality. The yield is unsatisfactory in both processes. A significant disadvantage of method 3 is, in addition to the use of acetonitrile as solvent, the use of a phase transfer catalyst, which is difficult to separate from the product during work-up. Methods 4 and 5 both operate at very high temperatures and are therefore disadvantageous in a technical use due to the energy consumption and the potential hazard. In method 6, the use of the Gringard reagent is disadvantageous, since this must be produced under considerable safety expense and difficult to handle on an industrial scale. Disadvantage in process 7 is the use of the very toxic compounds 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone and benzene. Their use should be avoided especially in the production of active ingredients used in pharmaceuticals
  • The following scheme illustrates the individual reaction steps.
  • Embodiment:
  • Synthesis of bifonazole (1- [Biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methyl] -1H-imidazole)
  • 1st step: 4- [chloro (phenyl) methyl] biphenyl (III)
  • [0038]140 g (0.54 mol) dry (water content <0.3%) biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methanol (II) are suspended in 1550 ml of cyclohexane and treated with 90 g (0.76 mol) thionyl chloride at a temperature of 50 to 55 ° C added. The reaction mixture is stirred for 0.5 h at a temperature of 50 to 55 ° C stirred. Subsequently, in the Vacuum (<100 mbar) Distilled off thionyl chloride and cyclohexane. A distillation bottoms containing 4- [chloro (phenyl) methyl] biphenyl remains.
  • 2nd step: 1- [biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methyl] -1H-imidazole (Bifonazole)
  • [0039]162 g (2.4 mol) of imidazole are suspended in 1350 ml of acetone and dissolved at 50 ° C. This solution is added to the distillation bottoms from step 1 containing 4- [chloro (phenyl) methyl] biphenyl (III). The reaction mixture is heated at reflux for 3 h. After cooling, the reaction solution is mixed with 2 g of activated carbon and 2 g of bleaching earth at a temperature of 50 to 55 ° C, stirred for 0.5 h and filtered. The filtrate is cooled to about 0 ° C. The title compound crystallizes by addition of seed crystals, is filtered off and washed with a mixture of acetone / water (1: 1). For recrystallization, the product is dissolved in 1250 ml of isopropanol, treated with 0.5 g of activated charcoal and 0.5 g of bleaching earth, heated to reflux and filtered hot. The filtrate is cooled to 10 ° C. The title compound crystallizes out by addition of seed crystals, is filtered off, washed with isopropanol and dried. The yield is 101 g (61.9% of theory). The purity of the product is 98.68% by weight.
    Melting point: 142 ° C
  • Comparative method:
  • [0040]In the comparative method, instead of cyclohexane, toluene is used as solvent in step 1 as in DE-A 2 461 406 described. Step 2 is performed as described above. 1- [biphenyl-4-yl (phenyl) methyl] -1H-imidazole (bifonazole) is obtained in a purity of 97.66% by weight.

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Adverse effects

The most common side effect is a burning sensation at the application site. Other reactions, such as itching, eczema or skin dryness, are rare.[3] Bifonazole is a potent aromatase inhibitor in vitro.[4][5]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Bifonazole has a dual mode of action. It inhibits fungal ergosterol biosynthesis at two points, via transformation of 24-methylendihydrolanosterol to desmethylsterol, together with inhibition of HMG-CoA. This enables fungicidal properties against dermatophytes and distinguishes bifonazole from other antifungal drugs.[3][6]

Pharmacokinetics

Six hours after application, bifonazole concentrations range from 1000 µg/cm³ in the stratum corneum to 5 µg/cm³ in the papillary dermis.[3]

References

  1. ^ International Drug Names: Bifonazole.
  2. ^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 502. ISBN 9783527607495.
  3. Jump up to:a b c Haberfeld H, ed. (2015). Austria-Codex (in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. Canesten Bifonazol-Creme.
  4. ^ Trösken ER, Fischer K, Völkel W, Lutz WK (February 2006). “Inhibition of human CYP19 by azoles used as antifungal agents and aromatase inhibitors, using a new LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of estradiol product formation”. Toxicology219 (1–3): 33–40. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2005.10.020PMID 16330141.
  5. ^ Egbuta C, Lo J, Ghosh D (December 2014). “Mechanism of inhibition of estrogen biosynthesis by azole fungicides”Endocrinology155 (12): 4622–8. doi:10.1210/en.2014-1561PMC 4239419PMID 25243857.
  6. ^ Berg D, Regel E, Harenberg HE, Plempel M (1984). “Bifonazole and clotrimazole. Their mode of action and the possible reason for the fungicidal behaviour of bifonazole”. Arzneimittel-Forschung34 (2): 139–46. PMID 6372801.

Further reading

Clinical data
Trade namesCanespor, many others
AHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug Names
Routes of
administration
Topical
ATC codeD01AC10 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal statusIn general: Over-the-counter (OTC)
Identifiers
showIUPAC name
CAS Number60628-96-8 
PubChem CID2378
DrugBankDB04794 
ChemSpider2287 
UNIIQYJ305Z91O
KEGGD01775 
ChEBICHEBI:31286 
ChEMBLChEMBL277535 
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID9045631 
ECHA InfoCard100.056.651 
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC22H18N2
Molar mass310.400 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
ChiralityRacemic mixture
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ARTEMETHER

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Artemether
Artemether.svg
ChemSpider 2D Image | Artemether | C16H26O5

ARTEMETHER

  • Molecular FormulaC16H26O5
  • Average mass298.375 Da

(3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,10S,12R,12aR)-10-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyldecahydro-3,12-epoxy[1,2]dioxepino[4,3-i]isochromene

(4S,5R,8S,9R,10S,12R,13R)-10-Methoxy-1,5,9-trimethyl-11,14,15,16-tetraoxatetracyclo[10.3.1.04,13.08,13]hexadecane[

3,12-Epoxy-12H-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin, decahydro-10-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-, (3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,10S,12R,12aR)-

3,12-Epoxy-12H-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin, decahydro-10-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-, (5aS,6R,8aS,9R,10S,12R,12aR)-

71963-77-4[RN]

dihydroartemisinin methyl ether

Dihydroqinghaosu Methyl Ether

KD4165000

PALUTHER

  • SM 224
  • SM-224
  • 3,12-Epoxy-12H-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin, decahydro-10-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-, [3R-(3α,5aβ,6β,8aβ,9α,10α,12β,12aR*)]-
  • (3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,10S,12R,12aR)-Decahydro-10-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12H-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin
  • (+)-Artemether

Artemether

CAS Registry Number: 71963-77-4

CAS Name: (3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,10S,12R,12aR)-Decahydro-10-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12H-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin

Additional Names: dihydroartemisinin methyl ether; dihydroqinghaosu methyl ether; o-methyldihydroartemisinin

Manufacturers’ Codes: SM-224

Trademarks: Paluther (RPR)

Molecular Formula: C16H26O5, Molecular Weight: 298.37,

Percent Composition: C 64.41%, H 8.78%, O 26.81%

Literature References: Derivative of artemisinin, q.v. Prepn: Y. Li et al.,K’o Hsueh T’ung Pao24, 667 (1979), C.A.91, 211376u (1979); eidem,Acta Pharm. Sin.16, 429 (1981). Absolute configuration: X.-D. Luo et al.,Helv. Chim. Acta67, 1515 (1984). NMR spectral study: F. S. El-Feraly et al.,Spectrosc. Lett.18, 843 (1985). Inhibition of protein synthesis: H. M. Gu et al.,Biochem. Pharmacol.32, 2463 (1983). Antimalarial activity: S. Thaithong, G. H. Beale, Bull. WHO63, 617 (1985). Series of articles on chemistry, pharmacology and antimalarial efficacy: China Cooperative Research Group on Qinghaosu, J. Tradit. Chin. Med.2, 3-50 (1982). Toxicity data: eidem,ibid. 31. Clinical trial in cerebral malaria in children: M. B. van Hensbroek et al.,N. Engl. J. Med.335, 69 (1996). Review: R. N. Price, Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs9, 1815-1827 (2000).

Properties: Crystals, mp 86-88°. [a]D19.5 +171° (c = 2.59 in CHCl3). LD50 i.m. in mice: 263 mg/kg (China Cooperative Research Group on Qinghaosu).

Melting point: mp 86-88°

Optical Rotation: [a]D19.5 +171° (c = 2.59 in CHCl3)

Toxicity data: LD50 i.m. in mice: 263 mg/kg (China Cooperative Research Group on Qinghaosu)

Therap-Cat: Antimalarial.

Keywords: Antimalarial.

Artemether is an antimalarial agent used in combination with lumefantrine for the treatment of acute uncomplicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum.

Artemether is an antimalarial agent used to treat acute uncomplicated malaria. It is administered in combination with lumefantrine for improved efficacy. This combination therapy exerts its effects against the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium spp. and may be used to treat infections caused by P. falciparum and unidentified Plasmodium species, including infections acquired in chloroquine-resistant areas.

Artemether is a natural product which effectively kills both malarial parasites P. falciparum and P. vivax. Artemether is usually used in combination with Lumefantrine for the treatment of malaria. Arthemether also kills trematodes of the species Schistosoma, providing protection against schistosomiasis. Sesquiterpene lactones like artemether, artesunate, and artemisinin have potential applications in certain types of cancer and inflammatory conditions.

Artemether is a medication used for the treatment of malaria.[2] The injectable form is specifically used for severe malaria rather than quinine.[2] In adults, it may not be as effective as artesunate.[2] It is given by injection in a muscle.[2] It is also available by mouth in combination with lumefantrine, known as artemether/lumefantrine.[3][4]

Artemether causes relatively few side effects.[5] An irregular heartbeat may rarely occur.[5] While there is evidence that use during pregnancy may be harmful in animals, there is no evidence of concern in humans.[5] The World Health Organization (WHO) therefore recommends its use during pregnancy.[5] It is in the artemisinin class of medication.[5]

Artemether has been studied since at least 1981, and been in medical use since 1987.[6] It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines.[7]

Synthesis Reference

Haynes RK, Vonwiller SC: Extraction of artemisinin and artemisinic acid: preparation of artemether and new analogues. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1994 Jun;88 Suppl 1:S23-6. Pubmed.

REF

ChemMedChem (2007), 2, (10), 1448-1463

PAT

Malaria is a serious parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium parasites in the human body. Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malaria and Plasmodium knowlesi are the parasites that live in humans, of which P. vivax and P. falciparum are the most common.
        Traditional anti-malarial drugs mainly include quinine, chloroquine, primaquine, and pyrimethamine. In 1972, the antimalarial active ingredient artemisinin extracted from the Compositae plant Artemisia annuaL by Chinese scientists is the most popular antimalarial effect after chloroquine, pyrimethamine, primary amine and sulfonamide. Drugs, especially for the treatment of cerebral malaria and anti-chloroquine malaria.
        At present, a large number of artemisinin derivatives have been synthesized and screened for antimalarial activity. Artemether is a compound with excellent curative effect. In addition to the advantages of artemisinin’s quick effect and low toxicity, its solubility in oil is also higher than that of artemisinin. Artemisinin is large, which is especially beneficial for the preparation of preparations. Since artemether has two products, α and β epimers, and the antimalarial activity of artemether is mainly isomer β, so the industrial automation and intelligent production of β-artemether and the improvement of the process are realized. , reducing the impurities produced by the reaction, improving the quality of the product, and improving the purity of the product are the problems that need to be solved in today’s scientific research.
        Patent CN104557965B discloses a preparation process of β-artemether, which mainly includes adding dihydroartemisinin and etherification reagent to alcohol to form a reaction system, and then adding acid to the reaction system for reaction. Water or non-alkaline aqueous solution is added to the reaction system to crystallize, namely β-artemether. The preparation process claims to effectively inhibit the production of isomer α-artemether in the reaction, and can make the etherification reaction proceed mildly, with simple post-treatment and high purity; although the purity of the product has been improved, the yield and Purity needs to be further improved.
        Patent CN102731523B discloses a method for preparing β-artemether, which mainly includes the reaction of artemisinin under the action of a reducing agent to generate dihydroartemisinin, and the reaction of dihydroartemisinin with p-toluenesulfonic acid to generate β-artemisinin. The crude artemether is crystallized with methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol or isopropanol, filtered, washed and dried. The method for preparing B-artemether of the invention has mild conditions, is environmentally friendly, is suitable for industrial production, and has a product yield of over 90 percent and a purity of 99.2 percent. The crystallization step of the invention adopts organic reagents, which adversely affects the quality control of subsequent products.
        Patent CN103180325B discloses a method for preparing β-artemether, which uses dihydroartemisinin as a raw material and undergoes etherification reaction with trimethyl orthoformate in organic solvents including esters and alkanes to obtain β-artemether. The method of the invention is easy to control in process operation, high in yield, low in cost and high in product quality, and is suitable for industrial production. The method requires vacuum distillation, the obtained crude product needs to be redissolved with methanol, decolorized with activated carbon, etc., new impurities are easily introduced, the operation is not simple enough, and the efficiency is low.
        Patent CN107793428A discloses a preparation method of artemether, hydrogenating artemisinin to obtain dihydroartemisinin, adding trimethyl orthoformate, reacting with boron trifluoride ether solution, slowly adding saturated sodium bicarbonate solution dropwise, The system was adjusted to neutrality, the liquids were separated, the aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane, the organic phases were combined, washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a solid; the obtained solid was dissolved in methanol, and an appropriate amount of activated carbon was added to obtain a solid. Reflux and decolorize, filter, add pure water dropwise to the filtrate, crystallize, wash with water, and dry to obtain artemether. However, this method requires steps such as extraction with an organic reagent dichloromethane and decolorization with activated carbon, which is cumbersome to handle.
        Therefore, the following problems generally exist in the process of preparing β-artemether at present:
        (1) when preparing β-artemether, the reaction time is longer, the impurities are large, and the purity and yield of the product are not high enough;
        (2) The use of organic reagents in the subsequent purification process has a certain impact on the quality control of the product;
        (3) The batch production equipment is adopted, the subsequent process steps are many, the degree of industrialization is low, the production efficiency is low, and it does not meet the requirements of GMP.
Example 1
        This embodiment includes the following steps:
        (1) at room temperature, add methanol 2400L in the 3000L stirred tank (1), then add 600kg of dihydroartemisinin through the solid feed pump, and circulate and disperse evenly;
        (2) add etherification agent trimethyl orthoformate and acid catalyst acetyl chloride through three-way automatic feeding mixing reactor again, the volume ratio is 500:100:3, the mixing reactor control temperature is 5 ℃, and the flow rate of control feeding is 5L /min;
        (3) in the continuous flow pipeline, enter the second mixer and add 5% sodium bicarbonate solution to neutralize, and the adding speed is 1.0L/min, and is filtered through the fine filter;
        (4) Then directly enter the 2000L crystallization reaction kettle 11 with 300L of water added in advance and keep the temperature at 10°C. At the same time, purified water was added to the reaction kettle at a rate of 12L/min, and the crystallization was continued for 1.5h; the jacket of the crystallization kettle was fed with -10°C chilled water for 30min, and the temperature of the system was controlled to 5°C.
        (5) centrifugal washing, obtaining crude artemether 704.5kg, drying to obtain artemether fine product 608.6kg, β-artemether purity 99.83%, α-artemether impurity 0.12%, and other single impurities less than 0.1%, The content is 99.8%, the mass yield is 96.1%, and the molar yield is 91.42%.
        Example 2
        This embodiment includes the following steps:
        (1) at room temperature, 2400L of methanol was pumped into the 3000L reactor 1, and then 800kg of dihydroartemisinin was added by the solid feed pump, and the circulation was uniformly dispersed;
        (2) add etherifying agent dimethyl phosphate and acid catalyst boron trifluoride ether through the three-way automatic feeding mixing reactor again, the volume ratio is 500:105:3.5, the mixing reactor control temperature is 3 ℃, and the control feeding flow rate is 3L/min;
        (3) in the continuous flow pipeline, enter the second mixer and add 3% sodium bicarbonate solution to neutralize, and the speed of addition is 1.8L/min, through the fine filter;
        (4) Directly enter the 2000L crystallization reaction kettles 11 and 12 with 300L of water added in advance and the temperature kept at 10°C. At the same time, purified water was added to the reaction kettle at 9 L/min, and the crystallization was continued for 2.5 hours; the jacket of the crystallization kettle was fed with -10 °C chilled water for 30 minutes, and the temperature of the system was controlled to 10 °C
        (5) centrifugal washing, obtain crude artemether 939.3kg, oven dry to obtain artemether fine product 809.7kg, β-artemether purity 99.81%, α-artemether impurity 0.11%, other single impurities are less than 0.1%, The content is 99.8%, the mass yield is 96.2%, and the molar yield is 91.6%.
        Example 3
        This embodiment includes the following steps:
        (1) 2400L of methanol was pumped into the 3000L reactor F1 at room temperature, and then 400kg of dihydroartemisinin was added through the solid feed pump, and the circulation was uniformly dispersed;
        (2) Add etherification agent dimethyl phosphate and acid catalyst trimethylchlorosilane through the three-way automatic feeding mixing reactor, the volume ratio is 500:95:2.5, the mixing reactor is controlled at a temperature of 8 °C, and the feeding liquid is controlled to be added. The flow rate is 7L/min, and the reaction time is;
        (3) in the continuous flow pipeline, enter the second mixer and add 8% sodium bicarbonate solution for neutralization, and the rate of addition is 0.6L/min, passing through the fine filter;
        (4) Directly enter into the 2000L crystallization reactor J2 with 300L water added in advance and keeping the temperature at 10°C. At the same time, purified water was added to the reaction kettle at 15 L/min, and the crystallization was continued for 1 hour; the jacket of the crystallization kettle was fed with -10 °C chilled water for 30 minutes, and the temperature of the system was controlled to 0 °C
        (5) centrifugal washing, obtain crude artemether 939.3kg, oven dry to obtain artemether fine product 809.7kg, β-artemether purity 99.81%, α-artemether impurity 0.11%, other single impurities are less than 0.1%, The content is 99.8%, the mass yield is 95.5%, and the molar yield is 90.9%.
        Comparative Example 1
        The difference between this embodiment and Example 1 is that hydrochloric acid is used instead of the acidic catalyst. Finally, 633.6kg of crude artemether was obtained, and 550.3kg of fine artemether was obtained by drying. The purity of β-artemether was 94.20%, and the impurities of α-artemether were 3.66%. %, and the molar yield was 80.6%.
        Comparative Example 2
        The difference between this embodiment and Example 1 is that the step of adding water in advance in the crystallization kettle is removed. Finally, 645.1kg of crude artemether was obtained, and 562.2kg of fine artemether was obtained by drying. The purity of β-artemether was 99.68%, the impurity of α-artemether was 0.22%, and the average of single and impurity was less than 0.1%. The mass yield was 88.7%. %, and the molar yield was 84.4%.
        In Comparative Example 2, the step of adding water in advance in the crystallization was removed, the purity of β-artemether was 99.68%, and the yield was 88.7%. The yield dropped by 7.6%.
        The above detailed description is a specific description of one of the feasible embodiments of the present invention, and this embodiment is not intended to limit the patent scope of the present invention. Any equivalent implementation or modification that does not depart from the present invention shall be included in the present invention. within the scope of the technical solution.

SYN1

Synthetic Reference

Continuous synthesis of artemisinin-derived medicines; Gilmore, Kerry; Kopetzki, Daniel; Lee, Ju Weon; Horvath, Zoltan; McQuade, D. Tyler; Seidel-Morgenstern, Andreas; Seeberger, Peter H. Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom); Volume 50; Issue 84; Pages 12652-12655; Journal; 2014

SYN2

Synthetic Reference

An Improved Manufacturing Process for the Antimalaria Drug Coartem. Part I; Boehm, Matthias; Fuenfschilling, Peter C.; Krieger, Matthias; Kuesters, Ernst; Struber, Fritz; Organic Process Research & Development; Volume 11; Issue 3; Pages 336-340; Journal; 2007

SYN3

Synthetic Reference

Some transition metal complexes bearing artemisinin derivatives and (N-N-O) tridentate chromium (III) complexes ligated by 2-benzolmidazo-yl-6-acetyl-pyridines for catalytic behaviour towards ethylene; Obaleye, Joshua Ayoola; Amolegbe, Saliu Alao; Adewuyi, Sheriff; Sun, Wenhua; Oshodi, Margaret Damilola; Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Volume 4; Issue 12; Pages 23-32; Journal; 2010

SYN4

Synthetic Reference

Method and apparatus for the synthesis of dihydroartemisinin and artemisinin derivatives; Kopetzki, Daniel; McQuade, David Tyler; Seeberger, Peter H.; Gilmore, Kerry; Assignee Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Wissenschaften e.V., Germany; 2015; Patent Information; Jan 21, 2015; EP 2826779 A1

PAPER

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2014/ra/c4ra05531d

An efficient one pot green synthesis of β-artemether/arteether from artemisinin has been developed using a sodium borohydride-cellulose sulfuric acid (CellSA) catalyst system. The green methodology is high yielding and the catalyst has good recyclability.

image file: c4ra05531d-f1.tif
 Fig. 2 Conventional approaches for synthesis of artemether from artemisinin.
 Scheme 1 One-pot conversion of β-artemisinin to artemether.

Experimental section

Representative procedure for catalyst preparation

Preparation of cellulose sulfuric acid.To a magnetically stirred mixture of 5.00 g of cellulose (DEAE for column chromatography, Merck) in 20 ml of n-hexane, 1.0 g of chlorosulfonic acid (9 mmol) was added dropwise at 0 °C over 2 h. HCl gas was removed from the reaction vessel immediately. After the addition was complete, the mixture was stirred for 2 h. Then, the mixture was filtered, washed with 30 ml of acetonitrile, and dried at room temperature to obtain 5.47 g cellulose sulfuric acid as a white powder.17

General procedure for the arteether from artemisinin in one-pot

To a solution of artemisinin (200 mg, 0.71 mmol) in ethanol (15 ml) and trimethyl orthoacetate (0.5 ml) was added NaBH4 (67 mg, 1.77 mmol, 2.5 equ.) and cellulose sulfuric acid (0.015 g). Reaction mixture was carried out at −5 to 0 °C for 60 min, and then stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. Then we added a solution of sodium bicarbonate to quenched the reaction. The slurry was stirred in an below 20 °C for 1 h and allowed to settle for 30 min. Solid crude arteether was collected by filtration, and the cake was washed with of ethanol. The reaction mass was heated to 40 ± 5 °C in water. The reaction mass was seeded with pure β-arteether. Then it was filtered, washed with chilled 50% solution of ethanol in water and dried.

General procedure for the artemether from artemisinin in one-pot

Artemisinin (200 mg, 0.71 mmol) in methanol (15 ml) and trimethylorthoformate (0.5 ml), cellulose sulfuric acid (0.015 g), was carried out at −5 to 0 °C for 60 min, and then stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and HPLC to check completion of the reaction. The cellulose sulfuric acid was removed by filtration, the filtrate was concentrated. Then we added a solution of sodium bicarbonate to terminate the reaction. Then, follow above recrystallization method.

Preparation of cellulose sulfuric acid. To a magnetically stirred mixture of 5.00 g of cellulose (DEAE for column chromatography, Merck) in 20 ml of n-hexane, 1.0 g of chlorosulfonic acid (9 mmol) was added dropwise at 0 0 C over 2 h. HCl gas was removed from the reaction vessel immediately. After the addition was complete, the mixture was stirred for 2 h. Then, the mixture was filtered, washed with 30 ml of acetonitrile, and dried at room temperature to obtain 5.47 g cellulose sulfuric acid as a white powder. K General procedure for the arteether from artemisinin in one-pot. To a solution of artemisinin (200 mg, 0.71 mmol) in ethanol (15 mL) and trimethyl orthoacetate (0.5 mL) was added NaBH4 (67 mg, 1.77 mmol, 2.5 equ.) and cellulose sulfuric acid (0.015 g). Reaction mixture was was carried out at -5 to 0°C for 60 min, and then stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. Then we added a solution of sodium bicarbonate to quenched the reaction. The slurry was stirred in an below 20 0 C for 1 h and allowed to settle for 30 min. Solid crude arteether was collected by filtration, and the cake was washed with of ethanol. The reaction mass was heated to 40± 5 0 C in water. The reaction mass was seeded with pure β–arteether. Then it was filtered, washed with chilled 50% solution of ethanol in water and dried. General procedure for the artemether from artemisinin in one-pot. Artemisinin (200 mg, 0.71 mmol) in methanol (15 ml) and trimethylorthoformate (0.5 ml), cellulose sulfuric acid (0.015 g), was carried out at -5 to 0°C for 60 min, and then stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and HPLC to check completion of the reaction. The cellulose sulfuric acid was removed by filtration, the filtrate was concentrated. Then we added a solution of sodium bicarbonate to terminate the reaction. Then, follow above recrystallization method.

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/US6683193B2/en

Approximately, out of the 4 billion people suffering from malaria, 1-3 million, mostly children die every year worldwide. The rapidly spreading multidrug resistant parasite to standard quinoline based antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine and mefloquine based antimalarial complicate chemotherapy treatment of malaria patients.

Artemether is a methyl ether derivative of dihydroartemisinin. Dihydroartemisinin is derived from arternisinin, a novel sesquiterpene endoperoxide isolated from the plant Artemisia annua. Artemisinin and its derivative artemether, arteether, artelinate and artesunate a novel class of antimalarials derived from Artemisia annua are now proving their promising activity and being used for the treatment; of uncomplicated severe complicated/cerebral and multi drug resistant malaria.

Artemether, developed in France and China has undergone extensive preclinical, animal, toxicological studies as well as clinical studies. Artemether is more potential as compared to artemisinin and an antimalarial drug especially for treating multi drug resistant and complicated strains of Plasmodium falciparum.

Artemether shows rapid shizonticidal action with quicker parasite clearance rate, short half life less side effect and low recrudence rate. Brossi, et al (Brossi, A; Venugopalan, B, Domingueg, G L; Yeh, H. J. C; Flippend-Anderson, J. L.; Buchs, P; Luo, X. D.; Milhous,W and peters, W; J. Med. Chem. 31, 646-649, 1988) reported the preparation of arteether, the ethyl ether derivative of dihydroartemisinin in two steps: First artemisinin was reduced with an excess of sodium borohydride in methanol at 0 to −5 degree C. in 3 hours to dihydroartemisinin in 79% yield. In the second step arteether is prepared by dissolving the dihydroartemisinin in the solvent mixture of benzene and ethanol at 45 degree C. followed by addition of BFetherate and refluxing the reaction mixture at 70 degree C. for one hour. After completion of the reaction it was worked up, dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate with removal of the solvent dichloromethane. The reaction yielded arteether along with some impurities. Column chromatography of the reaction mixture over silica gel, 1:20 ratio yielded pure alpha and beta arteether in nearly qualitative yield.

EL-Feraly etal. (E L Feraly, F. S; Al-Yahya M A; Orabi, K. Y; Mc-Phail D R and Me Phail A. T. J.Nat.Prod. 55, 878-883 1992) reported the preparation of arteether by a process in which anhydrodihydroartemisinin, prepared from artemisinin was dissolved in absolute alcohol. The reaction mixture was stirred in the presence of p-toluene sulphonic acid used as a catalyst. On workup it yielded a mixture of beta arteether and C-11 epimer in the ratio of 3:1. In this process only beta arteether, is obtained and separation of C-11 epimer is difficult and preparation of anhydrodihydroartemisinin is a tedious process. The reaction took 22 hours to complete. The lewis acid catalyst used in this reaction is required in large amount (60 mg. acid catalyst by 100 mg. anhydrodihydroartemisinin).

In another method Bhakuni etal (Bhakuni, R. S.; Jain D. C and Sharma R. P. Indian. J. Chemistry, 34B, 529-30, 1995) arteether, artemether and other ether derivatives were prepared from dihydroartemisinin in different alcohol and benzene in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane catalyst in 2-4 hours at room temperature. After workup of the reaction mixture and removal of the solvent, the impure reaction products were purified over silica gel column to obtained the pure mixture of alpha, beta ethers.

Another method is reported by Lin et al. (Lin, A. J. and Miller, R. E, J.Med Chero. 38,764-770, 1995) In this method the new ether derivatives were prepared by dissolving dihydroarternisinin in anhydrous ether and appropriate alcohol followed by BF3-etherate. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The yield of the purified products ranged from 40-90%. Purification was achieved by the use of silica gel chromatography.

Another method described by Jain et al (Jain D. C, Bhakuni R. S, Saxena S, kumar, S and Vishwakarma, R. A.) the preparation of arteether from artemisinin comprises: Reduction of artemisinin into dihydroartemisinin. Isolation of dihydroartemisinin. Acylation of dihydroartemisinin by dissolving it in alcohol and adding trialkylorthoformate in the reaction mixture, which produce ethers in quantitative yield in 10 hours at 40 degree C.

The above mentioned methods carry some disadvantages being less cost effective and more time consuming as compared to the present invention. Moreover, benzene, a carcinogenic solvent, used in the previous methods is not acceptable according to the health standard. Further, all the above methods require at least two separate steps to convert artemisinin into ethers i.e. reduction of the artemisinin into dihydroartemisinin in the first pot followed by isolation of dihydroartemisinin and then comes the second step of conversion of dihydroartemisinin into different ethers in the second pot. However, the present invention provide an efficient method for conversion of artemisinin into artemether

EXAMPLE 1

Artemisinin (3 g.) was dissolved in dry methanol (40 ml) at room temperature. It was cooled to −5 degree C. Now sodium borohydride (700 mg) was added slowly for 30 minutes and the reaction mixture was stirred for about 1.5 hours. The reaction was monitored by TLC to check completion of the reduction step. Now cation exchange resin (8 g) was added slowly at cooling temperature and the reaction mixture was further stirred at room temperature for about 2 hours. Cooled water was added to the reaction mixture and the resin was filtered.

The filtrate was neutralized with 5% sodium bicarbonate solution followed by extracting with dichloromethane (3×50 ml). The dichloromethane extract was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and evaporation of the solvent yielded 3.21 g, of artemether along with some impurities. The impure artemether was purified over silica gel column (1:5 ratio) in hexane:ethyl acetate (96:4) furnished pure alpha and beta artemether 2.43 g (81% w/w). Small portion of artemether was separated by prep TLC into alpha and beta isomers and characterized by the analysis of their IR, Mass and 1H NMR data.

EXAMPLE 2

The experiment was carried out following example 1 except in place of solid acid catalyst in the second reaction. Liquid acid catalyst chlorotrimethylsilane was added at cooling temperature for methylation reaction. The overall yield of pure alpha, beta artemether after column chromatography was 2.46 gm (82% w/w).

EXAMPLE 3

Artemisinin (100 g.) was dissolved in dry methanol (3 ml). Added sodium borohydride (30 mg.) at −5° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours. After completion of the reaction, trifluroacetic acid (0.5 ml) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 hours. The methylation was incompleted and after workup the artemether was purified by prep TLC to yield 46 mg (46%) pure alpha, beta artemether.

EXAMPLE 4

The experiment was carried following example 1 except before column chromatography, the beta isomer (40%) was recrystallized in hexane from impure artemether and remaining mother liquor was purified over silica gel column in 1:5 ratio to yield alpha and beta artemether in 80% w/w.

PAPER

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0920586114003307

The earlier developed flow protocol for stoichiometric reduction of an important biologically derived pharmaceutical precursor, artemisinin, to dihydroartemisinin was extended to a sequential reaction to produce one of the final APIs, artemether. A highly active heterogeneous catalyst was found for the etherification reaction. The use of QuadraSil catalyst allows to eliminate one step of reaction workup. A comparative Life Cycle Assessment of both reactions has shown advantages of the flow process over the optimized literature batch protocols. Results of LCA highlight the significance of solvents in pharmaceuticals manufacture and the advantage of flow technology, enabling small solvent inventories to be used.

Graphical abstract

PAPER

http://chem.vander-lingen.nl/articles/Target:_Artemether/id/126/itemid/663

Artemether Stringham Taeger 2012

In a previous episode chemical company Sanofi was granted exclusive access to certain yeast cells that produce a precursor to anti-malarial drug artemisinin. One of the charities making this all possible is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Another charity that has apparently entered into the drug business is the Clinton Health Access Initiative. Bill together with Rodger Stringham and David Teager report on an improved process for the conversion of artemisinin to artemether in Organic Process Research & Development (DOI).
Does the Clinton Health Access Initiative have a pilot-plant facility or even an organic lab? Unless it is all cramped in suite 400 on Dorchester Avenue in Boston, the article is not very explicit. The acknowledgements mention Mangalam Drugs and Organics.
Case at hand: artemether has the carbonyl group replaced by a methoxy group in a two-step reduction – methylation. So far so good. The point is that principal supplier Novartis reports up to 68% overall yields but that many Indian and Chinese suppliers working with the procedure generously supplied by same Novartis, report considerably lower figures (58-62%). But Why? And how can the process be improved?
Any organic chemist knows reported yields in the literature should be considered with caution. Chemists tend to be over-optimistic / self-delusionional but this scenario was not considered. No bottlenecks were encountered in step 1, the reduction with sodium borohydride. Only the beta form was isolated due to its poor solubility in the quench. Drying the product without heat prevented formation of one byproduct. Moving on to step two, the methylation with HCl in methanol was more troublesome. The byproducts lurking around the corner are the anomer and the elimination product. Co-solvent (co-reagent?) trimethyl orthoformate made all the difference. The critical element in the workup was first adding more methanol before adding the base quench otherwise you end up with a nasty gum. The new record yield for the improved synthesis is 72%.
But what have all these suppliers been doing wrong with the existing Novartis procedure? The answer to that question, remains unclear. The Novartis yield for step two with co-solvent methylacetate (not the formate) was confirmed so no surprise there.

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Medical uses

Artemether is an antimalarial drug for uncomplicated malaria caused by  P. falciparum (and chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum) or chloroquine-resistant P. vivax parasites.[8] Artemether can also be used to treat severe malaria.[2]

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum with artemisinin-based combination therapy.[9] Given in combination with lumefantrine, it may be followed by a 14-day regimen of primaquine to prevent relapse of P. vivax or P. ovale malarial parasites and provide a complete cure.[10]

Artemether can also be used in treating and preventing trematode infections of schistosomiasis when used in combination with praziquantel.[11]

Artemether is rated category C by the FDA based on animal studies where artemisinin derivatives have shown an association with fetal loss and deformity. Some studies, however, do not show evidence of harm.[12][13]

Side effects

Possible side effects include cardiac effects such as bradycardia and QT interval prolongation.[14] Also, possible central nervous system toxicity has been shown in animal studies.[15][16]

Drug interactions

Plasma artemether level was found to be lower when the combination product was used with lopinavir/ritonavir.[16] There is also decreased drug exposure associated with concurrent use with efavirenz or nevirapine.[17][18]

Artemether/lumefantrine should not be used with drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.[19]

Hormonal contraceptives may not be as efficacious when used with artemether/lumefantrine.[19]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Artemether is an artemisinin derivative and the mechanism of action for artemisinins is.[medical citation needed]

Artemether interact with ferriprotoporphyrin IX (heme) or ferrous ions in the acidic parasite food vacuole, and generates cytotoxic radical species

The accepted mode of action of the peroxide containing drug involve its interaction with heme (byproduct of hemoglobin degradation), derived from proteolysis of haemoglobin. This interaction results in the formation of toxic oxygen and carbon centered radicals.

One of the proposed mechanisms is that through inhibiting anti-oxidant and metabolic enzymes, artemisinin derivatives inflict oxidative and metabolic stress on the cell. Some pathways affected may concern glutathione and glucose metabolism. As a consequence, lesions and reduced growth of the parasite may result.[20]

Another possible mechanism of action suggests that arteristinin drugs exert their cidal action through inhibiting PfATP6. Since PfATP6 is an enzyme regulating cellular calcium concentration, its malfunctioning will lead to intracellular calcium accumulation, which in turns causes cell death.[21]

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption of artemether is improved 2- to 3-fold with food. It is highly bound to protein (95.4%). Peak concentrations of artemether are seen 2 hours after administration.[4]

Artemether is metabolized in the human body to the active metabolite, dihydroartemisinin, primarily by hepatic enzymes CYP3A4/5.[4] Both the parent drug and active metabolite are eliminated with a half-life of about 2 hours.[4]

Chemistry

Artemether is a methyl ether derivative of artemisinin, which is a peroxide-containing lactone isolated from the antimalarial plant Artemisia annua. It is also known as dihydroartemisinin methyl ether, but its correct chemical nomenclature is (+)-(3-alpha,5a-beta,6-beta,8a-beta, 9-alpha,12-beta,12aR)-decahydro-10-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12H-pyrano(4,3-j)-1,2-benzodioxepin. It is a relatively lipophilic and unstable drug,[22] which acts by creating reactive free radicals in addition to affecting the membrane transport system of the plasmodium organism.[14]

References

  1. ^ “Artemether – Drugs.com”http://www.drugs.comArchived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
  2. Jump up to:a b c d e f Esu, Ekpereonne B.; Effa, Emmanuel E.; Opie, Oko N.; Meremikwu, Martin M. (18 June 2019). “Artemether for severe malaria”The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews6: CD010678. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010678.pub3ISSN 1469-493XPMC 6580442PMID 31210357.
  3. ^ “Artemether and Lumefantrine”. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  4. Jump up to:a b c d “Coartem- artemether and lumefantrine tablet”DailyMed. 5 August 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  5. Jump up to:a b c d e Kovacs, SD; Rijken, MJ; Stergachis, A (February 2015). “Treating severe malaria in pregnancy: a review of the evidence”Drug Safety38 (2): 165–81. doi:10.1007/s40264-014-0261-9PMC 4328128PMID 25556421.
  6. ^ Rao, Yi; Zhang, Daqing; Li, Runhong (2016). Tu Youyou and the Discovery of Artemisinin: 2015 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine. World Scientific. p. 162. ISBN 9789813109919Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
  7. ^ World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  8. ^ Makanga, Michael; Krudsood, Srivicha (2009-10-12). “The clinical efficacy of artemether/lumefantrine (Coartem)”Malaria Journal8 (Suppl 1): S5. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-8-S1-S5ISSN 1475-2875PMC 2760240PMID 19818172.
  9. ^ Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. World Health Organization. 2015-01-01. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
  10. ^ Treatment Of Uncomplicated Malaria Caused By P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae or P. knowlesi. World Health Organization. 2015-01-01. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
  11. ^ Pérez del Villar, Luis; Burguillo, Francisco J.; López-Abán, Julio; Muro, Antonio (2012-01-01). “Systematic review and meta-analysis of artemisinin based therapies for the treatment and prevention of schistosomiasis”PLOS ONE7 (9): e45867. Bibcode:2012PLoSO…745867Pdoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045867ISSN 1932-6203PMC 3448694PMID 23029285.
  12. ^ Dellicour S, Hall S, Chandramohan D, Greenwood B (2007). “The safety of artemisinins during pregnancy: a pressing question”Malaria Journal6: 15. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-6-15PMC 1802871PMID 17300719.
  13. ^ Piola P, Nabasumba C, Turyakira E, et al. (2010). “Efficacy and safety of artemether—lumefantrine compared with quinine in pregnant women with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: an open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial”. Lancet Infect Dis10 (11): 762–769. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70202-4hdl:10144/116337PMID 20932805.
  14. Jump up to:a b “Artemether”http://www.antimicrobe.orgArchived from the original on 2017-02-23. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
  15. ^ “WHO Model Prescribing Information: Drugs Used in Parasitic Diseases – Second Edition: Protozoa: Malaria: Artemether”apps.who.int. Archived from the original on 2016-11-10. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
  16. Jump up to:a b Askling, Helena H.; Bruneel, Fabrice; Burchard, Gerd; Castelli, Francesco; Chiodini, Peter L.; Grobusch, Martin P.; Lopez-Vélez, Rogelio; Paul, Margaret; Petersen, Eskild (2012-01-01). “Management of imported malaria in Europe”Malaria Journal11: 328. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-11-328ISSN 1475-2875PMC 3489857PMID 22985344.
  17. ^ van Geertruyden, J.-P. (2014). “Interactions between malaria and human immunodeficiency virus anno 2014”Clinical Microbiology and Infection20 (4): 278–285. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12597PMC 4368411PMID 24528518.
  18. ^ Kiang, Tony K. L.; Wilby, Kyle J.; Ensom, Mary H. H. (2013-10-26). “Clinical Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions Associated with Artemisinin Derivatives and HIV-Antivirals”. Clinical Pharmacokinetics53 (2): 141–153. doi:10.1007/s40262-013-0110-5ISSN 0312-5963PMID 24158666S2CID 1281113.
  19. Jump up to:a b Stover, Kayla R.; King, S. Travis; Robinson, Jessica (2012-04-01). “Artemether-Lumefantrine: An Option for Malaria”. Annals of Pharmacotherapy46 (4): 567–577. doi:10.1345/aph.1Q539ISSN 1060-0280PMID 22496476S2CID 7678606.
  20. ^ Saeed, ME; Krishna, S; Greten, HJ; Kremsner, PG; Efferth, T (August 2016). “Antischistosomal activity of artemisinin derivatives in vivo and in patients”. Pharmacological Research110: 216–26. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.017PMID 26902577.
  21. ^ Guo, Zongru (2016-03-01). “Artemisinin anti-malarial drugs in China”Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B6 (2): 115–124. doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2016.01.008PMC 4788711PMID 27006895.
  22. ^ De Spiegeleer, B.M.J.; D’Hondt, M.; Vangheluwe, E.; Vandercruyssen, K.; De Spiegeleer, B.G.I.; Jansen, H.; Koijen, I.; Van Gompel, J. (2012). “Relative response factor determination of artemether degradants with a dry heat stress approach”Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis70: 111–116. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2012.06.002hdl:1854/LU-2938963PMID 22770733.
Clinical data
Trade namesMany[1]
AHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug Names
Routes of
administration
Intramuscular[2]
ATC codeP01BE02 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal statusUK: POM (Prescription only)
Identifiers
showIUPAC name
CAS Number71963-77-4 
PubChem CID68911
DrugBankDB06697 
ChemSpider62138 
UNIIC7D6T3H22J
KEGGD02483 
ChEBICHEBI:195280 
ChEMBLChEMBL1237051 
PDB ligandD8Z (PDBeRCSB PDB)
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID7040651 
ECHA InfoCard100.189.847 
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC16H26O5
Molar mass298.379 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)Interactive image
Melting point86 to 88 °C (187 to 190 °F)
showSMILES
showInChI
  (what is this?)  (verify)

///////////ARTEMETHER, ANTIMALARIAL, SM 224, SM-224

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