Deflazacort

• CAS 14484-47-0

• Molecular Formula C₂₅H₃₁NO₆
• Average mass 441.517 Da

Deflazacort (trade name Emflaza or Calcort among others) is a glucocorticoid used as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant.

In 2013, orphan drug designation in the U.S. was assigned to the compound for the treatment of Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy. In 2015, additional orphan drug designation in the U.S. was assigned for the treatment of pediatric juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) excluding systemic JIA.

Also in 2015, deflazacort was granted fast track and rare pediatric disease designations in the U.S. for the treatment of Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy.

• Aventis Pharma (Originator), Lepetit (Originator), Guidotti (Licensee), Shire Laboratories (Licensee)

Medical uses

The manufacturer lists the following uses for deflazacort:^[1]

In the United States, deflazacort is only FDA-approved for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in people over the age of 5.

Adverse effects

Deflazacort carries the risks common to all corticosteroids, including immune suppression, decreased bone density, and endocrine insufficiency. In clinical trials, the most common side effects (>10% above placebo) were Cushing’s-like appearance, weight gain, and increased appetite.^[2]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Deflazacort is an inactive prodrug which is metabolized rapidly to the active drug 21-desacetyldeflazacort.^[3]

Relative potency

Deflazacort’s potency is around 70–90% that of prednisone.^[4] A 2017 review found its activity of 7.5 mg of deflazacort is approximately equivalent to 25 mg cortisone, 20 mg hydrocortisone, 5 mg of prednisolone or prednisone, 4 mg of methylprednisolone or triamcinolone, or 0.75 mg of betamethasone or dexamethasone. The review noted that the drug has a high therapeutic index, being used at initial oral doses ranging from 6 to 90 mg, and probably requires a 50% higher dose to induce the same demineralizing effect as prednisolone. Thus it has “a smaller impact on calcium metabolism than any other synthetic corticosteroid, and therefore shows a lower risk of growth rate retardation in children and of osteoporosis” in the elderly, and comparatively small effects on carbohydrate metabolism, sodium retention, and hypokalemia.^[5]

History

In January 2015, the FDA granted fast track status to Marathon Pharmaceuticals to pursue approval of deflazacort as a potential treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a rare, “progressive and fatal disease” that affects boys.^[6] Although deflazacort was approved by the FDA for use in treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy on February 9, 2017,^[7][8] Marathon CEO announced on February 13, 2017 that the launch of deflazacort (Emflaza) would be delayed amidst controversy over the steep price Marathon was asking for the drug – $89,000-a-year. In Canada the same drug can be purchased for around $1 per tablet.^[9] Marathon has said that Emflaza is estimated to cost $89,000/year which is “roughly 70 times” more than it would cost overseas.^[10] Deflazacort is sold in the United Kingdom under the trade name Calcort;^[4] in Brazil as Cortax, Decortil, and Deflanil; in India as Moaid, Zenflav, Defolet, DFZ, Decotaz, and DefZot; in Bangladesh as Xalcort; in Panama as Zamen; Spain as Zamene; and in Honduras as Flezacor.^[11]

SYNTHESIS

Worlddrugtracker drew this

1 Protection of the keto groups in pregna-1,4-diene derivative  with NH2NHCOOMe using HCOOH, yields the corresponding methyl ester.

2 Cleavage of epoxide  with NH3 in DMAc/DMF gives amino-alcohol,

3 which on esterification with acetic anhydride in the presence of AcOH furnishes acetate.

4 Cyclization of amine using NaOH, Na2CO3 or K2CO3 produces oxazoline derivative ,

5 which is finally deprotected with HCl to afford Deflazacort 

SYNTHESIS FROM CHEMDRUG

The cyclization of 17alpha-azido-3beta,16alpha-acetoxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione (I) by hydrogenation with H2 over Pt in methanol, followed by a treatment with 10% HCl gives 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione-[17alpha,16alpha-d]-2′-methyloxazoline (II), which is converted into the semicarbazone (III) by treatment with semicarbazide hydrochloride (A) and pyridine in refluxing methanol. The reduction of one ketonic group of (III) with NaBH4 in refluxing ethanol yields the dihydroxy-semicarbazone (IV), which is hydrolyzed with 10% HCl in refluxing methanol to afford the ketodiol (V). The oxidation of (V) with cyclohexanone and aluminum isopropoxide in refluxing toluene gives 11beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione-[17alpha,16alpha-d]-2′-methyloxazoline (VI). The dehydrogenation of (VI) by treatment with Br2 in dioxane-acetic acid, followed by treatment with Li2CO3 in DMF at 140 C yields the corresponding 1,4-diene derivative (VII). Finally, the reaction of (VII) with I2 by means of azobisisobutyronitrile in CH2Cl2 affords the corresponding 21-iodo compound, which is then acetylated with triethylammonium acetate in refluxing acetone.

The monoacetylation of (V) with acetic anhydride and pyridine at 100 C gives the 3-acetoxy-11-hydroxy compound (IX), which is dehydrated by treatment with methanesulfonyl chloride and then with sodium acetate yielding 3beta-acetoxy-5alpha-pregn-9(11)-ene-20-one-[17alpha,16alpha-d]-2′-methyloxazoline (X). The hydrolysis of (X) with KOH in refluxing methanol affords the corresponding hydroxy compound (XI), which is acetoxylated by treatment with I2 and AZBN as before giving the iodo derivative (XII), and then with triethylammonium acetate also as before, yielding 3beta-hydroxy-21-acetoxy-5alpha-pregn-9(11)-ene-20-one-[17alpha,16alpha-d]-2′-methyloxazoline (XIII). The oxidation of (XIII) with CrO3 in acetone yields the 3,20-diketone (XIV), which by treatment with Br2 and Li2CO3 as before is dehydrogenated affording the 1,4,9(11)-pregnatriene (XV). Finally, the reaction of (XV) with N-bromoacetamide in THF yields 9alpha-bromo-11beta-hydroxy-21-acetoxy-5alpha-pregna-1,4-dieno-3,20-dione-[17alpha,16alpha-d]-2′-methyloxazoline (XVI), which is then debrominated by reaction with chromous acetate and butanethiol in DMSO.

PAPER

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (1967), 10(5), 799-802

Steroids Possessing Nitrogen Atoms. III. Synthesis of New Highly Active Corticoids. [17α,16α,-d]Oxazolino Steroids

PATENT

CN 105622713

PATENT CN 106008660

MACHINE TRANSLATED FROM CHINESE may seem funny

Description of the drawings

[0007] Figure 1 is a map of the traditional method of the combination process;

Figure 2 is a two-step method of the present invention.

detailed description

[0008] In order to more easily illustrate the gist and spirit of the present invention, the following examples illustrate:

Example 1

A: Preparation of hydroxylamine

In a 100 ml three-necked flask, 20 g of 16 (17) a-epoxy prednisolone, 30 ml of DMF, 300 ml of chloroform was added and incubated at 30-35 ° C with 8 g of ammonia gas at 1-2 atmospheres Reaction 16 ~ 20 hours, TLC detection reaction end point, after the reaction, the vacuum exhaust ammonia gas, add 3x100ml saturated brine washing 3 times, plus 10ml pure water washing times, then, under reduced pressure to chloroform to dry, add 200ml Ethyl acetate, Ig activated carbon, stirring reflux 60-90 minutes, cooling to 50-55 degrees, hot filter, l-2ml ethyl acetate washing carbon, combined filtrate and lotion, and then below 500C concentrated under pressure 95 % Of ethyl acetate, the system cooled to -5-0 ° C, stirring crystallization 2 ~ 3 hours, filter, 0.5-lml ethyl acetate washing, lotion and filtrate combined sets of approved; filter cake below 70 ° C Drying, get hydroxylamine 18.2g, HPLC content of 99.2%, weight loss of 91%.

[0009] B: Preparation of terracavir

Add 10 g of hydroxylamine, 150 ml of glacial acetic acid and 150 ml of acetic anhydride in a 100 ml three-necked flask. Add 5 g of concentrated sulfuric acid under stirring at room temperature. The reaction was carried out at 30-35 ° C for 12-16 hours. TLC confirmed the end of the reaction. Add 500ml of pure water, and adjust the pH of 7.5.5 with liquid alkali, cool to 10 ~ 15 ° C, stirring crystallization 2-3 hours, filtration, washing to neutral, combined filtrate and lotion, pretreated into Waste water treatment tank, filter cake below 70 V drying, Texaco can be special crude 112.5g, HPLC content of 98.2%, the yield of 112.5% ο the above terracotta crude dissolved in 800ml of alcohol, add 5g activated carbon, Decolorization 1-1.5 hours, hot filter, 10ml alcohol detergent cake, lotion and filtrate combined, atmospheric pressure recovery of about 90% of the alcohol, and then cooled to -5-0 ° C, frozen crystal 2-3 hours, Filtration, filter cake with 4-5ml alcohol washing, 70 ° C below drying, digoxin special product 89.2g, melting point 255.5-256.0 degrees, HPLC content of 99.7%, yield 89.2%. The mother liquor is recycled with solvent and crude.

[0010] Example II

A: Preparation of hydroxylamine

In a 100 ml three-necked flask, 20 g of 16 (17) a-epoxy prednisolone, 120 ml of toluene was added and incubated at 30-35 ° C with 8 g of ammonia and 16 to 20 at atmospheric pressure The reaction was carried out in the presence of 3 x 50 ml of saturated brine and 50 ml of pure water was added. Then, the toluene was dried under reduced pressure to dryness, and 200 ml of ethyl acetate, Ig activated carbon was added, and the mixture was stirred. Reflux 60-90 minutes, cool to 50-55 ° C, hot filter, l2ml ethyl acetate wash carbon, combined filtrate and lotion, and then below 500C under reduced pressure 95% ethyl acetate, the system cooling To 5-0C, stirring crystallization 2 ~ 3 hours, filter, 0.5-lml ethyl acetate washing, lotion and filtrate combined sets of the next batch; filter cake 70 ° C below drying, hydroxylamine 18.0g, HPLC content 99.1%, 90% by weight.

[0011] B: Preparation of terracavir

Add 10 g of hydroxylamine, 500 ml of chloroform and 150 ml of acetic anhydride in a 100 ml three-necked flask, add 5 g of p-toluenesulfonic acid under stirring at room temperature, and incubate at 30-35 ° C for 12-16 hours. TLC confirms the reaction end, After the addition of 500ml of pure water, and with the liquid alkali pH 7.55, down to 10 ~ 15 ° C, stirring 0.5_1 hours, separate the water layer, washed to neutral, combined with water and lotion, pretreated into Waste water treatment tank, organic layer under reduced pressure concentrated chloroform to near dry, adding 200ml hexane, reflux 0.5-1 hours, slowly cooling to -5 ~ O0C, stirring crystallization 2-3 hours, filter, filter cake with 4-5ml Alcohol washing, the filtrate and lotion combined apply to the next batch, the filter cake below 70 ° C drying, Texaco can crude 110.5g, HPLC content of 98.4%, the yield of 110.5%. The above-mentioned diltiazem crude product dissolved in 800ml alcohol, add 5g activated carbon, temperature reflux bleaching 1-1.5 hours, hot filter, 10ml alcohol washing cake, lotion and filtrate combined, atmospheric pressure recovery of about 90% of the alcohol And then cooled to -500C, frozen crystallization for 2-3 hours, filtration, filter cake with 4-5ml alcohol washing, 70 ° C the following drying, digester can special products 88.6g, melting point 255.0-256.0 degrees, HPLC content of 99.5%, the yield of 88.6%. The mother liquor is recycled with solvent and crude.

[0012] Example 3

A: Preparation of hydroxylamine

Add 20 g of 16 (17) a-epoxy prednisolone to 120 ml of ethanol in a 100 ml three-necked flask and incubate at 30-35 ° C with stirring to give Sg ammonia at 16 to 20 hours , TLC test reaction end point, after the reaction, vacuum exhaust ammonia gas, concentrated ethanol to the near dry, cooling, adding 300ml chloroform, stirring dissolved residue, and then add 3x100ml saturated brine washing, plus 10ml pure water washing, washing And then concentrated to reduce the chloroform to dry, add 200ml of ethyl acetate, Ig activated carbon, stirring reflux 60-90 minutes, cooling to 50-55 ° C, hot filter, l2ml ethyl acetate washing carbon, combined filtrate and lotion And then concentrated below 50 ° C to 95% ethyl acetate under reduced pressure. The system was cooled to -5-0 0C, stirred for 2 to 3 hours, filtered, 0.5-l of ethyl acetate, washed and filtrate The filter cake was dried at 70 ° C, 18.6 g of hydroxylamine, 99.5% of HPLC, and 93% by weight.

[0013] B: Preparation of terracavir

In a 100ml three-necked flask, add 10g of hydroxylamine, 500ml toluene, 150ml acetic anhydride, stirring at room temperature by adding 5g concentrated sulfuric acid, insulation at 30-35 degrees stirring reaction 12-16 hours, TLC confirmed the end of the reaction, after the reaction, Add 500ml of pure water, and liquid pH adjustment pH 7.5, cooling to 1 ~ 15 ° C, stirring 0.5-1 hours, the water layer, washed to neutral, combined with water and lotion, pretreated into the wastewater The cells were dried and the organic layer was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. 200 ml of hexane was added and refluxed

0.5-1 hours, slowly cool to -5 ~ O0C, stirring crystallization 2-3 hours, filtration, filter cake with 4-5ml hexane, the filtrate and lotion combined apply to the next batch, filter cake below 70 ° C Drying, digoxin crude 112.5g, HPLC content of 97.4%, the yield of 112,5% ο will be the above terracotta crude dissolved in 800ml of alcohol, add 5g activated carbon, heating reflux bleaching 1-1.5 hours, while Hot filter, 10ml alcohol detergent cake, lotion and filtrate combined, atmospheric pressure recovery of about 90% of the alcohol, and then cooled to -500C, frozen crystallization for 2-3 hours, filter, filter cake with 4-5ml alcohol Washing, 70 ° C below the dry, Diges can special products 86.2g, melting point 255.5-256.0 degrees, HPLC content of 99.8%, the yield of 86.2%. The mother liquor is recycled with solvent and crude.

PATENT

https://www.google.com/patents/CN101418032A?cl=en

Example 1

21- bromo -ll (3- hydroxy – pregna–l, 4- diene -3, 20-dione [170, 16o-d] -2′- methyl-oxazoline (4) Preparation:

A dry fitted with a thermometer, a reflux condenser, magnetically stirred flask was added 250mL three compound (2) (19.17 g; Fw: 383.48; 50 mmol), N- bromosuccinimide (9.79 g; Fw: 178.00; 55 mmol), 150 ml of ether; then ammonium acetate (0.39 g; Fw: 77.08; 0.005 mmol) added to the system. System continues to stir at 20 ° C 0.5 h, the reaction is complete. After completion of the reaction was filtered to remove the white precipitate cake was washed with 50 mL of dichloromethane, and the combined organic Xiangde pale yellow clear liquid, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to give a pale yellow solid 21.27 g, yield: 92%, HPLC content of greater than 95%.

Example 2

21- bromo -lip- hydroxy – pregna–l, 4- diene -3, 20-dione [17 “16o-d] -2′- methyl-oxazoline (4) Preparation:

A dry fitted with a thermometer, a reflux condenser, magnetically stirred flask were added sequentially 250mL three compound (2) (19.17 g; Fw: 383.48; 50 mmol), N- bromosuccinimide (9.79 g; Fw : 178.00; 55 mmol), 150 ml of toluene; then ammonium acetate (0.39 g; Fw: 77.08; 0.005 mmol) added to the system. System continues to stir at 110 ° C 5 h, the reaction is complete. After completion of the reaction was cooled to room temperature, the white precipitate was removed by filtration cake was washed with 50 mL of dichloromethane, and the combined organic Xiangde pale yellow clear liquid, concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent to give a pale yellow solid 19.65 g, yield: 85%, HPLC content greater than 95%.

Example 3

21 Jie bromo -11 – hydroxy – pregna-1,4-diene -3, 20-dione [17a, 16o-d] -2′- methyl-oxazoline (4) Preparation:

A dry fitted with a thermometer, a reflux condenser, magnetically stirred flask were added sequentially 250mL three compound (2) (19.17 g; Fw: 383.48; 50 mmol), 1,3- dibromo-5,5-dimethyl- Hein (35.74 g; Fw: 285.94; 125 mmol), 150 ml of ether; then ammonium acetate (0.39 g; Fw: 77.08; 0.005 mmol) added to the system. System Stirring was continued at reflux for 3 h, the reaction was completed. After completion of the reaction a white precipitate was removed by filtration and the cake was washed with 50 mL of diethyl ether, and the combined organic Xiangde pale yellow clear liquid, concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent to give a pale yellow solid 16.18 g, yield: 70%, HPLC content greater than 92%.

Example 4

21- bromo -11 Jie – hydroxy – pregna-1,4-diene -3, 20- dione [17c, 16o-d] -2′- methyl-oxazoline (4) Preparation:

A dry fitted with a thermometer, a reflux condenser, magnetically stirred flask were added sequentially 250mL three compound (2) (19.17 g; Fw: 383.48; 50 mmol), 1,3- dibromo-5,5-dimethyl- Hein (35.74 g; Fw: 285.94; 125 mmol), 150 ml dichloromethane; followed by ammonium acetate (0.039 g; Fw: 77.08; 0.0005 mmol) added to the system. System Stirring was continued at reflux for 24 h, the reaction was completed. After completion of the reaction a white precipitate was removed by filtration and the cake was washed with 50 mL of diethyl ether, and the combined organic Xiangde pale yellow clear liquid, concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent to give a pale yellow solid 16.41 g, yield: 71%, HPLC content of greater than 92. / 0.

Example 5

Deflazacort Preparation:

In a nitrogen-filled dry fitted with a thermometer, magnetic stirring and a reflux condenser 100 mL three-necked flask was charged with Compound (4) (11.56 g; Fw: 462.38; 25 mmol), followed by addition of sodium acetate (8.20g; Fw: 82.03; lOOmmol), 50 mL methanol was added to the system.

Then tetrabutylammonium bromide (O. 81g; Fw: 322.38; 2.5 mmol). Warmed to 50 ° C with stirring

48 h. Until after the completion of the reaction was cooled to room temperature. After completion of the reaction, temperature of the system was cooled to room temperature, the system was supplemented with chloroform 50mL, filtered, and the filter cake was washed with small amount of chloroform and then to confirm that no product was dissolved, and the combined organic phases, the organic phase washed with 10% aqueous sodium carbonate paint 3 times, saturated sodium chloride once. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the inorganic salt was removed to give a pale yellow liquid, was concentrated to dryness, purified ethyl acetate to give the product 9.93g, yield 90%, HPLC content> 990/0.

Example 6

Deflazacort Preparation –

In a nitrogen-filled dry fitted with a thermometer, magnetic stirring and a reflux condenser 100 mL three-necked flask was charged with Compound (4) (11.56 g; Fw: 462.38; 25 mmol), followed by addition of anhydrous potassium acetate (3.68g; Fw: 98.14; 37.5 mmol), 50 mL acetone was added to the system. Followed by tetrabutylammonium iodide (0.10g; Fw: 369.37; 0.25 mmol). Heated to reflux with stirring 2h. Until after the completion of the reaction was cooled to room temperature. After completion of the reaction, temperature of the system was cooled to room temperature, the system was supplemented with chloroform 50mL, filtered, and the filter cake was washed with small amount of chloroform and then to confirm that no product was dissolved, and the combined organic phases, the organic phase was washed 3 times with 10% aqueous sodium carbonate , washed once with saturated sodium chloride. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the inorganic salt was removed to give a pale yellow liquid, was concentrated to dryness, ethyl acetate was purified to give the product 10.93 g, yield 99%, HPLC content> 99%.

Example 7

Deflazacort Preparation:

In a nitrogen-filled dry fitted with a thermometer, magnetic stirring and a reflux condenser 100 mL three-necked flask was charged with Compound (4) (11.56 g; Fw: 462.38; 25 mmol), followed by addition of anhydrous potassium acetate (3.68g; Fw: 98.14; 37.5 mmol), 50 mL acetonitrile was added to the system. Followed by tetrabutylammonium iodide (0.10g; Fw: 369.37; 0.25 mmol). Heated to reflux with stirring 2h. Until after the completion of the reaction was cooled to room temperature. After completion of the reaction, temperature of the system was cooled to room temperature, the system was supplemented with chloroform 50mL, filtered, and the filter cake was washed with small amount of chloroform and then to confirm that no product was dissolved, and the combined organic phases, the organic phase was washed 3 times with 10% aqueous sodium carbonate , washed once with saturated sodium chloride. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the inorganic salt was removed to give a pale yellow liquid, was concentrated to dryness, ethyl acetate was purified to give the product 10.93 g, yield 99%, HPLC content> 99%.

Example 8

Deflazacort Preparation:

In a nitrogen-filled dry fitted with a thermometer, magnetic stirring and a reflux condenser 100 mL three-necked flask was charged with Compound (4) (11.56 g; Fw: 462.38; 25 mmol), followed by addition of anhydrous potassium acetate (2.45g; Fw: 98.14; 25 mmol), the N, N- dimethylformamide, 50 mL added to the system. Followed by tetrabutylammonium iodide (O.IO g; Fw: 369.37; 0.25 mmol). Warmed to 120. C stirring 2h. Until after the completion of the reaction was cooled to room temperature. After completion of the reaction, temperature of the system was cooled to room temperature, the system was supplemented with chloroform 50mL, filtered, and the filter cake was washed with small amount of chloroform and then to confirm that no product was dissolved, and the combined organic phases, the organic phase was washed 3 times with 10% aqueous sodium carbonate , washed once with saturated sodium chloride. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the inorganic salt was removed to give a pale yellow liquid, was concentrated to dryness, ethyl acetate was purified to give the product 10.93 g, yield 99%, HPLC content> 99o / q.

PATENT

https://www.google.com/patents/WO1997021722A1?cl=zh

compound (llβ,16β)-21-(acetyloxy)-11- hydroxy-2 ‘ -methyl-5 ‘H-pregna-1, -dieno[17 , 16-d Joxazole- 3,20-dione, also known, and hereinafter referred to, with the INN (International Nonproprietary Name) deflazacort. Deflazacort is represented by the following formula I

Deflazacort is employed in therapy aince some years as a calcium-sparing corticoid agent. This compound belongs to the more general class of pregneno-oxazolines, for which anti-inflammatory, glucocorticoid and hormone-like pharmacological activities are reported. Examples of compounds of the above class, comprising deflazacort, are disclosed in US 3413286, where deflazacort is referred to as llβ-21-dihydroxy-2 ‘ -methyl-5 ‘ βH-pregna-1,4-dieno.17 , 16- d]oxazole-3,20-dione 21-acetate.

According to the process disclosed by US 3413286, deflazacort is obtained from 5-pregnane-3β-ol-ll , 20- dione-2 ‘-methyloxazoline by 2 , -dibromination with Br₂– dioxane, heating the product in the presence of LiBr- iC0₃ for obtaining the 1,4-diene, and converting this latter into the 21-iodo and then into the desired 21- acetyloxy compound. By hydrolysis of deflazacort, the llβ-21-dihydroxy-2 ‘ -methyl-5 ‘βH-pregna-1, -dieno[ 17 , 16- d-]oxazoline-3, 20-dione of formula II is obtained:

The compound of formula II is preferably obtained according to a fermentation process disclosed in

EP-B-322630; in said patent, the compound of formula II is referred to as llβ-21-dihydroxy-2 ‘-methyl-5 ‘ βH- pregna-1,4-dieno[17,16-d-]oxazoline-3,20-dione.

The present invention provides a new advantageous single-step process for obtaining deflazacort, by acetylation of the compound of formula II.

CLIP

tructure of deflazacort and its forced degradation product (A), chromatogram plot of standard deflazacort (B), contour plot of deflazacort (C). Deflazacort was found to be a stable drug under stress condition such as thermal, neutral and oxidative condition. However, the forceddegradation study on deflazacort showed that the drug degraded under alkaline, acid and photolytic conditions.

Mass fragmentation pathway for degradant product of deflazacort.

PATENT

CN 103059096

Example 1: Protective reaction To the reaction flask was added 20 g of 1,4-diene-11? -hydroxy-16,17-epoxy_3,20-dione pregnone (Formula I) 20% of the aqueous solution of glacial acetic acid 300g, stirring 5 minutes, temperature 10 ° C ~ 15 ° C, adding ethyl carbazate 14g, temperature control 30 ° C reaction 6 hours; TLC detection reaction is complete, cooling to 0 ° C ~ 5 ° C for 2 hours, until dry, washed to neutral; 60 ° C vacuum dry to dry creatures 20. 5g; on P, oxazoline ring reaction The above protective products into the reaction bottle, add 41ml Of the DMAC dissolved, temperature 25 ~ 30 ° C, access to ammonia, to keep the reaction bottle micro-positive pressure, the reaction of 32 hours, atmospheric pressure exhaust ammonia and then decompression pumping ammonia for 30 minutes; 5 ° C, temperature 5 ~ 0 ° C by adding 5ml glacial acetic acid, then add 21ml acetic anhydride, heated to 35 ° C reaction 4 hours, the sample to confirm the reaction completely; slowly add 5% sodium hydroxide solution 610ml and heated to 60 ~ 70 ° C reaction 2 hours; point plate to confirm the end of the reaction, cooling to 50 ° C, half an hour by adding refined concentrated hydrochloric acid 40ml, insulation 50 ~ 55 ° C reaction 10 hours; to the end of the reaction temperature to room temperature, chloroform Extraction, drying and filtration, concentration of at least a small amount of solvent, ethyl acetate entrained twice, leaving a small amount of solvent, frozen crystallization filter high purity [17a, 16a-d] terfu Kete intermediate. Example 2: Protective reaction 20 g of 1,4-diene-l1-la-hydroxy-16,17-epoxy_3,20_dione progestin (Formula I) was added to the reaction flask and 15% Formic acid solution 300g, stirring for 5 minutes, temperature 10 ~ 15 ° C, adding methyl carbazate 12g, temperature control 30 ° C reaction 5 hours to test the end of the reaction, cooling to O ~ 5 ° C stirring 2 hours crystallization, Suction to dry, washed to neutral; 60 ° C vacuum drying to dry protection of 20g; on P, oxazoline ring reaction The protection of the reaction into the reaction flask, add 30ml of DMF dissolved, temperature control 25 ~ 30 ° C, access to ammonia, keep the reaction bottle in the micro-positive pressure, reaction 30 hours, atmospheric pressure exhaust ammonia and then decompression pumping ammonia for 30 minutes, ice water cooled to 5 ° C, temperature 5 ~ 10 ° C add 5ml of glacial acetic acid, then add 20ml acetic anhydride, heated to 30 ° C reaction for 5 hours to confirm the reaction is complete; slowly add 20% sodium carbonate aqueous solution 500ml and heated to 60 ~ 70 ° C reaction 4 hours, the point plate to confirm the reaction The temperature of 55 ~ 60 ° C for 10 hours; to be the end of the reaction temperature to room temperature, chloroform extraction, drying and filtration, concentration of a small amount of solvent, acetic acid isopropyl The ester was entrained twice, leaving a small amount of solvent, frozen and crystallized to obtain high purity [17a, 16a-d] oxazoline residues. [0024] Example 3: Protective reaction 20 g of I, 4-diene-16,17-epoxy-3,11,20-triketone pregnone (Formula I) was added to the reaction flask and 20% Formic acid solution 300g, stirring for 5 minutes, temperature 10 ~ 15 ° C, adding hydrazine carbamate 15g, temperature control 30 ° C reaction 5 hours to test the end of the reaction, cooling to O ~ 5 ° C stirring 2 hours crystallization, To the dry, washed to neutral; 60 ° C vacuum drying to dry protection of 22g; on P, oxazoline ring reaction of the protection of the reaction into the bottle, add 30ml of DMAC dissolved temperature control 35 ~ 40 ° C, access to ammonia, keep the reaction bottle in the micro-positive pressure, reaction 40 hours, atmospheric pressure exhaust ammonia and then decompression pumping ammonia for 30 minutes, ice water cooling to 5 ° C, temperature 5 ~ 10 ° C add 5ml of glacial acetic acid, then add 20ml acetic anhydride, heated to 40 ° C reaction 5 hours to confirm the reaction is complete; slowly add 20% potassium carbonate aqueous solution 500ml and heated to 60 ~ 70 ° C reaction 7 hours, the point plate to confirm the reaction The temperature of the reaction to the end of the temperature to room temperature, chloroform extraction, drying filter, concentrated to a small amount of solvent, acetic acid isopropyl The ester was entrained twice, leaving a small amount of solvent, frozen and crystallized to obtain high purity [17a, 16a-d] oxazoline residues.

PATENT

CN 102936274

xample 1

[0028] A 30 g 16, 17 α- epoxy – pregn -20- substituting methyl hydrazine -3-acetyl-1,4-diene, 11- dione (a) and 150 mL of chloroform and 15 mLDMF mixed, pressure reactor, stirring ammonia gas to the reactor pressure to 0.15 MPa (during ventilation control the reaction temperature at 10-15 ° C), 30 ° C heat reaction, TLC track the progress of the reaction. Completion of the reaction, the material was transferred to a glass reaction flask, the temperature of the material to be reduced to below 10 ° C, add acetic acid adjusted to pH 5 to 6, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure; reaction flask was added 30 mL of acetic acid, 30 g of acetic anhydride, The reaction temperature was controlled at 30 ° C, the reaction 6 hours, the reaction mixture was poured into cold 500 mL10% sodium hydroxide solution, stirred for 1 hour, filtration to give product 30.6 g, 102% mass yield, product by HPLC , a purity of 95.2%.

[0029] Example 2

[0030] A 30 g 16, 17 α- epoxy – pregn -20- substituting methyl hydrazine -3-acetyl-1,4-diene, 11- dione (a) and 150 mL of chloroform and 30 mL of pyridine were mixed, added pressure reactor, stirring ammonia gas to the reactor pressure to 0. 15 MPa (during ventilation control the reaction temperature at 10~15 ° C), 15 ° C heat reaction, TLC track the progress of the reaction. Completion of the reaction, the material was transferred to a glass reaction flask, the temperature of the material to be reduced to below 10 ° C, add acetic acid adjusted to pH 5 to 6, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure; reaction flask was added 30 mL of acetic acid, 30 g of acetic anhydride, The reaction temperature was controlled at 30 ° C, the reaction 6 hours, the reaction mixture was poured into cold 500 mL10% sodium hydroxide solution, stirred for 1 hour, filtration to give product 28.6 g, yield 95% by mass, product by HPLC , a purity of 94.8%.

[0031] Example 3

[0032] A 30 g 16, 17 α- epoxy – pregn -20- substituting methyl hydrazine -3-acetyl-1,4-diene, 11- dione (a) and 150 mL of chloroform and 30 mLDMF mixed, pressure reactor, stirring ammonia gas to the reactor pressure to 0.15 MPa (during ventilation control the reaction temperature at 10~15 ° C), 40 ° C heat reaction, TLC track the progress of the reaction.Completion of the reaction, the material was transferred to a glass reaction flask, the temperature of the material to be reduced to below 10 ° C, add acetic acid adjusted to pH 5 to 6, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure; reaction flask was added 30 mL of acetic acid, 30 g of acetic anhydride, The reaction temperature was controlled at 30 ° C, the reaction for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into cold 500 mL10% sodium hydroxide solution, stirred for 1 hour, filtration to give the product 31.2 g, yield 104% quality products by HPLC , a purity of 95.4%.

[0033] Example 4

[0034] A 30 g 16, 17 α- epoxy – pregn -20- substituting methyl hydrazine -3-acetyl-1,4-diene, 11- dione (a) and 150 mL of chloroform and 30 mLDMF mixed, pressure reactor, stirring ammonia gas to the reactor pressure to 0.5 MPa (during ventilation control the reaction temperature at 10~15 ° C), 40 ° C heat reaction, TLC track the progress of the reaction. Completion of the reaction, the material was transferred to a glass reaction flask, the temperature of the material to be reduced to below 10 ° C, add acetic acid adjusted to pH 5 to 6, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure; reaction flask was added 30 mL of acetic acid, 30 g of acetic anhydride, The reaction temperature was controlled at 30 ° C, the reaction 6 hours, the reaction mixture was poured into cold 500 mL10% sodium hydroxide solution, stirred for 1 hour, filtration to give the product 31. I g, 102% mass yield, product by by HPLC, the purity was 95.2%.

[0035] Example 5

[0036] A 30 g 16, 17 α- epoxy – pregn -20- substituting methyl hydrazine -3-acetyl-1,4-diene, 11- dione (a) and 150 mL of chloroform and 30 mLDMF mixed, pressure reactor, stirring ammonia gas to the reactor pressure to 0.15 MPa (during ventilation control the reaction temperature at 10~15 ° C), 40 ° C heat reaction, TLC track the progress of the reaction. Completion of the reaction, the material was transferred to a glass reaction flask, the temperature of the material to be reduced to below 10 ° C, add acetic acid adjusted to pH 5 to 6, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure; reaction flask was added 60 mL of acetic acid, 15 g of acetic anhydride, The reaction temperature was controlled at 30 ° C, the reaction 6 hours, the reaction mixture was poured into cold 500 mL10% sodium hydroxide solution, stirred for 1 hour, filtration to give the product 29. 5 g, yield 98% by mass, the product of by HPLC, purity of 95%.

[0037] Example 6

[0038] A 30 g 16, 17 α- epoxy – pregn -20- substituting methyl hydrazine -3-acetyl-1,4-diene, 11- dione (a) and 150 mL of chloroform and 30 mLDMF mixed, pressure reactor, stirring ammonia gas to the reactor pressure to 0.15 MPa (during ventilation control the reaction temperature at 10~15 ° C), 40 ° C heat reaction, TLC track the progress of the reaction. The reaction was complete, the material was transferred to a glass reaction flask until the material temperature drops below 10 ° C, plus acetic acid to adjust the pH to 5 to 6, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure; the reaction flask was added 30 mL of acetic acid, 30 g of maleic dianhydride, the reaction temperature was controlled at 30 ° C, the reaction 6 hours, the reaction mixture was poured into cold 500 mL10% sodium hydroxide solution, stirred for 1 hour, filtration to give the product 30 g, 100% mass yield, product by HPLC purity of 95.2%.

[0039] Example 7

[0040] A 30 g 16, 17 α- epoxy – pregn -20- substituting methyl hydrazine -3-acetyl-1,4-diene, 11- dione (a) and 150 mL of chloroform and 30 mLDMF mixed, pressure reactor, stirring ammonia gas to the reactor pressure to 0.15 MPa (during ventilation control the reaction temperature at 10~15 ° C), 40 ° C heat reaction, TLC track the progress of the reaction. Completion of the reaction, the material was transferred to a glass reaction flask, the temperature of the material to be reduced to below 10 ° C, add acetic acid adjusted to pH 5 to 6, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure; reaction flask was added 30 mL of acetic acid, 30 g of propionic anhydride, The reaction temperature was controlled at 30 ° C, the reaction for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into cold 500 mL10% sodium hydroxide solution, stirred for 1 hour, filtration to give the product 27.6 g, 92% yield of quality products by HPLC , a purity of 93.5%.

[0041] Example 8

[0042] A 30 g 16, 17 α- epoxy – pregn -20- substituting methyl hydrazine -3-acetyl-1,4-diene, 11- dione (a) and 150 mL of chloroform and 30 mLDMF mixed, pressure reactor, stirring ammonia gas to the reactor pressure to 0.15 MPa (during ventilation control the reaction temperature at 10~15 ° C), 40 ° C heat reaction, TLC track the progress of the reaction. Completion of the reaction, the material was transferred to a glass reaction flask, the temperature of the material to be reduced to below 10 ° C, add acetic acid adjusted to pH 5 to 6, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure; reaction flask was added 30 mL of acetic acid, 30 g of acetic anhydride, The reaction temperature is controlled at 50 ° C, the reaction for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into cold 500 mL10% sodium hydroxide solution, stirred for 1 hour, filtration to give the product 29.8 g, 99% yield of quality products by HPLC , a purity of 94.8%.

References

Deflazacort

Clinical data
Trade names	Emflaza, Calcort, others
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
Routes of administration	By mouth
ATC code	H02AB13 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding	40%
Metabolism	By plasma esterases, to active metabolite
Biological half-life	1.1–1.9 hours (metabolite)
Excretion	Renal (70%) and fecal (30%)
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
CAS Number	14484-47-0
PubChem CID	26709
DrugBank	DB11921
ChemSpider	164861
UNII	KR5YZ6AE4B
KEGG	D03671
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1201891
ECHA InfoCard	100.034.969
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C25H31NO6
Molar mass	441.517 g/mol
3D model (Jmol)	Interactive image

///////FDA 2017, Emflaza, Calcort, Deflazacort, orphan drug designation, FAST TRACK

1-Amino-3-ethyl-5-nitratemethyladamantane hydrochloride (MN-05)

Med. Chem. Commun., 2017, 8,135-147

AZD 8931, Sapitinib, SAPATINIB

PHASE 2, at AstraZeneca for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.

CAS 848942-61-0,

MF C23H25ClFN5O3, MW 473.9,

pan-EGFR/pan-erbB inhibitor

4-[[4-[(3-Chloro-2-fluorophenyl)amino]-7-methoxy-6-quinazolinyl]oxy]-N-methyl-1-piperidineacetamide

4-(3-Chloro-2-fluoroanilino)-7-methoxy-6-[[1-(N-methylcarbamoylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl] oxy]quinazoline

4-(3-Chloro-2-fluoroanilino)-7-methoxy-6-[[1-(N-methylcarbamoylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl]oxy]quinazoline

2-[4-[4-(3-Chloro-2-fluoro-anilino)-7-methoxy-quinazolin-6-yl]oxy-1-piperidyl]-N-methyl-acetamide

AZD8931 is an oral, equipotent inhibitor of ErbB1, ErbB2 and ErbB3 receptor signaling.

WO 2005028469

Deregulation of the HER receptor family, comprising four related receptor tyrosine kinases (EGFR, HER2, HER3, and HER4), promotes proliferation, invasion, and tumor cell survival.Such deregulation has been observed in many human cancers, including lung, head and neck, and breast. Numerous small molecules have been investigated for inhibition of tyrosine kinases with the aminoquinazoline motif coming to the forefront as a privileged scaffold. Three of the clinically available treatments, gefitinib (1),lapatinib (2), and erlotinib (3),as well as the candidate drug dacomitinib (4), contain this arrangement

Figure 1. Structure of gefitinib (1), lapatinib (2), erlotinib (3), dacomitinib (4), and AZD8931 (5).

SYNTHESIS

PATENT

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2005028469A1?cl=en

PAPER

The first radiosynthesis of [11C]AZD8931 as a new potential PET agent for imaging of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 signaling
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2014), 24, (18), 4455-4459.

Synthesis of the reference standard AZD8931 (11a)

Reagents and conditions: (a) SnCl₂·H₂O, concd HCl; (b) formamide, 168–170 °C; (c) l-methionine, methanesulfonic acid, 120 °C; (d) Ac₂O, pyridine, DMAP, 100 °C; (e) POCl₃, DEA, 100 °C; (f) 3-chloro-2-fluoroaniline, i-PrOH, refluxing; (g) conc. NH₃, MeOH; (h) (1) Boc₂O, CH₂Cl₂, dioxane; (2) methanesulfonyl chloride, Et₃N, CH₂Cl₂; (i) Compound 8, CsF, DMA, 85 °C; (j) TFA; (k) Compound 11a: 2-chloro-N-methylacetamide, KI, K₂CO_3, CH₃CN, refluxing; compound

PAPER

Discovery of AZD8931, an Equipotent, Reversible Inhibitor of Signaling by EGFR, HER2, and HER3 Receptors
ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2013), 4, (8), 742-746.

Discovery of AZD8931, an Equipotent, Reversible Inhibitor of Signaling by EGFR, HER2, and HER3 Receptors

Bernard Barlaam*†, Judith Anderton‡, Peter Ballard‡, Robert H. Bradbury‡, Laurent F. A. Hennequin†, D. Mark Hickinson‡, Jason G. Kettle‡, George Kirk‡, Teresa Klinowska‡, Christine Lambert-van der Brempt†, Cath Trigwell‡, John Vincent‡, and Donald Ogilvie‡

^† Centre de Recherches, AstraZeneca, Z.I. La Pompelle, B.P. 1050, Chemin de Vrilly, 51689 Reims, Cedex 2, France

^‡ Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom

ACS Med. Chem. Lett., 2013, 4 (8), pp 742–746

DOI: 10.1021/ml400146c

Deregulation of HER family signaling promotes proliferation and tumor cell survival and has been described in many human cancers. Simultaneous, equipotent inhibition of EGFR-, HER2-, and HER3-mediated signaling may be of clinical utility in cancer settings where the selective EGFR or HER2 therapeutic agents are ineffective or only modestly active. We describe the discovery of AZD8931 (2), an equipotent, reversible inhibitor of EGFR-, HER2-, and HER3-mediated signaling and the structure–activity relationships within this series. Docking studies based on a model of the HER2 kinase domain helped rationalize the increased HER2 activity seen with the methyl acetamide side chain present in AZD8931. AZD8931 exhibited good pharmacokinetics in preclinical species and showed superior activity in the LoVo tumor growth efficacy model compared to close analogues. AZD8931 is currently being evaluated in human clinical trials for the treatment of cancer.

4-(3-Chloro-2-fluoroanilino)-7-methoxy-6-{[1-(N-methylcarbamoylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl]oxy}quinazoline
(2). 2 as a white solid (60%).1H NMR (CDCl3):
δ 1.98 (m, 2H), 2.08 (m, 2H), 2.46 (m, 2H), 2.85 (m, 2H), 2.87 (d, 3H), 3.07 (s, 2H), 4.02 (s, 3H), 4.49 (m, 1H),
7.16 (m, 4H), 7.31 (m, 2H), 8.49 (m, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H). MS-ESI m/z MH+ 474 [MH]+. Anal.
(C23H25ClFN5O3
.0.21 H2O) C, H, N. Found C, 57.88; H, 5.45; N, 14.67; Requires C, 57.83; H, 5.36; N, 14.66%.

PATENT

WO 2010122340

Compound (I) is disclosed in International Patent Application Publication number WO2005/028469 as Example 1 therein and is of the structure:

Compound (I)

Compound (I) is an erbB receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in particular compound (I) is a potent inhibitor of EGFR and erbB2 receptor tyrosine kinases. Compound (I) also inhibits erbB3 mediated signalling through the inhibition of phosphorylation of erbB3 following ligand stimulated EGFR/erbB3 and/or erbB2/erbB3 heterodimerisation. Compound (I) is expected to be useful in the treatment of hyperproliferative disorders such as cancer.

WO 03/082831 discloses the preparation of various 4-(3-chloro-2- fluoroanilino)quinazo lines. However, compound (I) is not disclosed therein.

WO2005/028469 discloses as Example 1 therein the preparation of compound (I) as follows: 2-Chloro-N-methylacetamide (32 mg, 0.3 mmol) was added to a mixture of

4-(3-chloro-2-fluoroanilino)-7-methoxy-6-[(piperidin-4-yl)oxy]quinazoline (120 mg, 0.3 mmol), potassium iodide (16 mg, 0.1 mmol), and potassium carbonate (50 mg, 0.36 mmol) in acetonitrile (5 ml). The mixture was heated at reflux for one hour. After evaporation of the solvents under vacuum, the residue was taken up in dichloromethane. The organic solution was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate. After evaporation of the solvents under vacuum, the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (eluant: 1% to 2% 7 N methanolic ammonia in dichloromethane) to give compound (I).

Scheme 1 :

Example 1 : Preparation of 4-(3-Chloro-2-fluoroanilino)-7-methoxy-6-{[l-(N- methylcarbamoylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl]oxy } quinazoline (Compound (I)).

Compound (I) was prepared according to the scheme shown below:

Compound (III) Compound (IV)

Compound (V)

Compound (I)Compound (II)

Step 1. Preparation of tert-butyl 4-(5-cyano-2-methoxyphenoxy)piperidine-l- carboxylate (Intermediate 2). 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzonitrile (Compound (X), 6.00 g, 39.62 mmole), tert-butyl (4-methanesulfonyloxy)piperidine-l-carboxylate (16.6 g, 59.44 mmoles) (Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2001, 49(7), 822-829); and potassium carbonate (6.71 g, 47.55 mmoles) were suspended in isopropanol (78.98 g) and the mixture was heated at reflux with stirring. Additional tert-butyl (4-methanesulfonyloxy)piperidine-l- carboxylate (2.08 g, 7.43 mmoles) was added to push the reaction to completion. The mixture was then cooled and quenched by the addition of water (100.47 g). Seeding with intermediate 2 followed by cooling to 0⁰C resulted in a crystalline product, which was isolated by filtration. The filter cake was washed with a mixture of water (8.86 g) and isopropanol (6.97 g), followed by water (23.64 g) and then dried to give Intermediate 2 (10.75 g, 80% yield); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 1.39 (s, 9 H) 1.48 (m, 2 H) 1.88 (m, 2 H) 3.13 (m, 2 H) 3.67 (m, 2 H) 3.83 (s, 3 H) 4.56 (tt, J=8.1, 3.8 Hz, 1 H) 7.13 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1 H) 7.42 (dd, J=8.4, 1.9 Hz, 1 H) 7.51 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1 H); Mass Spectrum: m/z (M + H)⁺ 333.1. Step 2. Preparation of 4-methoxy-3-(piperidin-4-yloxy)benzonitrile (Compound

(VI)). Intermediate 2 (39.31 g, 118.26 mmoles) was suspended in ethanol (155.53 g) and heated to 40 ⁰C. To this slurry was slowly added HCl (46.61 g, 573.04 mmoles). The mixture was heated to 60 ⁰C and held for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20⁰C and seed was charged initiating crystallisation. The resulting solid was isolated by filtration at 0⁰C, washed twice with ethanol (62.21 g) and then dried to give compound (VI) as the hydrochloride salt (29.84 g, 77% yield); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 1.84 (m, 2 H) 2.09 (m, 2 H) 3.02 (ddd, J=12.7, 8.9, 3.4 Hz, 2 H) 3.20 (m, 2 H) 3.84 (s, 3 H) 4.63 (tt, J=7.7, 3.6 Hz, 1 H) 7.15 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1 H) 7.45 (dd, J=8.5, 1.9 Hz, 1 H) 7.56 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1 H) 9.16 (br. s, 2 H); Mass Spectrum: m/z (M + H)⁺ 233.2. Step 3. Preparation of 2-[4-(5-cyano-2-methoxyphenoxy)piperidin-l-yl]-JV- methylacetamide (Compound (V)). Compound (VI) (28.36 g, 95.82 mmoles), 2-chloro-N- methylacetamide (12.37 g, 114.98 mmoles) and potassium carbonate (33.11 g, 239.55 mmoles) were suspended in acetonitrile (161.36 g). The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20⁰C and water (386.26 g) was charged. The reaction was heated to 75°C and the volume reduced by distillation. Upon cooling crystallisation occurred. The resulting solid was isolated by filtration, washed twice with water (77.25 g and 128.75 g) and then dried to give compound (V) (27.95 g, 94% yield); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 1.68 (m, 2 H) 1.91 (m, 2 H) 2.29 (m, 2 H) 2.61 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 3 H) 2.67 (m, 2 H) 2.88 (s, 2 H) 3.83 (s, 3 H) 4.41 (tt, J=8.3, 4.0 Hz, 1 H) 7.11 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1 H) 7.40 (dd, J=8.4, 1.9 Hz, 1 H) 7.47 (d, J=I.9 Hz, 1 H) 7.68 (q, J=4.7 Hz, 1 H); Mass Spectrum: m/z (M + H)⁺ 304.2.

Step 4. Preparation of 2-[4-(5-cyano-2-methoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)piperidin-l-yl]-N- methylacetamide (Compound (IV)). Compound (V) (8.78 g, 26.11 mmoles) was suspended in acetic acid (22.82 g, 364.87 mmoles) and the resulting reaction mixture cooled to 5°C. To this was added sulfuric acid (23.64 g, 234.95 mmoles) maintaining the reaction temperature below 30⁰C. To the resulting solution was added nitric acid (2.40 g, 26.63 mmoles). The reaction mixture was then heated to 35°C and held for 3 hours. Additional nitric acid (117 mg, 1.31 mmoles) and sulphuric acid (1.31 g 13.1 mmoles) were charged and the reaction mixture was heated at 35°C for 30 minutes. The solution was cooled to 20⁰C and quenched with aqueous ammonia (92.45 g 1.36 moles), resulting in an increase in temperature to 50⁰C. To the resulting slurry was added, propionitrile (61.58 g 1.12 moles) and water (19 g). The reaction mixture was heated to 80 ⁰C resulting in a clear solution, which upon settling gave two layers. The bottom layer was removed. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20 ⁰C resulting in a thick slurry. The solid was isolated by filtration, washed with propionitrile (6.16 g 112.0 mmoles) and dried to afford compound (IV) (7.44 g, 82% yield); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) δ ppm 1.72 (m, 2 H) 1.97 (m, 2 H) 2.35 (m, 2 H) 2.61 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 3 H) 2.66 (m, 2 H) 2.90 (s, 2 H) 3.96 (s, 3 H) 4.73 (tt, J=8.4, 4.0 Hz, 1 H) 7.71 (q, J=4.7 Hz, 1 H) 7.82 (s, 1 H) 7.86 (s, 1 H). Mass Spectrum: m/z (M + H)⁺ 349.2

Step 5. Preparation of 2-[4-(4-amino-5-cyano-2-methoxyphenoxy)piperidin-l-yl]-N- methylacetamide (Compound (III)). Compound (IV) (7.42 g, 19.38 mmoles) was suspended in water (44.52 g) and methanol (5.35 g). To this was added sodium dithionite (11.91 g, 58.15 mmoles) and the resulting reaction mixture was heated to 60⁰C. To the reaction mixture was added hydrochloric acid (46.98 g, 463.89 mmoles)), resulting in a solution, which was held at 60 ⁰C for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool to 20 ⁰C. Aqueous sodium hydroxide (15.51 g 182.2 mmoles) was charged followed by 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (58.0 g). The reaction mixture was heated to 60 ⁰C, which upon settling gave two layers and the lower aqueous layer was discarded. The volume of the reaction mixture was reduced by vacuum distillation and methyl tert-butyl ether (18.54 g) was added to give a slurry which was cooled to 10 ⁰C. and then the solid was collected by filtration. The solid was washed with 2- methyltetrahydrofuran (5.8 g) and dried to give compound (III) (5.4 g, 78% yield); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-de) δ ppm 1.62 (m, 2 H) 1.82 (m, 2 H) 2.20 (m, 2 H) 2.60 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 3 H) 2.65 (m, 2 H) 2.86 (s, 2 H) 3.72 (s, 3 H) 4.00 (tt, J=8.3, 4.0 Hz, 1 H) 5.66 (br. s, 2 H) 6.39 (s, 1 H) 6.94 (s, 1 H) 7.65 (q, J=4.7 Hz, 1 H). Mass Spectrum: m/z (M + H)⁺ 319.2.

Step 6. Preparation of 2-[4-(5-cyano-4-{[(dimethylamino)methylene]amino}-2- methoxyphenoxy)piperidin-l-yl]-Λ/-methylacetamide (Compound (H)). Compound (III) (18.21 g, 52.05 mmoles) was suspended in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (99.62 g). To this was added acetic acid (162.79 mg), and N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMA) (8.63 g, 70.27 mmoles) and the resulting reaction mixture was heated at 76 ⁰C for 16 hrs. Additional N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (639.41 mg, 5.20 mmoles) was added to the reaction mixture to ensure the reaction completed. The reaction mixture was cooled to 30⁰C during which time crystallisation occurred. The resulting solid was isolated by filtration, washed with 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (14.23 g) and dried to afford compound (II) (19.53 g, 97% yield); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 1.65 (m, 2 H) 1.86 (m, 2 H) 2.24 (m, 2 H) 2.60 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 3 H) 2.66 (m, 2 H) 2.87 (s, 2 H) 2.95 (s, 3 H) 3.04 (s, 3 H) 3.81 (s, 3 H) 4.19 (tt, J=8.2, 3.8 Hz, 1 H) 6.72 (s, 1 H) 7.15 (s, 1 H) 7.67 (q, J=4.7 Hz, 1 H) 7.90 (s, 1 H); Mass Spectrum: m/z (M + H)⁺ 374.2.

Step 7. Preparation of compound (I). 2-[4-(5-cyano-4-

{ [(dimethylamino)methylene] amino } -2-methoxyphenoxy)piperidin- 1 -yl] -JV-methylacetamide (compound (II), 7.00 g, 17.71 mmoles), was suspended in methoxybenzene (35.8 g). Acetic acid (16.6 g) was charged and to the resulting solution was added 3-chloro-2-fluoroaniline (2.71 g, 18.07 mmoles). The reaction mixture was heated at 90 ⁰C for 20 hours then cooled to 20⁰C. Water (37.04 g) was charged to the reaction mixture, and the organic layer discarded. To the resulting aqueous mixture was charged isopropanol (39.00 g), followed by aqueous ammonia (20.79 g, 25%). The reaction mixture was heated to 30 ⁰C and seeded with compound (I), which induced crystallisation. The reaction was then cooled to 0⁰C and the product isolated by filtration. The filter cake was washed twice with a mixture of water (7.28 g) and isopropanol (4.68 g), then dried to afford the compound (I) (5.65 g, 55% yield); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 1.79 (m, 2 H) 2.04 (m, 2 H) 2.38 (m, 2 H) 2.62 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 3 H) 2.74 (m, 2 H) 2.94 (s, 2 H) 3.93 (s, 3 H) 4.56 (tt, J=8.1, 3.8 Hz, 1 H) 7.21 (s, 1 H) 7.28 (m, 1 H) 7.50 (m, 2 H) 7.73 (q, J=4.5 Hz, 1 H) 7.81 (s, 1 H) 8.36 (s, 1 H) 9.56 (br.s, 1 H); Mass Spectrum: m/z (M + H)⁺ 474.2, 476.2.

Example 2: Preparation of 4-(3-Chloro-2-fluoroanilino)-7-methoxy-6-{[l-(N- methylcarbamoylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl]oxy } quinazoline (Compound (I)). Compound (I) was prepared according to the scheme shown below:

Compound (III) Compound (IV)

Compound (V)

Compound (Xl)

Compound (I)

Steps 1, 2, 3 and 4 as set forth in Example 1.

Step 5, alternate 1. Preparation of compound (III). 2-[4-(5-Cyano-2-methoxy-4- nitrophenoxy)piperidin-l-yl]-N-methylacetamide (compound (IV), 15.00 g, 42.50 mmoles) was suspended in water (90.00 g) and methanol (59.38 g). To this was added sodium dithionite (30.47 g, 148.75 mmoles) and water (90.00 g), the resulting reaction mixture was heated to 30 ⁰C and held for 2 hrs. To the reaction mixture was added hydrochloric acid (27.98 g, 276.25 mmoles)), resulting in a solution, which was held at 60⁰C for 2 hours. Aqueous sodium hydroxide (30.60 g 382.49 mmoles) was added followed by a line wash of water (30.00 g). The reaction mixture was cooled to 25°C to give a slurry which was collected by filtration. The solid was washed with water (30.00 g) and dried to give compound (III) (13.50 g, 82% yield); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 1.62 (m, 2 H) 1.82 (m, 2 H) 2.20 (m, 2 H) 2.60 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 3 H) 2.65 (m, 2 H) 2.86 (s, 2 H) 3.72 (s, 3 H) 4.00 (tt, J=8.3, 4.0 Hz, 1 H) 5.66 (br. s, 2 H) 6.39 (s, 1 H) 6.94 (s, 1 H) 7.65 (q, J=4.7 Hz, 1 H). Mass Spectrum: m/z (M+H)⁺ 319.2.

Step 5, alternate 2. Preparation of compound (III). Compound (IV) (8.00 g, 22.67 mmoles) and 1% platinum + 2 % vanadium catalyst on carbon (1.23 g, 0.023 mmoles) were suspended in Acetonitrile (94.00 g). The reaction mixture was hydrogenated at a pressure of 3 Bar G and at a temperature of 35°C for 3 hrs. Once complete, the reaction mixture was filtered to remove the catalyst which is washed with acetonitrile (31.33 g). The volume of the reaction mixture was reduced by vacuum distillation to give a slurry which was cooled to 0⁰C and then the solid was collected by filtration. The solid was washed with acetonitrile (12.53 g) and dried to give compound (III) (5.88 g, 78% yield); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 1.62 (m, 2 H) 1.82 (m, 2 H) 2.20 (m, 2 H) 2.60 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 3 H) 2.65 (m, 2 H) 2.86 (s, 2 H) 3.72 (s, 3 H) 4.00 (tt, J=8.3, 4.0 Hz, 1 H) 5.66 (br. s, 2 H) 6.39 (s, 1 H) 6.94 (s, 1 H) 7.65 (q, J=4.7 Hz, 1 H). Mass Spectrum: m/z (M+H)⁺ 319.2.

Step 6. Preparation of N, ΛT-bis(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)imidoformamide (compound (XI)). 3-chloro-2-fluroaniline (51.21 g, 341.22 mmoles) was suspended in cyclohexane (87.07 g). To this ethyl orthoformate (22.28 g, 150.32 mmoles) and acetic acid (0.94 g, 15.03 mmoles) were added. The resulting reaction mixture was heated, with stirring, to 48°C for 12 hours. Following this the reaction mixture was cooled to 20⁰C over 12 hours and the solid product was isolated by filtration. The filter cake was washed with cylcohexane (26.12 g) and dried in vacuo at 40 ⁰C to give compound (XI) as a white crystalline product (33.95 g, 93% yield); IH NMR Spectrum (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 7.14 (t, 2 H) 7.22 (m, 2 H) 8.14 (s, 1 H), 9,98 (s, 1 H); Mass Spectrum (by GC-MS EI): m/z (M⁺) 300.0.

Step 7, alternate 1 : Preparation of compound (I). 2-[4-(4-Amino-5-cyano-2- methoxyphenoxy)piperidin-l-yl]-N-methylacetamide (compound (III)) (10 g, 29.84 mmol) and TV, ΛT-bis(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)imidoformamide (compound (XI)) (11.46 g, 37.3 mmol) were suspended in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (30.4 ml) and heated to 80⁰C. To this yellow suspension was added acetic acid (7.6 ml, 127.33 mmol) and the resulting solution was heated to 92°C for 6 hours. 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (66.5 ml) and water (28.5 ml) were added and mixture was cooled to 55⁰C before adding 50%w/w sodium hydroxide (7 ml, 131.29 mmol) resulting in a temperature rise to 63°C. The temperature was raised further to 69°C and after settling the aqueous phase was discarded. The organic phase was washed with water (3 x 20 ml) and each aqueous phase was discarded after settling. 2- methyltetrahydrofuran (100 ml, 997 mmol) was added and the volume reduced by distillation. Seed was added to induce crystallisation and the resulting mixture was cooled to 15°C. The crystalline form was initially obtained following a spontaneous crystallisation from the experiment as described. The resulting solid was isolated by filtration, washed twice with 2- methyltetrahydrofuran (19 ml) and dried under vacuum at 40⁰C to yield compound (I) as a white solid (12.14 g, 95%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 1.12 (d, J= 6Hz, 1.3H), 1.26 -1.36 (m, 0.4H), 1.75-1.97 (m, 3.3H), 2.02-2.15 (m, 2H), 2.35-2.44 (m, 2H), 2.64 (d, J= 4.7Hz, 3H), 2.72-2.80 (m, 2H), 2.95 (s, 2H), 3.52-3.59 (m, 0.4H), 3.72-3.87 (m, 0.86H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 4.53-4.63 (m, IH), 7.22 (s, IH), 7.29 (dt J= IHz J= 8Hz, IH), 7.51 (dt J= 7.4Hz, J= 18Hz, 2H), 7.71-7.77 (m, IH), 7.82 (s, IH), 8.37 (s, IH), 9.57 (s, IH). Mass Spectrum: m/z (M+H)+ 474.0. The NMR data above includes signals for the 2-methyltetrahydrofuran solvent which is present in a 0.43 molar equivalence. The signals pertaining to the solvent are at δ ppm shifts of 1.12, 1.26-1.36, 3.52-3.59 and 3.72-3.87. The cluster at 1.75-1.93 contains signals for the solvent and the parent compound. The XRPD for this compound is shown in Figure 2.

Step 7, alternate 2. Preparation of compound (I). Compound (III) (15 g, 44.76 mmol) and compound (XI) (17.19 g, 55.95 mmol) were suspended in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (45.6 ml) and heated to 83°C. To this yellow suspension was added acetic acid (11.4 ml, 190.99 mmol) and the resulting solution was heated to 92°C for 3 Vi hours. 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (105 ml) and water (50 ml) were added and mixture was cooled to 49°C before adding 50%w/w sodium hydroxide (10.74 ml, 201.4 mmol), resulting in a temperature rise to 62°C. The temperature was maintained at 62°C and after settling the aqueous phase was discarded. The organic phase was washed with water (3 x 30 ml) and each aqueous phase was discarded after settling. The mixture was cooled to 15°C and seed was added to induce crystallisation. The crystalline form was initially obtained following a spontaneous crystallisation from the experiment as described. The resulting solid was isolated by filtration, washed twice with 2- methyltetrahydrofuran (21 ml) and dried under vacuum at 40⁰C to yield compound (I) as a white solid (20.12 g, 95%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 1.75-1.86 (m, 2H), 2.02- 2.15 (m, 2H), 2.35-2.44 (m, 2H), 2.64 (d, J= 4.7Hz, 3H), 2.72-2.80 (m, 2H), 2.95 (s, 2H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 4.53-4.63 (m, IH), 7.22 (s, IH), 7.29 (dt J= IHz J= 8Hz, IH), 7.51 (dt J= 7.4Hz, J= 18Hz, 2H), 7.71-7.77 (m, IH), 7.82 (s, IH), 8.37 (s, IH), 9.57 (s, IH). Mass Spectrum: m/z (M+H)+ 474.0. The XRPD for this compound is shown in Figure 3.

Step 7, alternate 3. Preparation of compound (I). Compound (III) (15.1 g, 45.06 mmol) and compound (XI) (17.31 g, 56.32 mmol) were suspended in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (46 ml) and heated to 80⁰C. To this yellow suspension was added acetic acid (12 ml, 458 mmol) and the resulting solution was heated to 92° C for 7 hours. 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (100 ml) and water (43 ml) were added and mixture was cooled to 59°C before adding 50%w/w sodium hydroxide (11 ml, 207 mmol), resulting in a temperature rise to 71.5°C. The temperature was adjusted to 69°C and the aqueous phase was discarded after settling. The organic phase was washed with water (2 x 43 ml) and each aqueous phase was discarded after settling. 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (72 ml) was removed by distillation at atmospheric pressure and was replaced by addition of isopropyl alcohol (72 ml). A further 72 ml of solvent was removed by distillation at atmospheric pressure and replaced by isopropyl alcohol (72 ml). Seed was added to induce crystallisation and the resulting mixture was cooled to 15°C. The solid was isolated by filtration, washed twice with isopropylalcohol (32 ml) and dried under vacuum at 40⁰C to yield compound (I) as a white solid (20.86 g, 87%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J₆) δ ppm 1.04 (d, J= 6Hz, 6H),1.75-1.88 (m, 2H), 2.02-2.15 (m, 2H), 2.35-2.44 (m, 2H), 2.64 (d, J= 4.7Hz, 3H), 2.72-2.80 (m, 2H), 2.95 (s, 2H), 3.73-3.84 (m, IH), 3.95 (s, 3H), 4.34 (d, J = 4.2Hz, IH), 4.53-4.63 (m, IH), 7.22 (s, IH), 7.29 (dt J= IHz J= 8Hz, IH), 7.51 (dt J= 7Hz, J= 18Hz, 2H), 7.71-7.77 (m, IH), 7.82 (s, IH), 8.37 (s, IH), 9.57 (s, IH). Mass Spectrum: m/z (M+H)+ 474.0. The NMR data include signals for 1 mole equivalent isopropanol present. The XRPD for this compound is shown in Figure 4.

Example 3. Preparation of 4-(3-Chloro-2-fluoroanilino)-7-methoxy-6-{[l-(N- methylcarbamoylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl]oxy } quinazoline di- [(2E)-but-2-enedioate] (compound (I) difumarate salt). Compound (I) difumarate salt was prepared according to the scheme shown below:

Compound (III) Compound (IV) Compound (V)

Compound (Xl)

Difumarate Compound (I)

Steps 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were performed as set forth in Example 2. Step 7. Preparation of compound (I) difumarate salt. Compound (III) (17.90 mmoles) and N, ΛT-bis(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)imidoformamide (compound (XI)) (7.04 g, 23.27 mmoles) were suspended in tert-butyl alcohol (88.95 g). To this suspension fumaric acid (10.39 g, 89.52 mmoles) was added and the mixture was heated to 80⁰C, with stirring, for 2.5 hrs. Water (11.40 g, 632.80 mmoles) was charged and the reaction continued for a further 21.5 hrs. The reaction was cooled to 20⁰C over 12 hours, during which time crystallisation occurred. The resulting solid was isolated by filtration and was washed with a mixture of water (1.00) and tert-butyl alcohol (7.80 g) followed by a wash with a mixture of water (0.50 g) and tert-butyl alcohol (7.30 g). The solid was dried in vacuo at 40 ⁰C to give compound (I) difumarate salt (8.17 g, 61.40%) as a mustard yellow powder; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- dβ) δ ppm 1.83 (m, 2 H, broad) 2.07 (m, 2 H, broad) 2.64 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 3 H) 2.80 (m, 2 H, broad) 3.03 (s, 2 H) 3.94 (s, 3 H) 4.58 (m, 1 H) 6.63 (s, 4 H) 7.22 (s, 1 H) 7.29 (td, J=8.5, 1.0 Hz, 1 H) 7.51 (m, 2 H) 7.82 (m, 2 H) 8.37 (s, 1 H); Mass Spectrum: m/z (M+H)⁺ 474.0. Example 4. Preparation of 4-(3-Chloro-2-fluoroanilino)-7-methoxy-6-{[l-(N- methylcarbamoylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl]oxy}quinazoline (compound (I)).

Compound (I) was prepared according to the scheme shown below:

Compound (III) Compound (IV)

Compound (V)

Compound (XII)

Compound (I)

Steps 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were performed as set forth in Example 2.

Step 6. Preparation of N’-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-phenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-formamidine (compound (XII)). 3-chloro-2-fluroaniline (5.30 g, 35.29 mmoles) was dissolved in 2- methyltetrahydrofuran (52.94 g). To this N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (6.07 g, 49.41 mmoles) and acetic acid (0.11 g, 1.76 mmoles) were added. The resulting reaction mixture was heated, with stirring, to 76 ⁰C for 3 hours. Following this the solvent was removed in vacuo at 40⁰C to give compound (XII) as a yellow oil (6.60 g, 93% yield); IH NMR Spectrum (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 2.74 (s, 0.29H), 2.89 (s, 0.31H), 2.94 (s, 2.75H), 3.03 (s, 2.66H), 3.34 (br s, 0.70H), 5.48 (s, 0.06H) 6.91-7.10 (m, 3H), 7.79 (s, 1 H), 7.96 (s, 1 H). The NMR data above includes signals for N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal which is present in a 0.06 molar equivalence. The signals pertaining to N₅N- dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal are at δ ppm shifts of 3.75, and 6.90-6.95. The signal at δ ppm 3.35 is due to residual water. Mass Spectrum (by LCMS EI): m/z (M+H)⁺ 201.2. Step 7: Preparation of compound (I). 2-[4-(4-Amino-5-cyano-2- methoxyphenoxy)piperidin-l-yl]-N-methylacetamide (compound (III)) (0.50 g, 1.45 mmol) and N’-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-phenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-formamidine (compound (XII)) (0.32 g, 1.52 mmol) were suspended in methoxybenzene (3.1 ml). To this yellow suspension was added acetic acid (1.52 ml, 25.51 mmol) and the resulting solution was heated to 90 ⁰C for 14 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20 ⁰C and water (2.58 mL) was added. The organic layer was removed and the aqueous layer washed with methoxybenzene (1.4 mL). Ethanol (2.45 mL) and ammonia (1.94 ml, 25.55 mmoles) were added to the aqueous layer. The solution was heated to 90⁰C resulting in the loss of some ethanol by evaporation. The solution was cooled to 40 ⁰C. Seed was added to induce crystallisation and the resulting mixture was cooled to 20 ⁰C. The solid was isolated by filtration to yield compound (I) as a white solid (0.61 g, 73% yield). IH NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 1.75-1.87 (m, 2H), 2.02-2.15 (m, 2H), 2.35-2.44 (m, 2H), 2.64 (d, J= 4.8Hz, 3H), 2.72-2.80 (m, 2H), 2.95 (s, 2H), 3.35 (s, 5.4H), 3.75 (s, 1.3H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 4.58 (hept., J=4.0Hz, IH), 6.90-6.95 (m, 1.3H), 7.23 (s, 1.8H), 7.26-7.34 (m, IH), 7.45-7.58 (m 2H), 7.72-7.78 (m, IH), 7.83 (s, IH), 8.38 (s, IH), 9.58 (s, IH). The NMR data above includes signals for the methoxybenzene solvent which is present in a 0.40 molar equivalence. The signals pertaining to the solvent are at δ ppm shifts of 3.75, and 6.90-6.95. The cluster at 7.26-7.34 contains signals for the solvent and the parent compound. The signal at δ ppm 3.35 is due to residual water. Mass Spectrum: m/z (M + H)+ 474.0, 476.0. Example 5. Preparation of compound (I) difumarate Form A – 2-[4-({4-[(3-Chloro-2- fluorophenyl)amino]-7-methoxyquinazolin-6-yl}oxy)piperidin-l-yl]-N-methylacetamide di- [(2E)-but-2-enedioate] Form A. A solution of fumaric acid (2.7 g, 23.22 mmol) in methanol (95 ml) was added to a mixture of 2-[4-({4-[(3-Chloro-2-fluorophenyl)amino]-7- methoxyquinazolin-6-yl}oxy)piperidin-l-yl]-N-methylacetamide (compound (I)) (5.62 g at 89% w/w, 10.55 mmol) in isopropanol (100 ml) maintaining the temperature >65°C. The mixture was heated at reflux for one hour before clarification. The reaction mixture was cooled to 30⁰C over 90 minutes and held for 30 minutes to establish crystallisation. The reaction was cooled to 0⁰C over 2 hours and held for 1 hour before isolation by filtration. The filter cake was washed twice with cold isopropanol (2 x 10 ml) and dried in vacuo at 50⁰C to give the title compound as a white solid (5.84 g, 78%); ¹H NMR Spectrum: (DMSO) 1.85 (m, IH), 2.08 (m, IH), 2.50 (m, IH), 2.66 (d, 3H), 2.83 (m, IH), 3.05 (s, 2H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 4.58 (m, IH), 6.64 (s, 4H), 7.23 (s, IH), 7.28 (m, IH), 7.46 (ddd, IH), 7.55 (m, IH), 7.70 (broad q, IH), 7.85 (s, IH), 8.38 (s, IH).

Example 6. Preparation of compound (I) difumarate Form A: 2-[4-({4-[(3-Chloro-2- fluorophenyl)amino]-7-methoxyquinazolin-6-yl}oxy)piperidin-l-yl]-N-methylacetamide di- [(2E)-but-2-enedioate] Form A. A solution of fumaric acid (1.4 kg, 12.1 mol) in methanol (26.6 kg) was added to a mixture of 2-[4-({4-[(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)amino]-7- methoxyquinazolin-6-yl}oxy)piperidin-l-yl]-N-methylacetamide (2.93 kg, 84.8% w/w, 5.24 mol) in isopropanol (39 kg) maintaining the temperature >65°C. A line wash of methanol (3.6 kg) was charged. The mixture was heated at reflux for one hour before clarification, followed by a line wash of methanol (7 kg). The reaction mixture was distilled at atmospheric pressure to remove 47 kg of distillates. Isopropanol (15.8 kg was added and the reaction mixture distilled to remove 15.6 kg of distillates. Crystallisation occurred during the distillation. Isopropanol (21 kg) was added and the reaction cooled to 0⁰C over 8 hours and held for 1 hour before isolation by filtration. The filter cake was washed with cold 50:50 isopropanol:MeOH (4 kg) followed by cold isopropanol (4 kg) and dried in vacuo at 50⁰C to give the title compound as a white solid (3.64 kg, 98%); ¹H NMR Spectrum: (DMSO) 1.85 (m, IH), 2.08 (m, IH), 2.50 (m, IH), 2.66 (d, 3H), 2.83 (m, IH), 3.05 (s, 2H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 4.58 (m, IH), 6.64 (s, 4H), 7.23 (s, IH), 7.28 (m, IH), 7.46 (ddd, IH), 7.55 (m, IH), 7.70 (broad q, IH), 7.85 (s, IH), 8.38 (s, IH).

Example 7. Preparation of compound (I) difumarate Form A: 2-[4-({4-[(3-Chloro-2- fluorophenyl)amino]-7-methoxyquinazolin-6-yl}oxy)piperidin-l-yl]-N-methylacetamide di- [(2E)-but-2-enedioate] Form A. 2-[4-({4-[(3-Chloro-2-fluorophenyl)amino]-7- methoxyquinazolin-6-yl}oxy)piperidin-l-yl]-N-methylacetamide (compound (I)) (60.19 g at 88% w/w, 111.8 mmol) was dissolved in ethyl acetate (1550 ml). The solution was clarified by filtration and the filter washed with ethyl acetate (53 ml). The solution was cooled to 40⁰C. A clarified solution of fumaric acid (26.60 g, 257.0 mmol) in isopropanol (408 ml) was then added over 1 hour. The filter used to clarify the fumaric acid solution was then washed with isopropanol (37 ml). After holding for 1 hour at 40⁰C the reaction was cooled to 20⁰C over 1 hour. The reaction mixture was held for 13.5 hours before isolating the product by filtration. The filter cake was washed twice with ethyl acetate (82 ml) : isopropanol (24 ml) and then dried in vacuo at 40⁰C to give the title compound as a white solid (72.32 g, 90%); ¹H NMR Spectrum: (DMSO) 1.85 (m, IH), 2.08 (m, IH), 2.50 (m, IH), 2.66 (d, 3H), 2.83 (m, IH), 3.05 (s, 2H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 4.58 (m, IH), 6.64 (s, 4H), 7.23 (s, IH), 7.28 (m, IH), 7.46 (ddd, IH), 7.55 (m, IH), 7.70 (broad q, IH), 7.85 (s, IH), 8.38 (s, IH). Example 8. Preparation of compound (I) difumarate Form A: 2-[4-({4-[(3-Chloro-2- fluorophenyl)amino]-7-methoxyquinazolin-6-yl}oxy)piperidin-l-yl]-N-methylacetamide di- [(2E)-but-2-enedioate] Form A. 2-[4-({4-[(3-Chloro-2-fluorophenyl)amino]-7- methoxyquinazolin-6-yl}oxy)piperidin-l-yl]-N-methylacetamide (compound (I)) (2.75 g at assumed 100% w/w, 5.80 mmol) was dissolved in ethyl acetate (94 ml) and isopropanol (14 ml). The solution was distilled such that 25.2 ml of distillates were collected. The solution was cooled to 40⁰C. A clarified solution of fumaric acid (1.38 g, 11.90 mmol) in isopropanol (21 ml) was then added over 1 hour. Compound (I) difumarate Form A seed was added (3.7 mg, 5.3 μmol). The filter used to clarify the fumaric acid solution was then washed with isopropanol (2 ml). After holding for 1 hour at 40⁰C the reaction was cooled to 20⁰C over 2 hours. The reaction mixture was held for 15 hours before isolating the product by filtration. The filter cake was washed twice with ethyl acetate (4.3 ml): isopropanol (1.2 ml) and then dried in vacuo at 40⁰C to give the title compound as a white solid (72.32 g, 90%); ¹H NMR Spectrum: (DMSO) 1.85 (m, IH), 2.08 (m, IH), 2.50 (m, IH), 2.66 (d, 3H), 2.83 (m, IH), 3.05 (s, 2H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 4.58 (m, IH), 6.64 (s, 4H), 7.23 (s, IH), 7.28 (m, IH), 7.46 (ddd, IH), 7.55 (m, IH), 7.70 (broad q, IH), 7.85 (s, IH), 8.38 (s, IH).

Example 9. Preparation of compound (I) difumarate Form A: 2-[4-({4-[(3-Chloro-2- fluorophenyl)amino]-7-methoxyquinazolin-6-yl}oxy)piperidin-l-yl]-N-methylacetamide di- [(2E)-but-2-enedioate] Form A. 2-[4-({4-[(3-Chloro-2-fluorophenyl)amino]-7- methoxyquinazolin-6-yl}oxy)piperidin-l-yl]-N-methylacetamide (compound (I)) (1 g, 1.86 mmoles) and fumaric acid (0.44 g, 3.81 mmoles) were suspended in water (4.4 g) and heated to 85°C. The reaction mixture was cooled to 60⁰C at l°C/minute and compound (I) Form A seed was added when the temperature was 77°C. The resulting solid was isolated by filtration, washed twice with acetone (0.7O g per wash) and dried in a vacuum oven at 40⁰C to afford the title compound (0.89 g, 68% yield), IH NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d ppm 1.84 (m, 2 H) 2.08 (m, 2 H) 2.55 (m, 2 H) 2.63 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 3 H) 2.86 (m, 2 H) 3.12 (s, 2 H) 3.93 (s, 3 H) 4.59 (tt, J=7.8, 3.7 Hz, 1 H) 6.62 (s, 4 H) 7.21 (s, 1 H) 7.27 (td, J=8.1, 1.3 Hz, 1 H) 7.49 (m, 2 H) 7.86 (m, 2 H) 8.36 (s, 1 H) 9.63 (br. s., 1 H). Compound (I) difumarate Form A is a free flowing powder.

PAPER

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00412

The Development of a Dimroth Rearrangement Route to AZD8931

William R. F. Goundry^*†§ , Kay Boardman^‡, Oliver Cunningham^‡, Matthew Evans^‡, Martin F. Jones^‡§, Kirsty Millard^‡, Raquel Rozada-Sanchez^‡, Yvonne Sawyer^†, Paul Siedlecki^‡, and Brian Whitlock^‡

^† The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom

^‡ The Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom

Org. Process Res. Dev., Article ASAP

DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00412

Recently, the aminoquinazoline motif has been highly prevalent in anticancer pharmaceutical compounds. Synthetic methods are required to make this structure on a multikilo scale and in high purity. The initial route to aminoquinazoline AZD8931 suffered from the formation of late-stage impurities. To avoid these impurities, a new high-yielding Dimroth rearrangement approach to the aminoquinazoline core of AZD8931 was developed. Assessment of route options on a gram scale demonstrated that the Dimroth rearrangement is a viable approach. The processes were then evolved for large-scale production with learning from a kilo campaign and two plant-scale manufactures. Identification of key process impurities offers an insight into the mechanisms of the Dimroth rearrangement as well as the hydrogenation of a key intermediate. The final processes were operated on a 30 kg scale delivering the target AZD8931 in 41% overall yield.

2-[4-[4-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-anilino)-7-methoxy-quinazolin-6-yl]oxy-1-piperidyl]-N-methyl-acetamide IPA solvate (5) as a white solid (38.1 kg, 84.2% yield); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 1.81 (m, 2 H), 2.06 (m, 2 H), 2.39 (m, 2 H), 2.63 (d, J = 4.7 Hz, 3 H), 2.75 (m, 2 H), 2.95 (s, 2 H), 3.94 (s, 3 H), 4.57 (Dt, J = 8.1, 4.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.22 (s, 1 H), 7.29 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.51 (m, 2 H), 7.74 (br d, J = 4.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.83 (s, 1 H), 8.37 (s, 1 H), 9.58 (br.s, 1 H); m/Z ES+ 474.2 [MH]⁺; HRMS found [MH]⁺ = 474.1706, C₂₃H₂₅ClFN₅O₃ requires [MH]⁺ = 474.1630; Assay (QNMR) 97.5 wt %/wt.

1H NMR PREDICT

////////////////AZD 8931, Sapitinib, pan-EGFR, pan-erbB inhibitor, SAPATINIB, PHASE 2, 848942-61-0

CNC(=O)CN1CCC(CC1)OC2=C(C=C3C(=C2)C(=NC=N3)NC4=C(C(=CC=C4)Cl)F)OC

“ALL FOR DRUGS” CATERS TO EDUCATION GLOBALLY, No commercial exploits are done or advertisements added by me. This article is a compilation for educational purposes only.

P.S. : The views expressed are my personal and in no-way suggest the views of the professional body or the company that I represent

Zydus receives approval from USFDA to initiate Phase II clinical studies of Saroglitazar Magnesium in patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC)

Ahmedabad, India, February 23, 2017

Zydus Cadila, a research-driven, global healthcare provider, today announced that the USFDA has approved the group’s plans to initiate a Phase 2 clinical trial of Saroglitazar Magnesium (Mg) in patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) of the liver. This randomized, double-blind Phase 2 trial will evaluate Saroglitazar Magnesium 2mg and 4 mg Vs. Placebo.

Speaking on the development, Mr. Pankaj R. Patel, Chairman and Managing Director, Zydus Cadila said, “We are very thankful to the USFDA for their timely and useful feedback on the clinical trial designs of Saroglitazar Mg in patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC). This development underlines our commitment to bridging unmet healthcare needs with innovative therapies.”

Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) is a liver disease, caused due to progressive destruction of the bile ducts in the liver which leads to reduction of bile flow – a condition referred to as cholestasis. PBC is often discovered incidentally due to abnormal results on routine liver blood tests. Progression of PBC leads to symptoms of cirrhosis like yellowing of the skin, swelling of legs and feet (edema), ascites, internal bleeding (varices) and thinning of the bones (osteoporosis). The buildup of toxic bile in the liver leads to liver inflammation and fibrosis which can progress to cirrhosis. People with cirrhosis are at increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma or liver cancer, which is a leading cause of liver transplants or death.

With an increasing number of people being affected by PBC which can lead to progressive cholestasis and even turn fatal, there is a pressing need to develop therapies which help to achieve an adequate reduction in alkaline phosphotase (ALP) or bilirubin and bring in better tolerance and efficacy.

About Lipaglyn™ Lipaglyn™ is a prescription drug authorized for sale in India only. Lipaglyn™ was launched in India during Sept 2013 for the treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia and Diabetic Dyslipidemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes not controlled by statins. Saroglitazar Mg is an investigational new drug with the USFDA, and is currently under clinical investigation for three significant unmet medical needs in the United States – Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC), Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) and Severe Hypertriglyceridemia (TG>500).

About Zydus Zydus Cadila is an innovative, global healthcare provider that discovers, develops, manufactures and markets a broad range of healthcare therapies, including small molecule drugs, biologic therapeutics and vaccines. The group employs over 19,500 people worldwide, including 1200 scientists engaged in R & D, and is dedicated to creating healthier communities globally. For more information, please visit http://www.zyduscadila.com

http://zyduscadila.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/USFDA-approval-for-clinical-trial-of-Saro-Mg.pdf

Saroglitazar magnesium
CAS: 1639792-20-3

Molecular Formula, 2C25-H28-N-O4-S.Mg,

Molecular Weight, 901.4354

Magnesium, bis((alphaS)-alpha-(ethoxy-kappaO)-4-(2-(2-methyl-5-(4-(methylthio)phenyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethoxy)benzenepropanoato-kappaO)-, (T-4)-

(2S)-2-Ethoxy-3-(4-(2-(2-methyl-5-(4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl(ethoxy)phenyl)propanoic acid, magnesium salt (2:1)

DR RANJIT DESAI

ZYDUS

//////////Zydus,  USFDA, Phase II,  clinical studies, Saroglitazar Magnesium,  Primary Biliary Cholangitis,  (PBC)

[Mg+2].CCO[C@@H](Cc1ccc(OCCn2c(C)ccc2c3ccc(SC)cc3)cc1)C(=O)[O-].CCO[C@@H](Cc4ccc(OCCn5c(C)ccc5c6ccc(SC)cc6)cc4)C(=O)[O-]

Zydus Cadila to launch India’s 1st Tetravalent Inactivated Influenza vaccine – VaxiFlu – 4

Ahmedabad, February 24, 2017

Zydus Cadila, a research-driven, global healthcare provider has received approvals from the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI), Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) and the Central Drug Laboratory (CDL) to market the Tetravalent Inactivated Influenza vaccine for seasonal flu, VaxiFlu – 4. With this, Zydus Cadila will become the first Indian pharma company and second in the world to launch a Tetravalent Inactivated Influenza vaccine. The vaccine provides protection from the four influenza viruses- H1N1, H3N2, Type B (Brisbane) and Type B (Phuket).

VaxiFlu – 4 will be marketed by Zydus Vaxxicare – a division of the group focussing on preventives. The Tetravalent Inactivated Influenza vaccine has been developed at the Vaccine Technology Centre (VTC) in Ahmedabad which has proven capabilities in researching, developing, and manufacturing of safe and efficacious vaccines. The group was also the first to indigenously develop, manufacture and launch India’s first vaccine against H1N1 – Vaxiflu-S.

VTC further plans to develop a wide spectrum of vaccines against bacterial, viral and protozoal infections and has a robust pipeline of vaccines like Pentavalent (DTP-Hib-HepB), Conjugated Typhoid Vaccine, HPV, MMRV, Malaria and Hepatitis B vaccines. The group also markets the anti-rabies vaccine and the typhoid vaccine.

Speaking on the development Mr. Pankaj R. Patel, Chairman and Managing Director, Zydus Cadila said, “Disease prevention is the key to public health in both the developing and the developed world and vaccines have the potential to improve the quality of life in both spectrums. In countries such as India, there is a pressing need for low cost, high quality vaccines that can address healthcare challenges. With the launch of vaccines like VaxiFlu – 4 we are serving the cause of public health and meeting the twin challenge of affordability and accessibility.”

Influenza, or the “flu” as it is commonly called, is an infection of the respiratory tract. It is a dreaded disease and the morbidity and mortality rates associated with influenza are especially high during pandemics. Annually it is estimated that it attacks 5-10% of adults and 20-30% of children globally and causes significant levels of illness, hospitalization and death. In India, the 2009 swine flu pandemic infected more than 10 million people and resulted in more than 18000 deaths worldwide.

The last major outbreak in India occurred in 2015 with more than 33000 registered cases of influenza and over 2000 deaths. There are different strains of influenza viruses that infect human beings, the predominant ones being influenza A and influenza B. The common subtypes of influenza A found in general circulation amongst people are H1N1 (which was responsible for the devastating swine flu pandemic) and H3N2.

The subtypes of influenza B commonly found in circulation are influenza B (Brisbane – Victoria lineage) and influenza B (Phuket – Yamagata lineage). Vaccination against influenza is the most effective way to protect oneself against the dangers of influenza. Majority of the influenza vaccines available in India are inactivated trivalent influenza vaccines.

These vaccines provide protection against 2 strains of influenza A and 1 strain of influenza B. Protection against only 1 subtype of influenza B often leads to a vaccine mismatch i.e. the antigen of influenza B present in the trivalent vaccine may not match the influenza B subtype circulating during the season, leading to suboptimal protection. A quadrivalent vaccine, by virtue of having a comprehensive coverage against 2 strains of both influenza A and influenza B, provides a broader protection and significantly reduces the risk of vaccine mismatch. Vaxiflu – 4 is the first quadrivalent influenza vaccine in india.

About Zydus Zydus Cadila is an innovative, global pharmaceutical company that discovers, develops, manufactures and markets a broad range of healthcare therapies, including small molecule drugs, biologic therapeutics and vaccines. The group employs over 19,500 people worldwide, including 1200 scientists engaged in R & D, and is dedicated to creating healthier communities globally. For more information, please visit http://www.zyduscadila.com

Zydus’ vaccine research programme The Vaccine Technology Centre (VTC) is the vaccine research centre of the Zydus Group. The group has two state-of-the-art R & D Centers, one located in Catania, Italy and the other in Ahmedabad, in the western part of India. The goup has been developing vaccines for the basic vaccine programmes such as Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Haemophilus Influenzae type B, Hepatitis B, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella, Influenza and Typhoid fever. In addition, it is developing new vaccines such as Human Papilloma Virus, Leishmaniasis, Malaria, Haemorrhagic Congo Fever, Ebola and Japanese Encephalitis.

Ref

Zydus Cadila to launch India’s 1st Tetravalent Inactivated Influenza vaccine – VaxiFlu – 4 Read more: https://goo.gl/xuSTfK #ZydusAnnouncement

///////////Zydus Cadila, Tetravalent Inactivated,  Influenza vaccine, VaxiFlu – 4

Tradipitant

VLY-686,  LY686017

• Molecular Formula C₂₈H₁₆ClF₆N₅O
• Average mass 587.903 Da

PHASE 2, Gastroparesis; Pruritus

pyridine-containing NK-1 receptor antagonist ie tradipitant, useful for treating anxiety, pruritus and alcoholism.

Vanda Pharmaceuticals, under license from Eli Lilly, was developing tradipitant, a NK1 antagonist, for treating anxiety disorder, pruritus and alcohol dependence. The company was also investigating the drug for treating gastroparesis. In February 2017, tradipitant was reported to be in phase 2 clinical development for treating anxiety and pruritus.

• Originator Eli Lilly
• Developer Eli Lilly; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; Vanda Pharmaceuticals
• Class Antipruritics; Anxiolytics; Chlorobenzenes; Pyridines; Small molecules; Triazoles
• Mechanism of Action Neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists; Substance P inhibitors

Highest Development Phases

• Phase II Gastroparesis; Pruritus
• Discontinued Alcoholism; Social phobia
• The drug had been in phase II clinical trials at Lilly and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism for the treatment of alcoholism; however, no recent development has been reported for this research.
• A phase II clinical trial for the treatment of social phobia has been completed by Lilly.

PATENT WO 2003091226

SYNTHESIS

Condensation of 2-chloropyridine with thiophenol  in the presence of K2CO3 in DMF at 110ºC yields sulfide intermediate,

which is then oxidized by means of NaOCl in AcOH to give 2-(benzenesulfonyl)pyridine.

This is treated with (iPr)2NH and n-BuLi in THF at -60 to -70°C and subsequently couples with 2-chlorobenzaldehyde  in THF at -60 to -70°C to furnish (2-(phenylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)-(2-chlorophenyl)methanone.

Ketone  couples with the enolate of 4-acetylpyridine (formed by treating 4-acetylpyridine (VII) with t-BuOK in DMSO) in the presence of LiOH in DMSO and subsequently is treated with PhCOOH in iPrOAc to give rise to pyridine benzoate derivative.

This finally couples with 1-azidomethyl-3,5-bistrifluoromethylbenzene  (obtained by treating 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzylchloride with NaN3 ini DMSO) in the presence of K2CO3 in t-BuOH to afford the title compound Tradipitant.

Tradipitant (VLY-686 or LY686017) is an experimental drug that is a neurokinin 1 antagonist. It works by blocking substance P, a small signaling molecule. Originally, this compound was owned by Eli Lilly and named LY686017. VLY-686 was purchased by Vanda Pharmaceuticals from Eli Lilly and Company in 2012.^[1] Vanda Pharmaceuticals is a U.S. pharmaceutical company that as of November 2015 only has 3 drugs in their product pipeline: tasimelteon, VLY-686, and iloperidone.^[2]

Tachykinins are a family of peptides that are widely distributed in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. These peptides exert a number of biological effects through actions at tachykinin receptors. To date, three such receptors have been characterized, including the NK-1 , NK-2, and NK-3 subtypes of tachykinin receptor.

The role of the NK-1 receptor subtype in numerous disorders of the central nervous system and the periphery has been thoroughly demonstrated in the art. For instance, NK-1 receptors are believed to play a role in depression, anxiety, and central regulation of various autonomic, as well as cardiovascular and respiratory functions. NK- 1 receptors in the spinal cord are believed to play a role in pain transmission, especially the pain associated with migraine and arthritis. In the periphery, NK-1 receptor activation has been implicated in numerous disorders, including various inflammatory disorders, asthma, and disorders of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract.

There is an increasingly wide recognition that selective NK-1 receptor antagonists would prove useful in the treatment of many diseases of the central nervous system and the periphery. While many of these disorders are being treated by new medicines, there are still many shortcomings associated with existing treatments. For example, the newest class of anti-depressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are increasingly prescribed for the treatment of depression; however, SSRIs have numerous side effects, including nausea, insomnia, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction. This could significantly affect patient compliance rate. As another example, current treatments for chemotherapy- induced nausea and emesis, such as the 5-HT₃receptor antagonists, are ineffective in managing delayed emesis. The development of NK-1 receptor antagonists will therefore greatly enhance the ability to treat such disorders more effectively. Thus, the present invention provides a class of potent, non-peptide NK-1 receptor antagonists, compositions comprising these compounds, and methods of using the compounds.

Pruritus

It is being investigated by Vanda Pharmaceuticals for chronic pruritus (itchiness) in atopic dermatitis. In March 2015, Vanda announced positive results from a Phase II proof of concept study.^[3] A proof of concept study is done in early stage clinical trials after there have been promising preclinical results. It provides preliminary evidence that the drug is active in humans and has some efficacy.^[4]

Alcoholism

VLY-686 reduced alcohol craving in recently detoxified alcoholic patients as measured by the Alcohol Urge Questionnaire.^[5] In a placebo controlled clinical trial of recently detoxified alcoholic patients, VLY-686 significantly reduced alcohol craving as measured by the Alcohol Urge Questionnaire. It also reduced the cortisol increase seen after a stress test compared to placebo. The dose given was 50 mg per day.

Social anxiety disorder

In a 12-week randomized trial of LY68017 in 189 patients with social anxiety disorder, 50 mg of LY68017 did not provide any statistically significant improvement over placebo.^[6]

PATENT

WO03091226,

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2003091226A1?cl=en

PATENT

WO2008079600, 

The compound {2-[l-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-5-pyridin-4-yl-lH-[l,2,3]triazol-4-yl]- pyridin-3-yl}-(2-chlorophenyl)-methanone, depicted below as the compound of Formula I, was first described in PCT published application WO2003/091226.

(I)

Because the compound of Formula I is an antagonist of the NK-I subtype of tachykinin receptor, it is useful for the treatment of disorders associated with an excess of tachykinins. Such disorders include depression, including major depressive disorder; anxiety, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and social phobia or social anxiety disorder; schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, including bipolar disorder; neurodegenerative disorders such as dementia, including senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type or Alzheimer’s disease; disorders of bladder function such as bladder detrusor hyper-reflexia and incontinence, including urge incontinence; emesis, including chemotherapy-induced nausea and acute or delayed emesis; pain or nociception; disorders associated with blood pressure, such as hypertension; disorders of blood flow caused by vasodilation and vasospastic diseases, such as angina, migraine, and Reynaud’s disease; hot flushes; acute and chronic obstructive airway diseases such as adult respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopneumonia, bronchospasm, chronic bronchitis, drivercough, and asthma; inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease; gastrointestinal disorders or diseases associated with the neuronal control of viscera such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, functional dyspepsia, and irritable bowel syndrome (including constipation-predominant, diarrhea- -?-

predominant, and mixed irritable bowel syndrome); and cutaneous diseases such as contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, and other eczematoid dermatitis.

In PCT published application, WO2005/042515, novel crystalline forms of the compound of Formula I, identified as Form IV and Form V, are identified. Also described in WO2005/042515 is a process for preparation of the compound of Formula I, comprising reacting (2-chlorophenyl)-[2-(2- hydroxy-2-pyridin-4-yl-vinyl)pyridin-3-yl]methanone or a phosphate salt thereof with l-azidomethyl-3,5- bistrifluoromethylbenzene in the presence of a suitable base and a solvent. Use of this procedure results in several shortcomings for synthesis on a commercial scale. For example, use of the solvent DMSO, with (2- chlorophenyl)-[2-(2-hydroxy-2-pyridin-4-yl-vinyl)pyridin-3-yl]methanone phosphate, requires a complex work-up that has a propensity to emulsify. This process also requires extraction with CH₂CI₂, the use of which is discouraged due to its potential as an occupational carcinogen, as well as the use of MgSC>₄ and acid-washed carbon, which can generate large volumes of waste on a commercial scale. Conducting the reaction with (2-chlorophenyl)-[2-(2-hydroxy-2-pyridin-4-yl-vinyl)pyridin-3-yl]methanone in isopropyl alcohol, as also described in WO2005/042515, is also undesirable due to the need to incorporate a free base step. Furthermore, variable levels of residual l-azidomethyl-3,5-bistrifluoromethylbenzene, a known mutagen, are obtained from use of the procedures described in WO2005/042515.

An improved process for preparing the compound of Formula I would control the level of 1- azidomethyl-3,5-bistrifluoromethylbenzene impurity, and improve the yield. We have discovered that use of the novel salt, (2-chlorophenyl)-[2-(2-hydroxy-2-pyridin-4-yl-vinyl)pyridin-3-yl]methanone benzoate, as well as use of tert-butanol as the reaction solvent, improves reaction times and final yield, and decreases impurities in the final product. In addition, a novel process for the preparation of (2-chlorophenyl)- [2-(2- hydroxy-2-pyridin-4-yl-vinyl)pyridin-3-yl]methanone benzoate, in which a pre-formed enolate of 4-acetyl pyridine is added to (2-phenylsulfonyl-pyridine-3-yl)-(2-chlorophenyl)methanone, results in an overall improved yield and improved purity, and is useful on a commercial scale.

EXAMPLES

Example 1 {2-[l-(3,5-bistrifluoromethylbenzyl)-5-pyridin-4-yl-lH-[l,2,3]triazol-4-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-(2-chlorophenyl)- methanone (Form IV)

Suspend (2-chlorophenyl)-[2-(2-hydroxy-2-pyridin-4-yl-vinyl)pyridin-3-yl] methanone benzoate (204.7 g; 1.04 equiv; 445 mmoles) in t-butanol (614 mL) and treat the slurry with potassium carbonate (124.2 g; 898.6 mmoles). Heat to 7O⁰C with mechanical stirring for 1 hour. Add l-azidomethyl-3,5- bistrifluoromethylbenzene (115.6 g; 1.00 equiv; 429.4 mmoles) in a single portion, then heat the mixture to reflux. A circulating bath is used to maintain a condenser temperature of 3O⁰C. After 18 hours at reflux, HPLC reveals that the reaction is complete (<2% l-azidomethyl-3,5-bistrifluoromethylbenzene remaining). The mixture is cooled to 7O⁰C, isopropanol (818 mL) is added, then the mixture is stirred at 7O⁰C for 1 hour. The mixture is filtered, and the waste filter cake is rinsed with isopropanol (409 mL). The combined filtrate and washes are transferred to a reactor, and the mechanically stirred contents are heated to 7O⁰C. To the dark purple solution, water (1.84 L) is added slowly over 35 minutes. The solution is cooled to 6O⁰C, then stirred for 1 hour, during which time a thin precipitate forms. The mixture is slowly cooled to RT, then the solid is filtered, washed with 1 : 1 isopropanol/water (614 mL), subsequently washed with isopropanol (410 mL), then dried in vacuo at 45⁰C to produce 200.3 g of crude {2-[l-(3,5- bistrifluoromethylbenzyl)-5-pyridin-4-yl-lH-[l,2,3]triazol-4-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-(2-chlorophenyl)-methanone as a white solid. Crude {2-[l-(3,5-bistrifluoromethylbenzyl)-5-pyridin-4-yl-lH-[l,2,3]triazol-4-yl]-pyridin- 3-yl}-(2-chlorophenyl)-methanone (200.3 g) and isopropyl acetate (600 mL) are charged to a 5L 3-neck jacketed flask, then the contents heated to 75⁰C. After dissolution is achieved, the vessel contents are cooled to 55⁰C, then the solution polish filtered through a 5 micron filter, and the filter rinsed with a volume of isopropyl acetate (200 mL). After the polish filtration operation is complete, the filtrates are combined, and the vessel contents are adjusted to 5O⁰C. After stirring for at least 15 minutes at 5O⁰C, 0.21 grams of {2-[l-(3,5-bistrifluoromethylbenzyl)-5-pyridin-4-yl-lH-[l,2,3]triazol-4-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-(2- chlorophenyl)-methanone Form IV seed (d90 = 40 microns) is added, and the mixture stirred at 5O⁰C for at least 2 h. Heptanes (1.90 L) are then added over at least 2 h. After the heptanes addition is completed, the slurry is stirred for an hour at 5O⁰C, cooled to 23⁰C at a rate less then 2O⁰C per hour, then aged at 23⁰C for an hour prior to isolation. The mixture is then filtered in portions through the bottom outlet valve in the reactor into a 600 mL filter. The resulting wetcake is washed portionwise with a solution containing heptanes (420 mL) and isopropyl acetate (180 mL), which is passed directly through the 5L crystallization vessel. The wetcake is blown dry for 5 minutes with nitrogen, then transferred to a 500 mL plastic bottle. The product is dried at 5O⁰C for 4 h. to produce 190.3g of pure {2-[l-(3,5- bistrifluoromethylbenzyl)-5-pyridin-4-yl-lH-[l,2,3]triazol-4-yl]-pyridin-3-yl}-(2-chlorophenyl)- methanone, Form IV in 75.0% yield with 100% purity, as determined by HPLC analysis. Particle size is reduced via pin or jet mill. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 5.46 (s, 2H); 7.19 (m, 5H); 7.36 (dd, IH, J = 4.9, 7.8); 7.45 (s, 2H); 7.59 (m, IH); 7.83 (s, IH); 7.93 (dd, IH, J = 1.5, 7.8); 8.56 (dd, IH, J= 1.5, 4.9); 8.70 (d, 2H, J= 5.9).

Preparation 1-A (2-chlorophenyl)-[2-(2-hydroxy-2-pyridin-4-yl-vinyl)pyridin-3-yl]methanone benzoate Charge powdered KOfBu (221.1 g, 1.93 moles, 1.40 eq.) to Reactor A, then charge DMSO (2 L) at

25⁰C over 10 min. The KOfBu/DMSO solution is stirred for 30 min at 23⁰C, then a solution of 4-acetyl pyridine (92 mL, 2.07 moles, 1.50 eq) in DMSO (250 mL) is prepared in reactor B. The contents of reactor B are added to Reactor A over 10 minutes, then the Reactor A enolate solution is stirred at 23⁰C for Ih. In a separate 12-L flask (Reactor C), solid LiOH (84.26 g, 3.45 moles, 2.0 eq) is poured into a mixture of (2- phenylsulfonyl-pyridin-3-yl)-(2-chlorophenyl)methanone (500.0 g, 1.34 moles, 1.0 eq) and DMSO (2L), with stirring, at 23⁰C. The enolate solution in reactor A is then added to Reactor C over a period of at least 15 minutes, and the red suspension warmed to 4O⁰C. The reaction is stirred for 3h, after which time HPLC analysis reveals less than 2% (2-phenylsulfonyl-pyridin-3-yl)-(2-chlorophenyl)methanone. Toluene (2.5 L) is charged, and the reactor temperature cooled to 3O⁰C. The mixture is quenched by addition of glacial acetic acid (316 mL, 5.52 moles, 4.0 eq), followed by 10 % NaCl (2.5 L). The biphasic mixture is transferred to a 22-L bottom-outlet Morton flask, and the aqueous layer is removed. The aqueous layer is then extracted with toluene (750 mL). The combined organic layers are washed with 10 % NaCl (750 mL), then concentrated to 4 volumes and transferred to a 12-L Morton flask and rinsed with isopropyl acetate (4 vol, 2 L). The opaque amber solution is warmed to 75 degrees to 75⁰C over 40 min. Benzoic acid (171. Ig, 1.34 moles, 1.0 eq) is dissolved in hot isopropyl acetate (1.5 L), and charged to the crude free base solution over at least 30 min. The crude solution containing benzoate salt is stirred for 0.5 h at 75⁰C then cooled to 23 ⁰C. When solids are first observed, the cooling is stopped and the mixture is aged for an hour at the temperature at which crystals are first observed. Alternatively, if seed crystal is available, the mixture may be seeded with (2-chlorophenyl)-[2-(2-hydroxy-2-pyridin-4-yl-vinyl)pyridin-3-yl]methanone benzoate (2.25g) at 75⁰C, followed by stirring for 0.5 h at 75⁰C, then cooling to 23⁰C over at least 1.5 h. The mixture is then cooled to <5 ⁰C, then filtered through paper on a 24cm single-plate filter. The filtercake is then rinsed with cold z^‘-PrOAc (750 mL) to produce granular crystals of bright orange-red color. The wet solid is dried at 55⁰C to produce 527.3 g (83% yield) with 99.9% purity. (2-chlorophenyl)-[2-(2-hydroxy-2- pyridin-4-yl-vinyl)pyridin-3-yl]methanone benzoate. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₆Hi₉N₂ClO₄: C, 68.05; H, 4.17; N, 7.13. Found: C, 67.89; H, 4.15; N 6.05. HRMS: calcd for C₁₉H₁₃ClN₂O₂, 336.0666; found 336.0673.

The synthesis of(2-chlorophenyl)-[2-(2-hydroxy-2-pyridin-4-yl-vinyl)pyridin-3-yl]methanone benzoate proceeds optimally when the potassium enolate of 4-acetyl pyridine is pre-formed using KOfBu in DMSO. Pre-formation of the enolate allows the SNAR (nucleophilic aromatic substitution) reaction to be performed between room temperature and 4O⁰C, which minimizes the amount of degradation. Under these conditions, the SNAR is highly regioselective, resulting in a ratio of approximately 95:5 preferential C – acylation. In all cases, less polar solvents such as THF or toluene, or co-solvents of these solvents mixed with DMSO, results in a substantial increase of acylation at the oxygen in the SNAR, and leads to a lower yield of product. This is a substantial improvement over the procedures described in WO2005/042515 for synthesis of the free base or the phosphate salt, in which the SNAR is performed at 60-70⁰C, resulting in a substantial increase in chemical impurity. Using the conditions described in WO2005/042515, when scaled to 2kg, results in maximum yields of 55%, with sub-optimal potency. In comparison, the improved conditions described herein can be run reproducibly from 0.4 to 2kg scale to give yields of 77-83%, with >99% purity. In addition, the reaction can be held overnight at 4O⁰C with minimal degradation, whereas holding the reaction for 1 h past completion at 60-70°C results in substantial aromatized impurity. The reaction may also be performed using sodium tert-amylate as the base, in combination with an aprotic solvent, such as DMSO or DMF.

The title compound exists as a mixture of tautomers and geometric isomers. It is understood that each of these forms is encompassed within the scope of the invention.

Preparation 1-B

(2-chlorophenyl)-[2-(2-hydroxy-2-pyridin-4-yl-vinyl)pyridin-3-yl]methanone toluate The procedure described in Preparation 1-A is followed, with the following exception. Solid toluic acid (1.0 eq) is added to the crude free base solution at 55⁰C, then the solution cooled to 45 ⁰C. The solution is stirred for one hour at 45 ⁰C, then slowly cooled to 23 ⁰C. When solids are first observed, the cooling is stopped and the mixture is aged for an hour at the temperature at which crystals are first observed. Alternatively, if seed crystal is available, the mixture may be seeded, aged for 3 h at 45⁰C , then cooled to O⁰C over 4 h. The isolation slurry is filtered, and the wetcake washed with MeOH (3 volumes). The wetcake is dried at 5O⁰C to provide 14.0 g (76.4%) of (2-chlorophenyl)-[2-(2-hydroxy-2-pyridin-4-yl- vinyl)pyridin-3-yl]methanone toluate as a light red powder.

As with the benzoate salt, the toluate salt can also exist as a mixture of tautomers and geometric isomers, each of which is encompassed within the scope of the invention. (2-chlorophenyl)-[2-(2-hydroxy- 2-pyridin-4-yl-vinyl)pyridin-3-yl]methanone toluate . ¹³C NMR (125 MHz,DMS0-d6) δ 194.5, 167.8, 167.4, 155.5, 150.7 (2C), 147.4, 144.0, 143.4, 142.7, 138.6, 133.0, 130.8, 130.7, 130.5, 129.8(2C), 129.5(2C), 128.5, 128.0, 127.9, 119.9 (2C), 118.6, 92.6, 21.5.

Preparation 1-C

(2-phenylsulfonyl-pyridin-3-yl)-(2-chlorophenyl)methanone

A solution of 1.3 eq of diisopropylamine (based on 2-benzenesulfonyl pyridine) in 5 volumes of THF in a mechanically stirred 3 -necked flask is cooled to -70 to -75 ⁰C. To this solution is added 1.05 eq of w-butyllithium (1.6M in hexanes) at such a rate as to maintain the temperature below -6O⁰C. The light yellow solution is stirred at -60 to -70 ⁰C for 30 minutes. Once the temperature has cooled back down to – 60 to -65⁰C, 1.0 eq of 2-benzene-sulfonyl pyridine, as a solution in 3 volumes of THF, is added at the fastest rate that will maintain the reaction temperature under -6O⁰C. A yellow suspension forms during the addition that becomes yellow-orange upon longer stirring. This mixture is stirred for 3 hours at -60 to – 75⁰C, and then 1.06 eq of 2-chlorobenzaldehyde, as a solution in 1 volume of THF, is added dropwise at a sufficient rate to keep the temperature under -55 ⁰C. The suspension gradually turns orange-red, thins out, and then becomes a clear red solution. The reaction mixture is allowed to stir at -60 to -7O⁰C for 1 hour, 3N aqueous HCl (7 volumes) is added over 20-30 minutes, and the temperature is allowed to exotherm to 0-10⁰C. The color largely disappears, leaving a biphasic yellow solution. The solution is warmed to at least 1O⁰C, the layers are separated, and the aqueous layer is back-extracted with 10 volumes of ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers are washed with 10 volumes of saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and concentrated to about 2 volumes. Ethyl acetate (10 volumes) is added, and the solution is once again concentrated to 2 volumes. The thick solution is allowed to stand overnight and is taken to the next step with no purification of the crude alcohol intermediate. The crude alcohol intermediate is transferred to a 3 -necked flask with enough ethyl acetate to make the total solution about 10 volumes. The yellow solution is treated with 3.2 volumes of 10% aqueous (w/w) potassium bromide, followed by 0.07 eq of 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxide (TEMPO). The orange mixture is cooled to 0-5⁰C and treated with a solution of 1.25 eq of sodium bicarbonate in 12% w/w sodium hypochlorite (9 volumes) and 5 volumes of water over 30-60 minutes while allowing the temperature to exotherm to a maximum of 2O⁰C. The mixture turns dark brown during the addition, but becomes yellow, and a thick precipitate forms. The biphasic light yellow mixture is allowed to stir at ambient temperature for 1-3 hours, at which time the reaction is generally completed. The biphasic mixture is cooled to 0-5⁰C and stirred for 3 hours at that temperature. The solid is filtered off, washed with 4 volumes of cold ethyl acetate, followed by 4 volumes of water, and dried in vacuo at 45⁰C to constant weight. Typical yield is 80-83% with a purity of greater than 98%. ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃-^) δ ppm 7.38 (td, ./=7.52, 1.28 Hz, 1 H) 7.47 (dd, ./=7.80, 1.30 Hz, 1 H) 7.51 (td, ./=7.79, 1.60 Hz, 1 H) 7.51 (t, ./=7.89 Hz, 2 H) 7.50 – 7.54 (m, J=7.75, 4.63 Hz, 1 H) 7.60 (t, J=7.43 Hz, 1 H) 7.73 (dd, J=7.75, 1.60 Hz, 1 H) 7.81 (dd, J=7.79, 1.56 Hz, 1 H) 8.00 (dd, ./=8.44, 1.10 Hz, 2 H) 8.76 (dd, ./=4.63, 1.61 Hz, 1 H).

Preparation 1-D 1 -azidomethyl-3,5-bistrifluoromethyl-benzene

Sodium azide (74.3 g, 1.14 mol) is suspended in water (125 mL), then DMSO (625 mL) is added. After stirring for 30 minutes, a solution consisting of 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl chloride (255.3 g, 0.97 moles) and DMSO (500 mL) is added over 30 minutes. (The 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl chloride is heated to 35⁰C to liquefy prior to dispensing (MP = 30-32⁰C)). The benzyl chloride feed vessel is rinsed with DMSO (50 mL) into the sodium azide solution, the mixture is heated to 4O⁰C, and then maintained for an hour at 4O⁰C, then cooled to 23⁰C.

In Process Analysis: A drop of the reaction mixture is dissolved in d6-DMSO and the relative intensities of the methylene signals are integrated (NMR verified as a 0.35% limit test for 3,5- Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl Chloride). Work-up: After the mixture reaches 23⁰C , it is diluted with heptanes (1500 mL), then water (1000 mL) is added, and the mixture exotherms to 35⁰C against a jacket setpoint of 23⁰C. The aqueous layer is removed (-2200 mL), then the organic layer (approximately 1700 mL) is washed with water (2 X 750 mL). The combined aqueous layers (-3700 mL) are analyzed and discarded.

The solvent is then partially removed via vacuum distillation with a jacket set point of 85⁰C, pot temperature of 60-65⁰C and distillate head temperature of 50-55⁰C to produce 485g (94.5% yield) of 51 Wt% solution title compound as a clear liquid. Heptanes can be either further removed by vacuum distillation or wiped film evaporation technology. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 4.58 (s, 2H); 7.81 (s, 2H); 7.90 (s, IH).

Preparation 1-E 2-benzene-sulfonyl pyridine Charge 2-chloropyridine (75 mL, 790 mmol), thiophenol (90 mL, 852 mmol), and DMF (450 mL) to a 2L flask. Add K₂CO₃ (134.6 g, 962 mmol), then heat to HO⁰C and stir for 18 hours. Filter the mixture, then rinse the waste cake with DMF (195 mL). The combined crude sulfide solution and rinses are transferred to a 5-L flask, and the waste filtercake is discarded. Glacial acetic acid (57 mL, 995 mmol) is added to the filtrate, then the solution is heated to 4O⁰C, and 13 wt % NaOCl solution (850 mL, 1.7 mol) is added over 2 hours. After the reaction is complete, water (150 mL) is added, then the pH of the mixture adjusted to 9 with 20 % (w/v) NaOH solution (250 mL). The resulting slurry is cooled to <5 ⁰C, stirred for 1.5 h, then filtered, and the cake washed with water (3 x 200 mL). The product wetcake is dried in a 55⁰C vacuum oven to provide 2-benzene-sulfonyl pyridine (149 g, 676 mmol) in 86 % yield: ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.66 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, IH), 8.19 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, IH), 8.05 (m, 2H), 7.92 (ddd, J= 9.3, 7.7, 1.6 Hz, IH), 7.60 (m, IH), 7.54 (m, 2H), 7.44 (m, IH); IR (KBr) 788, 984, 1124, 1166, 1306, 1424, 1446, 1575, 3085 cm^“1; MS (TOF) mlz 220.0439 (220.0427 calcd for C₁₁H₁₀NO₂S, MH); Anal, calcd for C₁₁H₉NO₂S: C, 60.26; H, 4.14; N, 6.39; S, 14.62. Found: C, 60.40; H, 4.02; N, 6.40; S, 14.76.

As noted above, use of the improved process of the present invention results in an improved habit of the crystalline Form IV compound of Formula I. The improved habit reduces surface area of the crystal, improves the filtration, and washing, and improves the efficiency of azide mutagen rejection. These improvements are described in greater detail below.

In patent application WO2005/042515, the polish filtration is carried out in 7 volumes (L/kg) of isopropanol near its boiling point (65-83 ⁰C), a process that is difficult and hazardous to execute in commercial manufacturing because of the high risk of crystallization on the filter and/or vessel transfer lines due to supersaturation. In the preferred crystallization solvent, isopropyl acetate, the polish filtration is conducted in four volumes of isopropyl acetate at temperatures from 45 to 55 ⁰C. This temperature range is 35 to 45 ⁰C lower than the boiling point of isopropyl acetate, which provides a key safety advantage.

PATENT

WO 2005042515

PATENT

WO 2017031215

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Preparation of Compound (I) via Negishi Coupling Route

Example 1 provides a scheme including preparations 1A-1D, described below, for the synthesis of the compound of Formula (I) and intermediates used in the route. An overview of the scheme is as follows:

80 on ma s ale

Example 1A: Preparation of Compound (I)

Zinc dust (200 mg, 3.06 mmol) combined with 2.0 mL of dimethylformamide was treated with 0.010 mL of 1,2-dibromoethane and heated to 65°C for 3 minutes. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and treated with 0.010 mL of trimethylsilyl chloride. After 5 minutes, 1.26 mL of 1M zinc chloride in diethyl ether was added to the mixture followed by Compound (Ila) (600 mg, 1.20 mmol). The mixture was heated to 65°C and further treated with 0.020 mL each of 1,2-dibromoethane and trimethylsilyl chloride. After 2.5 hours, via HPLC chromatogram, the reaction showed some formation of the zincate and was allowed to stir at ambient temperature for 16 hours. At this time

tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (70 mg, 0.06 mmol), Compound (Ilia) (357 mg, 1.20 mmol) were added to the reaction and the mixture heated to 65°C. HPLC analysis showed the formation of Compound (I) in the reaction.

IB: Preparation of Comp

To a solution of Compound (IV) (8.00 g, 18 mmol) in 40 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane was added a solution of iodine monochloride (10.7 g, 65.9 mmol) in 40 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane resulting in a slurry. The slurry was heated to 75^°C for 4 hours then cooled to ambient temperature. The solids were collected by filtration, washed with heptane, then combined with 90 mL of ethyl acetate and 80 mL of saturated sodium thiosulfate solution. The organic phase was washed with saturated sodium chloride solution and dried with sodium sulfate. The mixture was concentrated to yield 7.80 g (87%) of Compound (Ila) as a yellow solid. The product could be further purified by silica gel chromatography. Thus 2.0 g of yellow solid was dissolved in dichloromethane and charged onto a silica gel column. The product was eluted using tert-butyl methyl ether to provide 1.87 g (93% recovery) of Compound (Ila) as a white powder. Analytical data: Iodine monochloride complex: ¾ NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 8.80 (2 H), 8.05 (1 H), 7.77 (2 H), 7.59 (2 H), 5.86 (2 H).

Uncomplexed: ¾ NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 8.71 (2 H), 8.03 (1 H), 7.74 (2 H), 7.44 (2 H), 5.86 (2 H).

It was observed that the iodination proceeded smoothly as a suspension in 1,2-dichloroethane with IC1 (4.0 equiv) at 75°C. An ICl-Compound (Ila) complex was initially isolated by filtration. Compound (Ila) was then obtained in approximately 85% yield by treatment of the ICl-Compound (Ila) complex with sodium thiosulfate. This protocol provided a viable means of isolation of Compound (Ila) without the use of DMF.

Example 1C: Preparation of silyl substituted triazole (Compound IV)

A mixture of Compound (V) (8.07 g, 30.0 mmol) and Compound (VI) (5.12 g, 29.2 mmol) was heated to 100^°C for 18 hours. To the mixture was added 40 mL of heptane and the reaction was allowed to cool with rapid stirring. After 1 hour the solids were collected by filtration and washed with heptane then dried to 9.30 g (72%) of Compound (IV) as a tan solid. Analytical data: ¾ NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-de) δ 8.66 (2 H), 8.04 (1 H), 7.67 (2 H), 7.32 (2 H), 5.72 (2 H), 0.08 (9 H).

It was further found that combining Compound (V) and Compound (VI) (neat) and heating at 95 – 105°C afforded a 92: 8 mixture of regioisomers as shown below:

Crystallization of the mixture from heptane afforded Compound (IV) in 62-72% yield, thus obviating the need for chromatography to isolate Compound (IV).

Example ID: Preparation of starting material Compound (VI)

Zinc bromide (502 g, 2.23 mole) was added in approximately 100 g portions to 2.0 L of tetrahydrofuran cooled to between 0 and 10°C. To this cooled solution was added 4-bromopyridine hydrochloride (200 g, 1.02 mol), triphenylphosphine (54 g, 0.206 mol), and palladium (II) chloride (9.00 g, 0.0508 mol). Triethylamine (813 g, 8.03 mol) was then added at a rate to maintain the reaction temperature at less than 10°C, and finally

trimethylsilylacetylene (202 g, 2.05 mol) was added. The mixture was heated to 60°C for 4.5 hours. The reaction was cooled to -5°C and combined with 2.0 L of hexanes and treated with 2 L of 7.4 M NH4OH. Some solids were formed and were removed as much as possible with the aqueous phase. The organic phase was again washed with 2.0 L of 7.4 M NH4OH, followed by 2 washes with 500 mL of water, neutralized with 1.7 L of 3 M hydrochloric acid, dried with sodium sulfate, and concentrate to a thick slurry. The slurry was combined with 1.0 L of hexanes to give a precipitate. The precipitate was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated to 209 g of dark oil. The product was purified by distillation (0.2 torr, 68°C) to give 172 g (96%) of Compound (VI) as colorless oil. Analytical data: ¾ NMR (500 MHz, DMDO-de) δ 8.57 (2 H), 7.40 (2 H), 0.23 (9 H).

EXAMPLE 2 – Preparation of Compound (Ilia)

Example 2 provides a morpholine amide route for the synthesis of Compound (Ilia). In this approach, morpholine amide (Compound VII) was prepared from 2-chlorobenzoyl chloride (Preparation 2A). Metallation of 2-bromopyridine with LDA (1.09 equiv.) in THF at -70°C followed by addition of (Compound VII) afforded Compound (Ilia) in 37% yield after crystallization from IP A/heptane (Preparation 2B). This sequence provides a direct route to Compound (Ilia), and a means to isolate Compound (Ilia) without the use of

chromatography. Compound (Ilia) may then be used to form Compound (I) as shown in Example 1A above (Preparation 2C).

Preparation 2A: Preparation of Compound (VII)

Toluene (1.5 L) was added to Compound (IX) (150 g, 0.86 mol) and cooled to 10°C. Morpholine (82 mL, 0.94 mol) was added to the clear solution over 10 minutes. The resulting white slurry was stirred for 20 minutes then pyridine (92 mL, 1.2 mol) was added dropwise over 20 minutes. The cloudy white mixture was stirred in a cold bath for 1 hour. Water (600 mL) was added in a single portion and the cold bath removed. The mixture was stirred for 20 minutes and the layers are separated. The organic layer was washed with a mixture of 1 N HC1 and water (2: 1, 500 mL:250 mL). The pH of the aqueous layer was ~ 2. The organic layer was washed with a mixture of saturated NaHCCb and water (1 : 1, 100 mL: 100 mL). The pH of the aqueous layer was ~ 9. The layers were separated. The organic layer was concentrated in vacuo to an oil. The oil was dissolved in IPA (70 mL) and heated at 60°C for 30 min. The clear solution was allowed to cool to 30°C, then heptane (700 mL, 4.7 v) was added dropwise. The resulting slurry was stirred at RT for 2 hours then cooled to 0°C for 1 hour. The slurry was filtered at RT, washed with heptane then dried under vacuum at 30°C overnight. Compound (VII) (156.2 g, 81%) was obtained as a white solid. Analytical data: ¾ NMR (500 MHz, CDCh) δ 7.42-7.40 (m, 1 H), 7.35-7.29 (m, 3 H), 3.91-3.87 (m, 1 H), 3.80-3.76 (m, 3 H), 3.71 (ddd, J= 11.5, 6.8, 3.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.60 (ddd, J = 11.2, 6.4, 3.4 Hz, 1 H), 3.28 (ddd, J= 13.4, 6.3, 3.2 Hz, 1 H), 3.22 (ddd, J= 13.7, 6.8, 3.3 Hz, 1 H); LRMS (ES+) calcd for CnHi₃F₆ClN02 (M+H)⁺ 226.1, found 225.9 m/z.

Preparation 2B: Preparation of Compound (Ilia)

THF (75 mL) was added to diisopropyl amine (4.9 mL, 34.8 mmol) and cooled to a

temperature of -70^°C under N2 atmosphere. 2.5 M w-BuLi in hexanes (13.9 mL, 34.8 mmol) was added in a single portion (a 30-40°C exotherm) to the clear solution and cooled back to -70°C. Compound (VIII) (5.0 g, 31.6 mmol) was added neat to the LDA solution (a 2 to 5°C exotherm) followed by a THF (10 mL) rinse, keeping T< -65°C. This clear yellow solution was stirred at -70°C for 15 min. Compound (VII) (7.1 g, 31.6 mmol) in THF (30 mL) was added keeping T< -65^°C. The resulting clear orange solution was stirred at -70^°C for 3 hours. MeOH (3 mL) was added to quench reaction mixture and the cold bath was removed. 5 N HC1 (25 mL) was added to the reaction solution. MTBE (25 mL) was added, and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with water (25 mL X 2). The organic layer was dried over MgS04 and filtered. The organic layer was concentrated in vacuo to an orange oil. The oil was dissolved in IPA (15 mL, 3 vol) at ambient temperature. Heptane (25 mL) was added dropwise and the resulting slurry was stirred at RT for 1 hour. The slurry was cooled to 0°C for 1 hour and filtered. The filter cake was rinsed with chilled heptane (20 mL) and dried under vacuum at 30°C overnight. Compound (Ilia) (4.25 g, 45%) was obtained as a yellow solid.

Several reactions were run at different temperatures and with different addition rates of Compound (VII). If the reaction temperature was maintained below -65°C and Compound (VII) was added in <5 min, it was found that the reaction worked well. If the temperature was increased and/or the addition time of Compound (VII) was increased, then yields suffered, and the work-up was complicated by emulsions.

Preparation 2C: Preparation of Compound (I)

Compound (Ilia) may then reacted with Compound (Ila) to produce Compound (I) as shown in Preparation 1A.

EXAMPLE 3

Example 3 describes a new route for the synthesis of an intermediate free base, which may be used to form Compound (I) as described further below.

Example 3A: Preparation of starting material (Compound X) from 2-Chloronicotinonitrile

A mixture of NaH (40.0 g, 1 mol, 60% dispersion in mineral oil) and 2-chloronicotinonitrile (69.3 g, 500 mmol) in THF (1 L) was heated to reflux. A solution of 4-acetylpyridine (60.6 g, 500 mmol) in THF (400 mL) was added over a period of 40 min. The resulting dark brown mixture was stirred at reflux for ~ 2 h. The heating mantle was then removed, and AcOH (58 mL, 1 mol) was added. EtOAc (1 L) and H2O (1 L) were then added, and the layers were separated. The organic layer was concentrated to afford an oily solid. CH3CN (500 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. H2O (1 L) was then added. The mixture was stirred for 1 h then filtered. The solid was rinsed with 2: 1

CH3CN-H2O (900 mL) and hexanes (400 mL) then dried under vacuum at 45°C overnight to afford 61.4 g (55% yield) of Compound (X) as yellow solid. Compound (X) exists as an approximate 95:5 enol-ketone mixture in CDCI3. Analytical data for enol: IR (CHCI3): 3024, 2973, 2229, 1631, 1597, 1579, 1550, 1497; ¾ NMR (500 MHz, CDCI3) δ 8.69 (dd, J= 4.4,

1.7 Hz, 2H), 8.55 (dd, J = 5.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (dd, J= 7.9, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (dd, J= 4.6, 1.5 Hz, 2H, 7.17 (dd, J = 7.8, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H); LRMS (ES+) calcd for C13H10N3O (M+H)⁺ 224.1, found 224.0 m/z.

Preparation 3B: Preparation of Compound (XI)

Preparation 3B(1):

(X) (XI)

Compound (XI) may be prepared using Compound (X).

Preparation 3B(2):

Alternatively, the following procedure for the conversion of nitrile into an acid which may also yield compound (XI). A mixture of Compound (X) (1 eq) and NaOH (1.5 eq) in 1 : 1 fhO-EtOH (3.5 mL/g of Compound (X)) was heated at 65°C overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to RT then added to CH₂C1₂ (12.5 mL/g of Compound (X)) and H₂0 (12.5 mL/g of Compound (X)). Cone. HC1 (2.5 mL/g of Compound (X)) was then added, and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH2CI2 (10 mL/g of Compound (X)). The combined organic extracts were washed with H2O (12.5 ml/g of Compound (X)), dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated to afford Compound (XI).

Preparation 3C

Compound Compound (XI) may then be converted into a Stage C intermediate free base, with observed 87% conversion in Grignard reaction as shown above. A complete synthesis route for Com ound (I) starting from compound Compound (XI) is depicted below.

Detailed experimental procedures for the synthesis of benzoate salt and final step are given in

International Patent Application Publication WO 2008/079600 Al .

References

George, D.T.; Gilman, J.; Hersh, J.; Thorsell, A.; Herion, D.; Geyer, C.; Peng, X.; Kielbasa, W.; Rawlings, R.; Brandt, J.E.; Gehlert, D.R.; Tauscher, J.T.; Hunt, S.P.; Hommer, D.; Heilig, M. Neurokinin 1 receptor antagonism as a possible therapy for alcoholism, Science 2008, 319(5869): 1536

Gackenheimer, S.L.; Gehlert, D.R.In vitro and in vivo autoradiography of the NK-1 antagonist (3H)-LY686017 in guinea pig brain39th Annu Meet Soc Neurosci (October 17-21, Chicago) 2009, Abst 418.16

Tonnoscj, K.; Zopey, R.; Labus, J.S.; Naliboff, B.D.; Mayer, E.A.
The effect of chronic neurokinin-1 receptor antagonism on sympathetic nervous system activity in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Dig Dis Week (DDW) (May 30-June 4, Chicago) 2009, Abst T1261

Kopach, M.E.; Kobierski, M.E.; Coffey, D.S.; et al.  
Process development and pilot-plant synthesis of (2-chlorophenyl)[2-(phenylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]methanone
Org Process Res Dev 2010, 14(5): 1229

Tradipitant

Legal status
Legal status	Investigational
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
CAS Number	622370-35-8
PubChem CID	9916461
ChemSpider	8092108
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C28H16ClF6N5O
Molar mass	587.90 g/mol
3D model (Jmol)	Interactive image
SMILES[hide] Clc1ccccc1C(=O)c2c(nccc2)c3nnn(c3c4ccncc4)Cc5cc(cc(c5)C(F)(F)F)C(F)(F)F

///////////////////tradipitant, PHASE 2, VLY-686,  LY686017, традипитант , تراديبيتانت , 曲地匹坦 , VANDA, ELI LILLY, Gastroparesis Pruritus

Telotristat etiprate,

(S)-ethyl 2-amino-3-(4-(2-amino-6-((R)-1-(4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)propanoate 2-benzamidoacetate .
CAS: 1137608-69-5 (etiprate), LX 1606
Chemical Formula: C36H35ClF3N7O6
Molecular Weight: 754.16

L-Phenylalanine, 4-[2-amino-6-[(1R)-1-[4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy]-4-pyrimidinyl]-, ethyl ester, compd. with N-benzoylglycine (1:1)

• LX 1032 hippurate
• LX 1606

SEE ALSO………….

Telotristat, also known as LX1033, 1033805-28-5 CAS OF ACID FORM

WO 2008073933, PRODUCT PATENT

Arokiasamy Devasagayaraj, Haihong Jin, Zhi-Cai Shi, Ashok Tunoori, Ying Wang, Chengmin Zhang,
Applicant	Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

 

Carcinoid syndrome is a cluster of symptoms sometimes seen in people with carcinoid tumors. These tumors are rare, and often slow-growing. Most carcinoid tumors are found in the gastrointestinal tract. Carcinoid syndrome occurs in less than 10 percent of patients with carcinoid tumors, usually after the tumor has spread to the liver. The tumors in these patients release excess amounts of the hormone serotonin, resulting in diarrhea. Complications of uncontrolled diarrhea include weight loss, malnutrition, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance.

“Today’s approval will provide patients whose carcinoid syndrome diarrhea is not adequately controlled with another treatment option,” said Julie Beitz, M.D., director of the Office of Drug Evaluation III in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.

Xermelo, in a regimen with SSA therapy, is approved in tablet form to be taken orally three times daily with food. Xermelo inhibits the production of serotonin by carcinoid tumors and reduces the frequency of carcinoid syndrome diarrhea.

The safety and efficacy of Xermelo were established in a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 90 adult participants with well-differentiated metastatic neuroendocrine tumors and carcinoid syndrome diarrhea. These patients were having between four to 12 daily bowel movements despite the use of SSA at a stable dose for at least three months. Participants remained on their SSA treatment, and were randomized to add placebo or treatment with Xermelo three times daily. Those receiving Xermelo added on to their SSA treatment experienced a greater reduction in average bowel movement frequency than those on SSA and placebo. Specifically, 33 percent of participants randomized to add Xermelo on to SSA experienced an average reduction of two bowel movements per day compared to 4 percent of patients randomized to add placebo on to SSA.

The most common side effects of Xermelo include nausea, headache, increased levels of the liver enzyme gamma-glutamyl transferase, depression, accumulation of fluid causing swelling (peripheral edema), flatulence, decreased appetite and fever. Xermelo may cause constipation, and the risk of developing constipation may be increased in patients whose bowel movement frequency is less than four bowel movements per day. Patients treated with a higher than recommended dosage of Xermelo developed severe constipation in clinical trials. One patient required hospitalization and two other patients developed complications of either intestinal perforation or intestinal obstruction. Patients should be monitored for severe constipation. If a patient experiences severe constipation or severe, persistent or worsening abdominal pain, they should discontinue Xermelo and contact their healthcare provider.

The FDA granted this application fast track designation and priority review. The drug also received orphan drug designation, which provides incentives to assist and encourage the development of drugs for rare diseases.

Xermelo is manufactured by Woodlands, Texas-based Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

SYNTHESIS…….WO 2011100285

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2011100285&recNum=142&docAn=US2011024141&queryString=((serotonin)%2520OR%2520(HT2C)%2520OR%2520(&

5.67. Synthesis of (S)-2-Amino-3-[4-(2-amino-6-{R-l-[4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-pyrazol-l-yll- phenyll-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxy)-pyrimidin-4-yl)-phenyll-propionic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was prepared stepwise, as described below:

Step 1: Synthesis of l-(2-bromo-4-chloro-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanone. To a 500 ml 2 necked RB flask containing anhydrous methanol (300 ml) was added thionyl chloride (29.2 ml, 400 mmol) dropwise at 0-5°C (ice water bath) over 10 minutes. The ice water bath was removed, and 2-bromo-4-chloro-benzoic acid (25 g, 106 mmol) was added. The mixture was heated to mild reflux for 12h. Progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was concentrated. Crude product was dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM, 250 ml), washed with water (50 ml), sat. aq. NaHC03 (50 ml), brine (50 ml), dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to give the 2- bromo-4-chloro-benzoic acid methyl ester (26 g, 99 %), which was directly used in the following step.

2-Bromo-4-chloro-benzoic acid methyl ester (12.4 g, 50 mmol) in toluene (200 ml) was cooled to -70°C, and trifluoromethyl trimethyl silane (13 ml, 70 mmol) was added.

Tetrabutylamonium fluoride (1M, 2.5 ml) was added dropwise, and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature over 4h, after which it was stirred for 10 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated to give the crude [l-(2-bromo-4-chloro-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-l-methoxy-ethoxy]-trimethyl-silane. The crude intermediate was dissolved in methanol (100 ml) and 6N HCI (100 ml) was added. The mixture was kept at 45-50°C for 12h. Methanol was removed, and the crude was extracted with dichloromethane (200 ml). The combined DCM layer was washed with water (50 ml), NaHC03 (50 ml), brine (50 ml), and dried over sodium sulfate. Removal of solvent gave a crude product, which was purified by ISCO column chromatography, using 1-2% ethyl acetate in hexane as solvent, to afford l-(2-bromo-4-chloro-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanone (10 g, 70%). ^!H-NMR (300 MHz, CDC ): δ (ppm) 7.50 (d,lH), 7.65(d,lH), 7.80(s,lH).

Step 2: Synthesis of R-l-(2-bromo-4-chloro-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanol. To catechol borane (1M in THF 280 ml, 280 mmol) in a 2L 3-necked RB flask was added S-2-methyl-CBS oxazaborolidine (7.76 g, 28 mmol) under nitrogen, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to -78°C (dry ice/acetone bath), and 1-(2-bromo-4-chloro-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanone (40 g, 139 mmol) in THF (400 ml) was added dropwise over 2 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to -36°C, and was stirred at that temperature for 24 hours, and further stirred at -32 °C for another 24h. 3N NaOH (250 ml) was added, and the cooling bath was replaced by ice-water bath. Then 30 % hydrogen peroxide in water (250 ml) was added dropwise over 30 minutes. The ice water bath was removed, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. The organic layer was separated, concentrated and re-dissolved in ether (200 ml). The aqueous layer was extracted with ether (2 x 200 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with IN aq. NaOH (4 x 100 ml), brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. Removal of solvent gave crude product which was purified by column chromatography using 2 to 5% ethyl acetate in hexane as solvent to give desired alcohol 36.2 g (90 %, e.e. >95%). The alcohol (36.2 g) was crystallized from hexane (80 ml) to obtain R-l-(2-bromo-4-chloro-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanol 28.2 g (70 %; 99-100 % e.e.). ^!H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCIs) δ (ppm) 5.48 (m, 1H), 7.40 (d, 1H), 7.61 (d, 2H).

Step 3: Synthesis of R-l-[4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-pyrazol-l-yl)-phenyll-2.2.2-trifluoro-ethanol. R-l-(2-bromo-4-chloro-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanol (15.65 g, 54.06 mmol), 3-methylpyrazole (5.33 g, 65 mmol), Cul (2.06 g, 10.8 mmol), 2CO3 (15.7 g, 113.5 mmol), (lR,2R)-N,N’-dimethyl-cyclohexane-l,2-diamine (1.54 g, 10.8 mmol) and toluene (80 ml) were combined in a 250 ml pressure tube and heated to 130°C (oil bath temperature) for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with H2O (4 x 100 ml), brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. Removal of solvent gave a crude product, which was purified by ISCO column chromatography using 5-10 % ethyl acetate in hexane as solvent to get R-l-[4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-pyrazol-l-yl)-phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanol (13.5 g; 86 %). ⁱ-H-NMR (400 MHz, CDC ): δ (ppm) 2.30(s, 3H), 4.90(m, 1H), 6.20(s, 1H), 6.84(d, 1H), 7.20(s, 1H), 7.30(d, 1H), 7.50(d, 1H).

Step 4: Synthesis of (S)-2-Amino-3- 4-(2-amino-6-fR-l-[4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-pyrazol-l-yl)-phenyll^^^-trifluoro-ethoxyl-pyrimidin^-yll-phenvD-propionic acid ethyl ester. R-l-[4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-pyrazol-l-yl)-phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanol (17.78 g, 61.17 mmol), (S)-3-[4-(2-amino-6-chloro-pyrimidine-4-yl)-phenyl]-2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-propionic acid (20.03 g, 51 mmol), 1,4-dioxane (250 ml), and CS2CO3 (79.5 g, 244 mmol) were combined in a 3-necked 500 ml RB flask and heated to 100°C (oil bath temperature) for 12-24 hours. The progress of reaction was monitored by LCMS. After the completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to 60°C, and water (250 ml) and THF (400 ml) were added. The organic layer was separated and washed with brine (150 ml). The solvent was removed to give crude BOC protected product, which was taken in THF (400 ml), 3N HCI (200 ml). The mixture was heated at 35-40 °C for 12 hours. THF was removed in vacuo. The remaining aqueous layer was extracted with isopropyl acetate (2x 100 ml) and concentrated separately to recover the unreacted alcohol (3.5 g). Traces of remaining organic solvent were removed from the aqueous fraction under vacuum.

To a 1L beaker equipped with a temperature controller and pH meter, was added H3PO4 (40 ml, 85 % in water) and water (300 ml) then 50 % NaOH in water to adjust pH to 6.15. The temperature was raised to 58 °C and the above acidic aqueous solution was added dropwise into the buffer with simultaneous addition of 50 % NaOH solution in water so that the pH was maintained between 6.1 to 6.3. Upon completion of addition, precipitated solid was filtered and washed with hot water (50-60°C) (2 x 200 ml) and dried to give crude (S)-2-amino-3-[4-(2-amino-6-[R-l-[4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-pyrazol-l-yl)-phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxy}-pyrimidin-4-yl)-phenyl}^ propionic acid (26.8 g; 95 %). LCMS and HPLC analysis indicated the compound purity was about 96-97 %.

To anhydrous ethanol (400 ml) was added SOC (22 ml, 306 mmol) dropwise at 0-5°C.

Crude acid (26.8 ) from the above reaction was added. The ice water bath was removed, and the reaction mixture was heated at 40-45°C for 6-12 hours. After the reaction was completed, ethanol was removed in vacuo. To the residue was added ice water (300 ml), and extracted with isopropyl acetate (2 x 100 ml). The aqueous solution was neutralized with saturated Na2C03 to adjust the pH to 6.5. The solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 300 ml). The combined ethyl acetate layer was washed with brine and concentrated to give 24 g of crude ester (HPLC purity of 96-97 %). The crude ester was then purified by ISCO column chromatography using 5 % ethanol in DCM as solvent to give (S)-2-amino-3-[4-(2-amino-6-{R-l-[4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-pyrazol-l-yl)-phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxy}-pyrimidin-4-yl)-phenyl}-propionic acid ethyl ester (20.5g; 70 %; HPLC purity of 98 %). LCMS M+l = 575. ^!H-NMR (400 MHz, CDsOD): δ (ppm) 1.10 (t, 3H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.85 (m, 2H), 3.65 (m, IH), 4.00 (q, 2H), 6.35 (s, IH), 6.60 (s, IH), 6.90 (m, IH), 7.18 (d, 2H), 7.45 (m, 2H), 7.70 (d, IH), 7.85 (m, 3H).

SYNTHESIS OF INTERMEDIATE

WO 2009048864

https://google.com/patents/WO2009048864A1?cl=en

6.15. Preparation of 6SV3-(4-(2-Amino-6-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)-2- (fert-butoxycarbonylamino)propanoic Acid Using the Lithium Salt of (S)-2-(te^-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2- dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)propanoic Acid

During preparation of compound 7, the isolation of the free acid can be optionally omitted. Thus, an aqueous solution of the lithium salt of compound 7 in 100 ml water, prepared from 5.0 g of Boc-Tyr-OMe (4, 17 mmol), was mixed 2-amino-4,6- dichloropyrimidine (3.3 g, 1.2 eq), potassium bicarbonate (5.0 g, 3 eq), bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride (60 mg, 0.5 mol%), and 100 ml ethanol. The resulting mixture was heated at 70⁰C for 5 hours. Additional 2-amino-4,6- dichloropyrimidine (1.1 g, 0.4 eq) was added and heating was continued at 7O⁰C for an additional 2 hours. HPLC analysis showed about 94% conversion. Upon cooling and filtration, the filtrate was analyzed by HPLC against a standard solution of compound 8. The assay indicated 3.9 g compound 8 was contained in the solution (59% yield from compound 4).

6.16. Alternative Procedure for Preparation of (S)-3-(4-f2-Amino-6- chloropyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)-2-(fe^-butoxycarbonylamino)propanoic Acid Using Potassium Carbonate as Base

The boronic acid compound 11 (Ryscor Science, Inc., North Carolina, 1.0 g, 4.8 mmol) and potassium carbonate (1.32 g, 2 eq) were mixed in aqueous ethanol (15 ml ethanol and 8 ml water). Di-ter£-butyldicarbonate (1.25 g, 1.2 eq) was added in one portion. After 30 minutes agitation at room temperature, HPLC analysis showed complete consumption of the starting compound 11. The 2-amino-4,6- dichloropyrimidine (1.18 g, 1.5 eq) and the catalyst bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride (34 mg, 1 mol%) were added and the resulting mixture was heated at 65-70⁰C for 3 hours. HPLC analysis showed complete consumption of compound 12. After concentration and filtration, HPLC analysis of the resulting aqueous solution against a standard solution of compound 8 showed 1.26 g compound 8 (67% yield).

6.17. Alternative procedure for preparation of (5)-3-(4-(2-Amino-6-

The boronic acid compound 11 (10 g, 48 mmol) and potassium bicarbonate (14.4 g, 3 eq) were mixed in aqueous ethanol (250 ml ethanol and 50 ml water). Oi-tert- butyldicarbonate (12.5 g, 1.2 eq) was added in one portion. HPLC analysis indicated that the reaction was not complete after overnight stirring at room temperature. Potassium carbonate (6.6 g, 1.0 eq) and additional di-te/t-butyldicarbonate (3.1 g, 0.3 eq) were added. After 2.5 hours agitation at room temperature, HPLC analysis showed complete consumption of the starting compound 11. The 2-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine (11.8 g, 1.5 eq) and the catalyst bis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(II) dichloride (0.34 g, 1 mol%” were added and the resulting mixture was heated at 75-8O⁰C for 2 hours. HPLC analysis showed complete consumption of compound 12. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and filtered. The filtrate was washed with ethyl acetate (200 ml) and diluted with 3 : 1 THF/MTBE (120 ml). This mixture was acidified to pH about 2.4 by 6 N hydrochloric acid. The organic layer was washed with brine and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was precipitated in isopropanol, filtered, and dried at 50⁰C under vacuum to give compound 8 as an off-white solid (9.0 g, 48% yield). Purity: 92.9% by HPLC analysis. Concentration of the mother liquor yielded and additional 2.2 g off-white powder (12% yield). Purity: 93.6% by HPLC analysis

PATENT

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2013059146A1?cl=en

This invention is directed to solid pharmaceutical dosage forms in which an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is (S)-ethyl 2-amino-3-(4-(2-amino-6-((R)-l-(4-chloro-2-(3- methyl-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)propanoate

(telotristat):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The compound, its salts and crystalline forms can be obtained by methods known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. patent no. 7,709,493.

PATENT

http://www.google.co.in/patents/WO2008073933A2?cl=en

6.19. Synthesis of (S)-2-Amino-3-r4-q-amino-6-{R-l-r4-chloro-2-(3-methyl- Pyrazol-l-yl)-phenyll-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxy}-pyrimidin-4-yl)-phenyll- propionic acid ethyl ester

The title compound was prepared stepwise, as described below: Step 1 : Synthesis of l-(2-bromo-4-chloro-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanone. To a 500 ml 2 necked RB flask containing anhydrous methanol (300 ml) was added thionyl chloride (29.2 ml, 400 mmol) dropwise at 0-5⁰C (ice water bath) over 10 min. The ice water bath was removed, and 2-bromo-4-chloro-benzoic acid (25 g, 106 mmol) was added. The mixture was heated to mild reflux for 12h. Progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was concentrated. Crude product was dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM, 250 ml), washed with water (50 ml), sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (50 ml), brine (50 ml), dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to give the 2- bromo-4-chloro-benzoic acid methyl ester (26 g, 99 %), which was directly used in the following step.

2-Bromo-4-chloro-benzoic acid methyl ester (12.4 g, 50 mmol) in toluene (200 ml) was cooled to -70⁰C, and trifluoromethyl trimethyl silane (13 ml, 70 mmol) was added. Tetrabutylamonium fluoride (IM, 2.5 ml) was added dropwise, and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature over 4h, after which it was stirred for 1Oh at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated to give the crude [l-(2-bromo-4-chloro-phenyl)-2,2,2- trifluoro-l-methoxy-ethoxy]-trimethyl-silane. The crude intermediate was dissolved in methanol (100 ml) and 6N HCl (100 ml) was added. The mixture was kept at 45-50⁰C for 12h. Methanol was removed, and the crude was extracted with dichloromethane (200 ml). The combined DCM layer was washed with water (50 ml), NaHCO₃ (50 ml), brine (50 ml), and dried over sodium sulfate. Removal of solvent gave a crude product, which was purified by ISCO column chromatography, using 1-2% ethyl acetate in hexane as solvent, to afford 1- (2-bromo-4-chloro-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanone (10 g, 70%). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 7.50 (d,lH), 7.65(d,lH), 7.80(s,lH).

Step 2: Synthesis of R-l-(2-bromo-4-chloro-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanol. To catechol borane (IM in THF 280 ml, 280 mmol) in a 2L 3-necked RB flask was added S-2- methyl-CBS oxazaborolidine (7.76 g, 28 mmol) under nitrogen, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to -78°C (dry ice/acetone bath), and l-(2-bromo-4-chloro-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanone (40 g, 139 mmol) in THF (400 ml) was added dropwise over 2h. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to -36°C, and was stirred at that temperature for 24 h, and further stirred at -32°C for another 24h. 3N NaOH (250 ml) was added, and the cooling bath was replaced by ice-water bath. Then 30 % hydrogen peroxide in water (250 ml) was added dropwise over 30 minutes. The ice water bath was removed, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4h. The organic layer was separated, concentrated and re-dissolved in ether (200 ml). The aqueous layer was extracted with ether (2 x 200 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with IN aq. NaOH (4 x 100 ml), brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. Removal of solvent gave crude product which was purified by column chromatography using 2 to 5% ethyl acetate in hexane as solvent to give desired alcohol 36.2 g (90 %, e.e. >95%). The alcohol (36.2 g) was crystallized from hexane (80 ml) to obtain R-l-(2-bromo-4-chloro- phenyl)-2,2,2-trifiuoro-ethanol 28.2 g (70 %; 99-100 % e.e.). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 5.48 (m, IH), 7.40 (d, IH), 7.61 (d, 2H). Step 3: Synthesis of R-l-r4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-pyrazol-l-vπ-phenyl1-2.2.2-trifluoro- ethanol. R-l-(2-bromo-4-chloro-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanol (15.65g, 54.06 mmol), 3- methylpyrazole (5.33 g, 65 mmol), CuI (2.06 g, 10.8 mmol), K₂CO₃ (15.7 g, 113.5 mmol), (lR,2R)-N,N’-dimethyl-cyclohexane-l,2-diamine (1.54 g, 10.8 mmol) and toluene (80 ml) were combined in a 250 ml pressure tube and heated to 130⁰C (oil bath temperature) for 12 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with H₂O (4 x 100 ml), brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. Removal of solvent gave a crude product, which was purified by ISCO column chromatography using 5-10 % ethyl acetate in hexane as solvent to get R-I- [4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-pyrazol-l-yl)-phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanol (13.5 g; 86 %). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 2.30(s, 3H), 4.90(m, IH), 6.20(s, IH), 6.84(d, IH), 7.20(s, IH), 7.30(d, IH), 7.50(d, IH).

Step 4: Synthesis of (S)-2-Amino-3- r4-(2-amino-6- (R-I- r4-chloro-2-(3-methyl- pyrazol- 1 -ylVphenyl^~|-2,2.,2-trifluoro-ethoxy| -pyrimidin-4-yl)-phenyU -propionic acid ethyl ester. R-l-[4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-pyrazol-l-yl)-phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanol (17.78 g, 61.17 mmol), (S)-3-[4-(2-amino-6-chloro-pyrimidine-4-yl)-phenyl]-2-tert- butoxycarbonylamino-propionic acid (20.03 g, 51 mmol), 1,4-dioxane (250 ml), and Cs₂CO₃ (79.5 g, 244 mmol) were combined in a 3-necked 500 ml RB flask and heated to 100⁰C (oil bath temperature) for 12-24 h. The progress of reaction was monitored by LCMS. After the completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to 60⁰C, and water (250 ml) and THF (400 ml) were added. The organic layer was separated and washed with brine (150 ml). The solvent was removed to give crude BOC protected product, which was taken in THF (400 ml), 3N HCl (200 ml). The mixture was heated at 35-40⁰C for 12h. THF was removed in vacuo. The remaining aqueous layer was extracted with isopropyl acetate (2x 100 ml) and concentrated separately to recover the unreacted alcohol (3.5 g). Traces of remaining organic solvent were removed from the aqueous fraction under vacuum.

To a IL beaker equipped with a temperature controller and pH meter, was added H₃PO₄ (40 ml, 85 % in water) and water (300 ml) then 50 % NaOH in water to adjust pH to 6.15. The temperature was raised to 58°C and the above acidic aqueous solution was added dropwise into the buffer with simultaneous addition of 50 % NaOH solution in water so that the pH was maintained between 6.1 to 6.3. Upon completion of addition, precipitated solid was filtered and washed with hot water (50-60⁰C) (2 x 200 ml) and dried to give crude (S)-2- amino-3-[4-(2-amino-6-{R-l-[4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-pyrazol-l-yl)-phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoro- ethoxy}-pyrimidin-4-yl)-phenyl} -propionic acid (26.8 g; 95 %). LCMS and HPLC analysis indicated the compound purity was about 96-97 %. To anhydrous ethanol (400 ml) was added SOCl₂ (22 ml, 306 mmol) dropwise at 0-

5°C. Crude acid (26.8 g ) from the above reaction was added. The ice water bath was removed, and the reaction mixture was heated at 40-45⁰C for 6-12h. After the reaction was completed, ethanol was removed in vacuo. To the residue was added ice water (300 ml), and extracted with isopropyl acetate (2 x 100 ml). The aqueous solution was neutralized with saturated Na₂CO₃ to adjust the pH to 6.5. The solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 300 ml). The combined ethyl acetate layer was washed with brine and concentrated to give 24 g of crude ester (HPLC purity of 96-97 %). The crude ester was then purified by ISCO column chromatography using 5 % ethanol in DCM as solvent to give (S)-2-amino-3-[4-(2- amino-6- (R- 1 -[4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-pyrazol- 1 -yl)-phenyl]-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxy} – pyrimidin-4-yl)-phenyl} -propionic acid ethyl ester (20.5g; 70 %; HPLC purity of 98 %). LCMS M+l = 575. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ (ppm) 1.10 (t, 3H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.85 (m, 2H), 3.65 (m, IH), 4.00 (q, 2H), 6.35 (s, IH), 6.60 (s, IH), 6.90 (m, IH), 7.18 (d, 2H), 7.45 (m, 2H), 7.70 (d, IH), 7.85 (m, 3H).

PATENT

WO 2011056916

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2011056916A1?cl=en

PATENT

WO 2010065333

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2010065333A1?cl=en

CLIP,……..PL CHECK ERROR

Description of LX1033

Telotristat, also known as LX1033, has the chemical name, CAS identifier and chemical structure shown below:

Chemical Name: (S)-2-amino-3-(4-(2-amino-6-((R)-1-(4-chloro-2-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)propanoic acid

CAS Registry number: 1033805-28-5

Chemical Structure:

REFERENCES

Kulke, M.H.; Hoersch, D.; Caplin, M.E.; et al.
Telotristat ethyl, a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor for the treatment of carcinoid syndrome
J Clin Oncol 2017, 35(1): 14

At award function for my award “100 Most Impactful Health care Leaders Global listing”, conferred on me at Taj lands end, Mumbai, India on 14 Feb 2014 by World Health Wellness congress and awards

Oxymetazoline

1491-59-4   ^{CAS NUMBER}

• Molecular FormulaC₁₆H₂₄N₂O
• Average mass260.375 Da

Oxymetazoline is a selective α₁ adrenergic receptor agonist and α₂ adrenergic receptorpartial agonist. It is a topical decongestant, used in the form of oxymetazoline hydrochloride. It was developed from xylometazoline at E. Merck Darmstadt by Fruhstorfer in 1961.^[1]Oxymetazoline is generally available as a nasal spray.

Oxymetazoline HCl; CAS 2315-02-8

Oxymetazoline hydrochloride is a vasoconstrictor. Chemically it is 3-[(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]6-(1,1,-dimethylethyl)-2,4-dimethylphenolmono-hydrochloride. Its molecular weight is 296.8 for the hydrochloride salt and 260.4 for the free base. It is freely soluble in water and ethanol and has a partition coefficient of 0.1 in octanol/water. Its structural formula is:

Medical uses

Oxymetazoline is available over-the-counter as a topical decongestant in the form of oxymetazoline hydrochloride in nasal sprays such as Afrin, Operil, Dristan, Dimetapp, oxyspray, Facimin, Nasivin, Nostrilla, Sudafed OM, Vicks Sinex, Zicam, SinuFrin, and Mucinex Full Force.^[2]

Due to its vasoconstricting properties, oxymetazoline is also used to treat nose bleeds^[3][4]and eye redness due to minor irritation (marketed as Visine L.R. in the form of eye drops).^[5]

General Information

Side effects and special considerations

Rebound congestion

It is recommended that oxymetazoline not be used for more than three days, as rebound congestion, or rhinitis medicamentosa, may occur.^[6] Patients who continue to use oxymetazoline beyond this point may become dependent on the medication to relieve their chronic congestion.

Effects of benzalkonium chloride

Some studies have found that benzalkonium chloride, a common additive to oxymetazoline nasal sprays, may damage nasal epithelia and exacerbate rhinitis medicamentosa. However, the majority of studies find benzalkonium chloride to be a safe preservative.^[7]

Use in pregnancy

The Food and Drug Administration places oxymetazoline in category C, indicating risk to the fetus cannot be ruled out. While it has been shown that a single dose does not significantly alter either maternal or fetal circulation,^[8] this subject has not been studied extensively enough to draw reliable conclusions.

Overdose

If accidentally ingested, standard methods to remove unabsorbed drugs should be considered.^{[clarification needed]} There is no specific antidote for oxymetazoline, although its pharmacological effects may be reversed by α adrenergic antagonists such as phentolamine. In the event of a possibly life-threatening overdose (such as a hypertensive crisis), benzodiazepines should be considered to decrease the likelihood of seizures and convulsions, as well as reduce anxiety and to lower blood pressure. In children, oxymetazoline may produce profound central nervous system depression due to stimulation of central α₂receptors and imidazoline receptors, much like clonidine.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Oxymetazoline is a sympathomimetic that selectively agonizes α₁ and, partially, α₂ adrenergic receptors.^[9] Since vascular beds widely express α₁ receptors, the action of oxymetazoline results in vasoconstriction. In addition, the local application of the drug also results in vasoconstriction due to its action on endothelial postsynaptic α₂ receptors; systemic application of α₂ agonists, in contrast, causes vasodilation because of centrally-mediated inhibition of sympathetic tone via presynaptic α₂ receptors.^[10] Vasoconstriction of vessels results in relief of nasal congestion in two ways: first, it increases the diameter of the airway lumen; second, it reduces fluid exudation from postcapillary venules.^[11] It can reduce nasal airway resistance (NAR) up to 35.7% and nasal mucosal blood flow up to 50%.^[12]

Pharmacokinetics

Imidazolines are sympathomimetic agents, with primary effects on α adrenergic receptors and little if any effect on β adrenergic receptors. Oxymetazoline is readily absorbed orally. Effects on α receptors from systemically absorbed oxymetazoline hydrochloride may persist for up to 7 hours after a single dose. The elimination half-life in humans is 5–8 hours. It is excreted unchanged both by the kidneys (30%) and in feces (10%).

History

The oxymetazoline brand Afrin was first sold as a prescription medication in 1966. After finding substantial early success as a prescription medication, it became available as an over-the-counter drug in 1975. Schering-Plough did not engage in heavy advertising until 1986.^[13]From the late 1980s to mid 1990s, Afrin featured in many notable television advertisements. Some of these commercials showed men, women, and children using other brands of nasal sprays, and then standing upside down or hanging upside down from playground equipment to prevent their nasal spray from dripping out. This was juxtaposed with Afrin users having no problems.

Society and culture

Brand names

Brand names include Afrin, Dristan, Nasivin, Nezeril, Nostrilla, Logicin, Vicks Sinex, Visine L.R., Sudafed OM, Zicam, SinuFrin and Mucinex Sinus-Max.

References

Oxymetazoline

Clinical data
Trade names	Afrin, Ocuclear, Drixine
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
Pregnancy category	C
Dependence liability	Moderate
Routes of administration	Intranasal
ATC code	R01AA05 (WHO) R01AB07 (WHO) (combinations), S01GA04 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	UK: General sales list (GSL, OTC) US: OTC
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism	Kidney (30%), fecal (10%)
Biological half-life	5–6 hours
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
CAS Number	1491-59-4
PubChem CID	4636
IUPHAR/BPS	124
DrugBank	DB00935
ChemSpider	4475
UNII	8VLN5B44ZY
KEGG	D08322
ChEBI	CHEBI:7862
ChEMBL	CHEMBL762
ECHA InfoCard	100.014.618
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C16H24N2O
Molar mass	260.375 g·mol−1
3D model (Jmol)	Interactive image
Melting point	301.5 °C (574.7 °F)
SMILES[hide] Oc1c(c(c(cc1C(C)(C)C)C)CC/2=N/CCN\2)C

/////////Oxymetazoline, оксиметазолин , أوكسيميتازولين , 羟甲唑啉 , Rhofade, oxymetazoline hydrochloride, alpha1A adrenoceptor agonist, vasoconstrictor

CC1=CC(=C(C(=C1CC2=NCCN2)C)O)C(C)(C)C.Cl

1,3,5-Tris[(1E)-2′-(4′′-benzoic acid)vinyl]benzene] (Ramizol™)

TSB-007

1,3,5-Tris[(1E)-2′-(4′′-benzoic acid)vinyl]benzene] (Ramizol™) is a potent and non-toxic synthetic antimicrobial agent, and we now establish that it is also a potent inhibitor of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, with similar antioxidant activity to α-tocopherol (Vitamin E), which is a standard antioxidantdrug.

Ramizol, useful for treating bacterial infections such as Gram positive bacterial infection. Boulos & Cooper Pharmaceuticals could be seen to have ramizol in preclinical development for treating Clostridium difficile associated diseases.  preparation of ramizol that was first described by the inventor Dr Ramiz Boulos, one of the company’s founding directors and CEO, in WO2011075766 as TSB-007 (claim 3, page 71) – said family of patenting having been originally assigned to the University of Western Australia and from whom Dr Boulos is reported to have acquired the rights to said intellectual property in late 2012 (ramizol having seemingly been previously being developed by the University with the name NAL-135B for treating Gram positive bacterial infections).

Professor Ramiz Boulos with a vial of Ramizol

A scientific paper released today in the Journal of Antibiotics presents the pre-clinical development of Ramizol®, a first generation drug belonging to a new class of styrylbenzene antibiotics with a novel mechanism of action.

The research was undertaken by Australian company Boulos & Cooper Pharmaceuticals in partnership with the University of South Australia, Flinders University, Eurofins Panlabs and Micromyx LLC. The study found that over 99.9% of the drug, administered orally, stays in the gastrointestinal tract where it can reach the bacteria in the colon at high enough concentrations to yield a therapeutic effect.

Chief Executive Officer of Boulos & Cooper Pharmaceuticals, Dr Ramiz Boulos, said “this new class of antibiotics has antioxidant properties and can be manufactured for a low cost; benefits that will be felt by the end-user”.

The new antibiotic has low frequency of resistance and shows promise as a monotherapy for the treatment of Clostridium difficile associated disease. Dr Boulos stated “we are very excited about these results given the unforgiving nature of Clostridium difficile infections”. He added “In a world where there are few treatment options, we are desperate for new antibiotics to fight intractable infections”.

The company expects to start Phase I clinical trials in 2017.

1,3,5-Tris[(1E)-20 -(400-benzoic acid)vinyl]benzene……………….recrystallised from THF/H2O and dried to give the triacid as a pale brown powder.

1 H NMR (500.1 MHz, d6-DMSO): d 7.49 (m, 6H, vinyl CH), 7.76 (d, J 8.5, 6H, ArH), 7.88 (s, 3H, core ArH), 7.98 (d, J 8.5, 6H, ArH);

13C NMR (125.8 MHz, d6-DMSO): d [ppm] 125.0, 126.5, 128.4, 129.7, 129.9, 130.50, 137.6, 141.3, 167.1;

IR (KBr): n [cm1 ] 3067, 3026, 1684 (nC¼O), 1604, 1566, 1420, 1384, 1312, 1286, 1179;

HR-EIþ-MS: C33H24O6 requires 516.1573 amu, found 516.1564;

EIþ-MS: MI ¼ C33H24O6; m/z: 516.1 (100%) ¼ MIþ, 472.1 (11.3%) ¼ [MI CO2] þ.

The Synthesis of Fluorescent DNA Intercalator Precursors through Efficient Multiple Heck Reactions

Nigel A. Lengkeek ^A , Ramiz A. Boulos ^A , Allan J. McKinley ^A , Thomas V. Riley ^C , Boris Martinac ^B and Scott G. Stewart ^{A D}

PATENT

 WO 2011075766

PATENT

WO-2017027933

Compounds with antimicrobial properties have attracted great interest in recent times as a result of an increase in the prevalence of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, resulting in serious or fatal diseases. Furthermore, the regular use of broad spectrum antibiotic formulas has led to the increased occurrence of bacterial strains resistant to some antimicrobial formulations.

Novel antimicrobial compounds have the potential to be highly effective against these types of treatment-resistant bacteria. The pathogens, having not previously been exposed to the antimicrobial formulation, may have little to no resistance to the treatment.

International patent application WO 2012/075766 describes a series of novel aryl compounds and their use as antimicrobials to treat bacterial infections or diseases. The chemical synthesis of a therapeutic drug has a direct effect on its cost, dosing regimens and popularity. Drugs with complicated or expensive chemical synthesis will find it challenging to reach the market, notwithstanding their efficacy. Further, syntheses amenable to application at commercial scales are highly advantageous. The development of an efficient and large-scale synthesis of a therapeutic drug is critical for its drug developmental pathway, and highly commercially advantageous.

1H NMR PREDICT

13C NMR PREDICT

REFERENCES

N. A. Lengkeek, R. A. Boulos, A. J. McKinley, T. V. Riley, B. Martinac and S. G. Stewart, Aust. J. Chem., 2011, 64, 316–323

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2013/ra/c3ra40658j#cit11

/////////////Ramizol, PHASE 1, TSB-007

OC(=O)c4ccc(/C=C/c3cc(/C=C/c1ccc(cc1)C(=O)O)cc(/C=C/c2ccc(cc2)C(=O)O)c3)cc4

ASP ?

(2R)-2-(4-cyclopropanesulfonyl-3-cyclopropylphenyl)-N-[5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrazin-2-yl]-3-[(R)-3-oxocyclopentyl]propanamide

Synthesis

contd…………………………..

PATENT

WO2009091014

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf;jsessionid=56E9927692EF5105140FE1CD1FD14A5D.wapp1nC?docId=WO2009091014&recNum=114&maxRec=374&office=&prevFilter=&sortOption=&queryString=FP%3A%28astellas+pharma%29&tab=FullText

A Practical and Scalable Synthesis of a Glucokinase Activator via Diastereomeric Resolution and Palladium-Catalyzed C–N Coupling Reaction

Yohei Yamashita^*†§ , Yasuhiro Morinaga^†, Makoto Kasai^†, Takao Hashimoto^†, Yuji Takahama^†, Atsushi Ohigashi^†, Satoshi Yonishi^‡, and Motohiro Akazome^§

^† Process Chemistry Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 160-2 Akahama, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0001, Japan

^‡Astellas Research Technologies Co., Ltd., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan

^§ Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan

Org. Process Res. Dev., Article ASAP

DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00415

 

Here we describe the research and development of a process for the practical synthesis of glucokinase activator (R)-1 as a potential drug for treating type-2 diabetes. The key intermediate, chiral α-arylpropionic acid (R)-2, was synthesized in high diastereomeric excess through the diasteromeric resolution of 7 without the need for a chiral resolving agent. The counterpart 2-aminopyrazine derivative 3 was synthesized using a palladium-catalyzed C–N coupling reaction. This efficient process was demonstrated at the pilot scale and yielded 19.0 kg of (R)-1. Moreover, an epimerization process to obtain (R)-7 from the undesired (S)-7 was developed.

Hayakawa, M.; Kido, Y.; Nigawara, T.; Okumura, M.; Kanai, A.; Maki, K.; Amino, N. PCT Int. Appl. WO/2009/091014 A1 20090723,2009.

https://www.astellas.com/en/ir/library/pdf/3q2017_rd_en.pdf

///////////1174229-89-0, ASTELLAS, Glucokinase Activator, TYPE 2 DIABETES, PRECLINICAL, ASP ?, WO 2009091014, Masahiko Hayakawa, Yoshiyuki Kido, Takahiro Nigawara, Mitsuaki Okumura, Akira Kanai, Keisuke Maki, Nobuaki Amino, WO2009091014,

O=C(Nc1cnc(cn1)CO)[C@H](C[C@@H]2CC(=O)CC2)c3ccc(c(c3)C4CC4)S(=O)(=O)C5CC5

Troxacitabine

CAS 145918-75-8

• Molecular FormulaC₈H₁₁N₃O₄
• Average mass213.191 Da

Hmd-cytosine; NCGC00183848-01; Beta-L-Dioxolane-cytidine; 4-amino-1-[(2S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]pyrimidin-2-one; 2R(-)-cis-Hmd-cytosine, (-)-ODDC

4-amino-1-[(2S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]pyrimidin-2-one

Troxacitabine (brand name Troxatyl) is a nucleoside analogue with anticancer activity. Its use is being studied in patients with refractory lymphoproliferative diseases.^[1]

Troxacitabine (brand name Troxatyl) is a nucleoside analogue with anticancer activity. Its use is being studied in patients with refractory lymphoproliferative diseases.

PATENT

https://www.google.com/patents/WO1992018517A1?cl=en

WO 9218517

SYNTHESIS

WO 2016030335

PATENT

WO 2016030335

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2016030335&recNum=1&maxRec=&office=&prevFilter=&sortOption=&queryString=&tab=PCTDescription

PATENT

WO-2017031994

MACHINE TRANSLATED FROM CHINESE, BEAWARE OF FUNNY NAMES

Chinese Patent Application No. 201310275643.2 discloses a method for the synthesis of tricatadine, which uses a L-menthol ester of dihydroxyacetic acid as a raw material and undergoes condensation reaction with hydroxyacetaldehyde, and then the hydroxyl group is halogenated to obtain a halide , The halide is coupled with cytosine to obtain the coupling, and the conjugate is reduced to obtain tricatadine. However, the present inventors have found that the method requires a four-step reaction, such as condensation, halogenation, coupling and reduction, which is required to be carried out in different reaction systems. The steps are long and cumbersome, and in particular, the intermediate product is required to be separated and replaced Containers, and not suitable for amplification, it is not suitable for industrial production.

the present invention provides a process for the synthesis of a compound of formula III, wherein the synthesis reaction formula is as follows:

Example 1 Synthesis of tricatadine

The synthetic route is as follows:

Step 1: Preparation of Formula II

18.0 g of methylene chloride was added to the reaction kettle, and the mixture of the formula I was homogeneously added. After the temperature was lowered to 0 ± 3 ° C under the protection of nitrogen, 1.5 g of trimethyl iodosilane was slowly added; (V / v), and R _f = 0.5 at the point of disappearance). The reaction was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere for 2.5 ± 0.5 hours until the reaction was complete (sampling TLC test: developing solvent: petroleum ether: ethyl acetate = 4: 1 (v / v) Subsequently, the temperature of the autoclave was kept at 0 ± 3 ° C, and 3.64 g of hexamethyldisilazane and 1.15 g of N ⁴ -acetyl cytosine were slowly added dropwise . After the completion of the addition, the temperature of the control kettle was 0 ± 3 ℃, and the reaction was carried out under the protection of nitrogen for 3.5 ± 0.5 hours until the reaction was complete (sampling TLC test: developing agent: petroleum ether: ethyl acetate = 4: 1 (v / v), R _F = 0.2 points disappear).

Then, the temperature was maintained at 22 ± 3 ° C, and 10 %% (w / w) aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution was slowly added dropwise. After adding 5 g of aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution, 0.5 g of diatomaceous earth was added, hour. Filter, filter cake washed with methylene chloride 3 times, filter cake collection stand-by. The filtrate and the washing liquid were combined into the kettle, the aqueous phase and the organic phase were separated. The organic phase was washed once with 11.3 g of saturated brine. The organic phase was separated and dried overnight with anhydrous sodium sulfate to remove the water. Remove the sodium sulfate solid, the filtrate into the rotary evaporator, steaming temperature does not exceed 45 ℃, until the end of distillation. The residue obtained by steaming was transferred to a reaction vessel, 11.2 g of acetone and 18.5 g of isopropyl acetate were added, and the mixture was heated to reflux (68 ± 3 ° C) and stirred for 1 hour. Within 2.5 ± 0.5 hours, slowly cool down until the kettle temperature is 22 ± 3 ° C. The filter was filtered in a vacuum oven at about 40 ° C and dried overnight under vacuum to give a white solid (formula II).

The diatomaceous earth cake obtained by the above-mentioned filtration was transferred to a reaction vessel, heated to 27 ± 3 ° C, 18.0 g of methylene chloride was added, and the mixture was stirred and stirred for 2 hours. The filtrate was filtered and the filtrate was transferred to a rotary evaporator. The steaming temperature did not exceed 45 ° C until the distillation was completed. The crude solid obtained by steaming (the crude product of formula II) and the white solid used in the previous step were combined and transferred to a reaction kettle, and an isopropyl acetate: acetone = 3: 2 (v / v) mixed solvent was added (1 g of crude (13.3 g of isopropyl acetate + 7.9 g of acetone) was added and heated to reflux (68 ± 3 ° C), and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour. In 2.5 ± 0.5 hours, slow down to the kettle temperature of 22 ± 3 ℃. Quickly filter the filter cake with cold acetone 1.5g once. The filter cake was placed in a vacuum oven at about 40 ° C and dried overnight under vacuum to give the formula II.

Step 2: Preparation and purification of formula III

Take the type II boutique 1g added to the four bottles, add methanol 5.0g, stir the solid dispersed evenly. And 0.045 g of sodium methoxide was weighed, and the mixture was added to 0.135 g of methanol and stirred to dissolve sodium methoxide. The methanol solution of sodium methoxide was added dropwise to a four-necked flask. The incubation was carried out at 22.5 ± 2.5 ° C for 1 hour until the reaction was complete (sampling TLC: developing solvent: dichloromethane: methanol = 4: 1 (v / v) and R _f = 0.8).

After completion of the reaction, the pH of the system was adjusted to 6.5 ± 0.5 with ice acetic acid under ice bath. And then adding 200-300 mesh silica gel (available from Qingdao Ocean Chemical Plant) 10 g of sand, filling the column, the column chromatography, which was dichloromethane: methanol = 4: 1 (v / V), collecting the fraction containing tricatropa, and steaming to dryness. The steamed solid was transferred to a three-necked flask, 3.0 g of absolute ethanol was added, and the mixture was uniformly dispersed (suspended) and heated to 78 ± 2 ° C for 0.5 hour. After completion of the reflux, slowly (2.5 ± 0.5 hours) was cooled to room temperature and stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. Continue to cool down to 2.5 ± 2.5 ℃, at this temperature holding 4.5 ± 0.5 hours. Filter, filter cake with 1.0g cold ethanol washing once, thoroughly filter, the filtrate abandoned. The filter cake was transferred to a vacuum oven and dried at 38 ± 2 ° C until constant weight to obtain a purity of the formula III.

The above method can be equal to the proportion of stable amplification, for example, can be directly amplified about 60 to 180 times, that is, I feed 61.7g ~ 185.97g (other reactants equal ratio increase), after amplification of the final product (formula III) HPLC detection purity To 99.3% ~ 99.8%, the yield of 65 ~ 85%, fully meet the tricatitabine medicinal industrial needs.

PATENT

CN 104861067

PATENT

CN 105503838

PAPER

In vitro optimization of non-small cell lung cancer activity with troxacitabine, L-1,3-dioxolane-cytidine, prodrugs
Journal of medicinal chemistry (2007), 50, (9), 2249-53.

l-1,3-Dioxolane-cytidine, a potent anticancer agent against leukemia, has limited efficacy against solid tumors, perhaps due to its hydrophilicity. Herein, a library of prodrugs were synthesized to optimize in vitro antitumor activity against non-small cell lung cancer. N⁴-Substituted fatty acid amide prodrugs of 10−16 carbon chain length demonstrated significantly improved antitumor activity over l-1,3-dioxolane-cytidine. These in vitro results suggest that the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of l-1,3-dioxolane-cytidine against solid tumors may be improved with prodrug strategies.

PAPER

• Kim, Hea O.; Schinazi, Raymond F.; Shanmuganathan, Kirupathevy; Jeong, Lak S.; Beach, J. Warren; Nampalli, Satyanarayana; Cannon, Deborah L.; Chu, Chung K.
• From Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (1993), 36(5), 519-28.

PAPER

• Jin, Haolun; Tse, Allan Tse; Evans, Colleen A.; Mansour, Tarek S.; Beels, Christopher M.; Ravenscroft, Paul; Humber, David C.; Jones, Martin F.; Payne, Jeremy J.; Ramsay, Michael V. J.
• From Tetrahedron:  Asymmetry (1993), 4(2), 211-14

PAPER

• Belleau, Bernard R.; Evans, Colleen A.; Tse, H. L. Allan; Jin, Haolun; Dixit, Dilip M.; Mansour, Tarek S.
• From Tetrahedron Letters (1992), 33(46), 6949-52.

PAPER

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jm00089a007

J. Med. Chem. 1992,35,1987-1995 Asymmetric Synthesis of 1,3-Dioxolane-Pyrimidine Nucleosides and Their Anti-HIV Activity

References

Troxacitabine

Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
CAS Number	145918-75-8
PubChem CID	151173
ChemSpider	399955
UNII	60KQZ0388Y
ChEMBL	CHEMBL359164
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C8H11N3O4
Molar mass	213.19 g/mol
3D model (Jmol)	Interactive image
SMILES[hide] O=C1/N=C(/N)\C=C/N1[C@H]2O[C@H](OC2)CO

//////////////TROXACITABINE, троксацитабин , تروكساسيتابين , 曲沙他滨 , Hmd-cytosineM,  NCGC00183848-01, Beta-L-Dioxolane-cytidine,   2R(-)-cis-Hmd-cytosine, (-)-ODDC

GDC 0994

GDC-0994; Ravoxertinib; 1453848-26-4; GDC0994; UNII-R6AXV96CRH; R6AXV96CRH, RG7842; RG-7842; RG 7842

CAS 1453848-26-4

1-[(1S)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-4-[2-[(2-methylpyrazol-3-yl)amino]pyrimidin-4-yl]pyridin-2-one

PHASE 1

Ravoxertinib also known as GDC-0994 and RG7842, is an orally available inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, GDC-0994 inhibits both ERK phosphorylation and activation of ERK-mediated signal transduction pathways. This prevents ERK-dependent tumor cell proliferation and survival. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK pathway is upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, differentiation and survival.

GDC-0994 is an ERK inhibitor invented by Array under a collaboration agreement with Genentech. Array has received certain clinical milestones and is entitled to additional potential clinical and commercial milestones and royalties on product sales under the agreement. ERK is a key protein kinase in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, which regulates several key cellular activities including proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival and angiogenesis. Inappropriate activation of this pathway has been shown to occur in many cancers. GDC-0994 is currently advancing in a Phase 1 trial in patients with solid tumors.

WO2013130976

• OriginatorArray BioPharma
• DeveloperGenentech
• ClassAntineoplastics; Small molecules
• Mechanism of ActionExtracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase inhibitors; Mitogen activated protein kinase 3 inhibitors; Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 inhibitors

• Phase ISolid tumours

Most Recent Events

• 29 Nov 2016Pharmacodynamics data from a preclinical trial in Solid tumours presented at the 28^th EORTC-NCI-AACR Symposium on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics (EORTC-NCI-AACR-2016)
• 29 Nov 2016Adverse events, efficacy, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics data from a phase I trial in Solid tumours presented at the 28th EORTC-NCI-AACR Symposium on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics
• 16 Jul 2016No recent reports of development identified for phase-I development in Solid-tumours(Late-stage disease, Monotherapy, Second-line therapy or greater) in USA

FREE FORM

(S)-1-(1-(4-Chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one,

GDC-0994 benzenesulfonate salt

CAS 1817728-45-2, C₂₁ H₁₈ Cl F N₆ O₂ . C₆ H₆ O₃ S

GDC-0994 as a light yellow solid,

mp 197.7 °C;

¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 9.93, (s, 1H), 8.65 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (d, J = 7.27 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (m, 2H), 7.62 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (t, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (dd, J = 10.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (m, 3H), 7.18 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (dd, J = 7.3, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 5.99 (dd, J = 8.1, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (dd, J = 11.9, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (dd, J = 11.9, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 161.60, 161.14, 160.02, 159.79, 157.02 (d, J = 245 Hz), 148.0, 146.49, 139.53 (d, J = 6.0 Hz), 139.04, 136.96, 136.39, 130.66, 128.42, 127.59, 125.38, 124.99 (d, J = 3.0 Hz), 118.72 (d, J = 18.0 Hz), 117.29, 116.05 (d, J = 22.5 Hz), 109.75, 102.79, 98.77, 60.64, 58.68, 35.29.

¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, DMSO-d₆) −115.86 (dd, J = 10.6, 7.8).

HRMS calcd for C₂₁H₁₈ClFN₆O₂ [M + H] 441.1242, found 441.1245.

PATENT

WO 2013130976

Example 39

(S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5- yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one

[00398] Step A: (S)-1-(2-(tert-Butyldimethylsiloxy)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethyl)-4-(2-(methylsulfonyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridine-2(1H)-one (47 mg, 0.087 mmol), 2-methyl pyrazole-3 -amine (0.175 mmol, 2.0 equivalents) and anhydrous DMF (3.0 mL) were added to a 25 mL round bottomed flask equipped with a stirring bar. The flask was capped with a rubber septum and flushed with nitrogen. Under a blanket of nitrogen, sodium hydride (8.5 mg, 60% dispersion in mineral oil) was added in one portion. The flask was flushed with

nitrogen, capped and stirred at room temperature. The reaction progress was monitored by LCMS, and after 30 minutes, the starting material was consumed. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of water (0.5 mL) and ethyl acetate (15 mL). The contents of the round bottomed flask were transferred to a 125 mL separatory funnel, and the reaction flask was rinsed several times with additional ethyl acetate. Crude (S)-1-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water (80 mL/30 mL). The ethyl acetate layer was washed once with brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give crude (S)-1-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one. The crude was taken directly into the deprotection step.

[00399] Step B: Crude (S)-1-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one (48 mg) was dissolved in ethyl acetate (4 mL) and treated dropwise slowly (over 2 minutes) with an ethyl acetate solution (1.0 mL, which had been saturated with HCl gas). The reaction stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes, after which time LCMS indicated complete consumption of the starting material. The reaction mixture was concentrated to an oily residue and purified by prep RP HPLC to yield (S)-1-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one (20.8 mg, 54.6% yield) as a lyophilized powder. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, (CD₃)₂SO) δ 9.58 (s, 1H), 8.60 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (t, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H),7.58 (t, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.52-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.37 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (dd, J = 10.7,5.1 Hz 2H), 6.86 (dd, J = 7.3, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.27(d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (dd, J = 7.7, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.31(t, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 4.10-3.95 (m,1H), 3.69 (s, 3H); LCMS m/z 441 (M+H)+.

PAPER

Discovery of (S)-1-(1-(4-Chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one (GDC-0994), an Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) Inhibitor in Early Clinical Development

The extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK1/2 represent an essential node within the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling cascade that is commonly activated by oncogenic mutations in BRAF or RAS or by upstream oncogenic signaling. While targeting upstream nodes with RAF and MEK inhibitors has proven effective clinically, resistance frequently develops through reactivation of the pathway. Simultaneous targeting of multiple nodes in the pathway, such as MEK and ERK, offers the prospect of enhanced efficacy as well as reduced potential for acquired resistance. Described herein is the discovery and characterization of GDC-0994 (22), an orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor selective for ERK kinase activity.

PATENT

WO 2015154674

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2015154674A1?cl=pt

(i) i-PrMgCl， LiCl， THF； (ii) HCO₂Na， HCO₂H， H₂O， EtOH； (iii) GDH-105， morpholineethanesulfonic acid， MgCl₂， PEG6000， heptane， 1wt％ KRED-NADH-112， NAD， glucose (iv) TBSCl， DMAP， TEA， DCM， 20-25℃ ， 15h； (v) MsCl， DCM， 20-25℃ ， 3h

Scheme 1. Original Synthetic Process

Scheme 2. Improved Process To I

[0170]

Example 1

[0173]

2- ( (tert-Butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) ethyl methanesulfonate

[0174]

[0175]

Step 1: 4-bromo-1-chloro-2-fluorobenzene (64 kg) and dry toluene (170kg) were charged to the 2000 L steel reaction vessel under nitrogen. The reactor was evacuated and backfilled with N₂ for three times, and cooled to between-10 and 5 ℃ under nitrogen atmosphere. To the solution was added dropwise i-PrMgCl. LiCl (280kg, 1.3M in THF) at between-10 and 10 ℃ . The reaction was stirred for a further 15 to 30min at between-10 and 10 ℃ and then warmed to about 20 to 25 ℃ over 1h. The reaction mixture was stirred for another 6 h stir to complete the exchange. The resulting solution was cooled to between-50 and-40 ℃ . A solution of 2-chloro-N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (44.5kg) in dry toluene (289kg) was added dropwise to the above solution at while maintaining the temperature between-50 and-30 ℃ . The reaction mixture was warmed to between 20 and 25 ℃ over 1h and then stirred for 3h to complete the reaction. The reaction was quenched by addition of 1N aq. HCl (808l g) at a temperature between-5 and 15 ℃ . The aqueous layer was separated and organic layer was filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth. The organic layer was washed with 10％aq. NaCl solution (320kg) twice, then concentrated to about 300L to obtain 1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) -2-chloroethanone (51.8kg, 81.9％yield) as product in toluene.

[0176]

Step 2: The solution of II (51.7kg) in toluene was concentrated and solvent exchanged to EtOH to afford a suspension of II in EtOH (326kg) . A solution of HCOONa·2H₂O (54.8kg) and HCOOH (44.5kg) in water (414kg) was added at a temperature between 15 and 35 ℃ under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was heated to reflux and stirred for 4 to 5 h. The solution was cooled to between 20 and 30 ℃ after over 95％conversion occurred. Water (450kg) was added dropwise at between 10 and 30℃ for over 2 h. The resulting suspension was cooled to between-10 and-3 ℃ and the cooled solution stirred for 1 to 2 h. The solid was filtered and the filter cake washed with water (400 kg) to remove the residual HCOONa and HCOOH. The 1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) -2-hydroxyethanone obtained was suspended in EtOAc (41kg) and n-heptane (64kg) , then warmed to between 45 and 50 ℃ , stirred for 2h, then cooled to between-2 and 5 ℃ for over 2h and stirred at this temperature for 2h. The solids were filtered and dried in vacuo at between 40 and 50 ℃ for 12 h to afford the product as white solid (40.0kg, 99.3％purity, 84.5％yield) .

[0177]

Step 3: A 500 L reactor under nitrogen was charged with purified water (150 kg) , 4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid (0.90kg) , anhydrous MgCl₂(0.030kg) , n-heptane (37kg) , 1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) -2-hydroxyethanone (30kg) , D- (+) -glucose monohydrate (34.8kg) and PEG 6000 (30.0kg) . The pH of the solution was adjusted to between 6.5 and 7.0 with 1N aq. NaOH at between 28 and 32 ℃ . The cofactor recycling enzyme, glucose dehydrogenase GDH-105 (0.300kg) (Codexis Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA) , the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD (0.300kg) (Roche) and the oxidoreductase KRED-NADH-112 (0.300kg) (Codexis Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA) were added. The resulting suspension was stirred at between 29 and 31 ℃ for 10 to 12 h while adjusting the pH to maintain the reaction mixture pH between 6.5 and 7.0 by addition of 1N aq. NaOH (160kg) . The pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to between 1 and 2 by addition of 49％H₂SO₄ (20kg) to quench the reaction. EtOAc (271kg) was added and the mixture was stirred at between 20 and 30 ℃for 10-15min then filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth. The filter cake was washed with EtOAc (122kg) . The combined organic layers were separated and aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (150kg) . Water (237kg) was added to the combined organic layers. The pH of the mixture was adjusted to between 7.0 and 8.0 by addition of solid NaHCO₃. The organic layer was separated, concentrated and then diluted with DCM to afford (R) -1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) ethane-1, 2-diol (30.9kg, yield 100％) as product in DCM.

[0178]

Step 4: A 1000 L reactor under nitrogen was charged with (R) -1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) ethane-1, 2-diol (29.5kg) and dry DCM (390kg) . The solution was cooled to between-5 and 0 ℃ . tert-Butylchlorodimethylsilane (25.1 kg) was added in portions while maintaining the temperature between-5 and 2 ℃ . A solution of DMAP (0.95kg) and TEA (41.0kg) in dry DCM (122kg ) was added dropwise to above solution at between-5 and 2 ℃ . The reaction solution was stirred for 1 h, then warmed to between 20 and 25 ℃ and stirred for 16 h. The solution of (R) -2- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) ethanol was recooled to between-10 and-5 ℃ . A solution of methanesulfonyl chloride (19.55 kg) in dry DCM (122kg) was added dropwise to the above solution of while maintaining the temperature between-10 and 0 ℃ . The reaction solution was stirred at between-10 and 0 ℃ for 20 to 30 min, and then warmed to between 0 and 5℃ for over 1h, and stirred. The reaction solution was washed with water (210kg) , followed by 5％aq. citric acid (210kg) , 2％aq. NaHCO₃ (210kg) and finally water (2 x 210kg) . The resulting DCM solution was dried (Na₂SO₄) , filtered and concentrated in vacuo below 15℃ (jacket temperature below 35℃) to afford (R) -2- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) ethyl methanesulfonate (49.5kg, 83.5％yield, KarlFischer＝0.01％) as product in DCM.

[0179]

Example 2

[0180]

4- (2- (methylsulfonyl) pyrimidin-4-yl) pyridin-2 (1H) -one

[0181]

[0182]

Step 1: A 1000 L reactor was charged with 2-fluoro-4-iodopyridine (82.2kg) and dry THF (205 kg) . The reactor was evacuated and backfilled with N₂three times then cooled to between-30 and-20 ℃ . To the solution was added dropwise i-PrMgCl·LiCl (319 kg, 1.3M in THF) . The reaction was warmed to between-20 and-10℃ and stirred for 1.5 h to complete the transmetallation.

[0183]

A 2000 L reactor was charged with 4-chloro-2-methylthiopyrimidine (45.6kg) , dry THF (205kg) and [1, 3-bis (2, 6-diisopropylphenyl) imidazol-2-ylidene] (3-chloropyridyl) palladium (II) dichloride (PEPPSI^TM-IPr, 1.850kg) . The 2000 L reactor was evacuated and backfilled with N₂ three times and heated to between 55 and 57 ℃ . To the reactor was added over 0.5 to 1 h, the solution of (2-fluoropyridin-4-yl) magnesium chloride while maintaining the temperature between 50 and 62℃ . The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at between 50 and 62 ℃ for a further 2h. The reaction mixture was cooled to between 5 and 25℃ while the reaction was quenched with water (273kg) . The pH of the mixture was adjusted to 8 to 9 by adding solid citric acid monohydrate (7.3kg) . The organic layer was separated, washed with 12.5％aqNaCl (228kg) and concentrated in vacuo below 50℃ to afford 4- (2-fluoropyridin-4-yl) -2- (methylthio) pyrimidine (38.3kg, 61％yield) as product in THF.

[0184]

Step 2: The solution of 4- (2-fluoropyridin-4-yl) -2- (methylthio) pyrimidine (38.2kg) in THF was concentrated and co-evaporated with THF to remove residual water. The suspension was filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth to remove inorganic salts. To the resulting solution in THF (510kg) was added tert-BuOK (39.7kg) in portions while maintaining the temperature between 15 and 25 ℃ . The mixture was warmed to between 20 and 25 ℃ and stirred for 5h. NaHCO₃ (14.9kg) added charged and then a citric acid solution (5kg) in THF (15kg) was added to adjust the pH to between 8 and 9. Water (230kg) was added. The mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with THF (100kg) . The combined THF solutions were washed with 12.5％aqueous NaCl (320kg) and concentrated to about 380L to afford a solution of 4- (2- (tert-butoxy) pyridin-4-yl) -2- (methylthio) pyrimidine in THF.

[0185]

To the THF solution cooled to between 15 and 30 ℃ was added1N H₂SO₄ aq. solution (311kg) . The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 4h. MTBE (280kg) was charged and the pH of reaction solution was adjusted to 14 with 30％aqueous NaOH (120kg) . The aqueous layer was separated and the organic phase filtered to remove inorganic salts. The obtained aqueous layer was washed with MTBE (2 x 280kg) . 2-MeTHF (1630kg) and i-PrOH (180kg) were added to the aqueous solution. The pH was then adjusted to 8 slowly with conc. HCl (19kg) . An organic layer separated and aqueous layer was extracted with 2-MeTHF (305kg) . The combined 2-MeTHF extracts were washed with water (300kg) and concentrated to about 100L. MTBE (230kg) was added and stirred at 20-30 ℃ for 0.5h. The solid was filtered and slurried in a mixture solvent of 2-MeTHF (68kg) and MTBE (230kg) . The suspension was stirred at 35-50 ℃ for 3h, and then cooled to 0 to 10 ℃ and stirred at a further 2h.

[0186]

The solid was filtered and dried in vacuo at between 50 and 62 ℃ for 20 h to afford product 4- (2- (methylthio) pyrimidin-4-yl) pyridin-2 (1H) -one as brown solid (33.55kg, 89.6％assay, 79.4％yield) .

[0187]

Example 3

[0188]

(S) -1- (2- ( (tert-Butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) ethyl) -4- (2- (methylthio) pyrimidin-4-yl) pyridin-2 (1H) -one (XI)

[0189]

[0190]

Step 1: The THF was co-evaporated from the THF solution of 4- (2- (methylthio) pyrimidin-4-yl) pyridin-2 (1H) -one (25.5kg) to remove residual water. Dry bis- (2-methoxyethyl) ether (75kg) was added. A solution of KHMDS (131kg, 1M in THF) was added dropwise while maintaining the temperature between 25 and 40 ℃ . The mixture was heated to between 75 and 80℃ and stirred for 30 to 40 min. The resulting mixture was cooled to between 20 and 30℃ under nitrogen atmosphere. A solution of (R) -2- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) ethyl methanesulfonate (47.6kg) in THF (50kg) was added over 30 to 60 min while maintaining the temperature between 20 and 40℃ . The reaction solution was warmed to between 80 and 85 ℃ and stirred for 7 h. The solution was cooled to between 5 and 15 ℃ and water (155 kg) was added. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 7.5 with 30％aqueous citric acid (30 kg) . EtOAc (460kg) was added and the mixture was stirred for 20 min. The organic layer was separated and washed with 12.5％aqueous NaCl (510kg) . The combined aqueous layers were extracted with EtOAc (115kg) . The ethyl acetate layers were concentrated to about 360L to afford (S) -1- (2- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) ethyl) -4- (2- (methylthio) pyrimidin-4-yl) pyridin-2 (1H) -one (44.6kg, 75.7％yield) as product in EtOAc.

[0191]

Step 2: To a solution of (S) -1- (2- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) ethyl) -4- (2- (methylthio) pyrimidin-4-yl) pyridin-2 (1H) -one (44.6kg) in EtOAc (401kg, 10vol) cooled to between 5 and 10 ℃ was added in portions MCPBA (58kg) . The reaction mixture was added to a solution of NaHCO₃ (48.7kg) in water (304kg) at a temperature between10 and-20℃ . A solution of Na₂S₂O₃ (15kg) in water (150 kg) was added dropwise to consume residual MCBPA. The organic layer was separated and aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (130kg) . The combined organic layers were washed with water (301 kg) , concentrated and solvent exchanged to DCM to afford (S) -1- (2- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) ethyl) -4- (2- (methylsulfonyl) pyrimidin- 4-yl) pyridin-2 (1H) -one (45.0kg, 94.9％yield) as product in DCM. The DCM solution was concentrated to about 100 L, filtered through a pad of SiO₂ (60kg) and eluted with an EtOAc/DCM gradient (0, 25 and 50％EtOAc) . The fractions were combined and concentrated to get the product which was re-slurried with (acetone: n-heptane＝1: 3 v/v) four times to afford the final product (31.94kg, 71％yield) .

[0192]

Example 4

[0193]

(S) -1- (1- (4-Chloro-3-fluorophenyl) -2-hydroxyethyl) -4- (2- ( (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) amino) pyrimidin-4-yl) pyridin-2 (1H) -one, benzenesulfonate salt (VIIIb)

[0194]

[0195]

Step 1: A clean 100 L cylindrical reaction vessel was charged with THF (13 kg) then (S) -1- (2- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) ethyl) -4- (2- (methylsulfonyl) pyrimidin-4-yl) pyridin-2 (1H) -one (I, 5 kg) and 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (1.1 kg) were added sequentially with medium agitation followed by THF (18 kg) . The mixture was cooled to-35 ℃ and to the resulting thin slurry was added slowly a THF solution of LiHMDS (17.4 kg, 1.0 M) at a rate that maintained the internal temperature below-25 ℃ . After the addition was completed, the reaction was held between-35 and-25 ℃ for 20 min and monitored by HPLC. If the HPLC result indicated ≤ 98.5％conversion, additional LiHMDS (0.34 kg, 1.0 M, 0.05 mol％) was added slowly at-35 ℃ . The reaction was quenched slowly at the same temperature with H₃PO₄ solution (4.4 kg of 85％H₃PO₄and 15 kg of water) and the internal temperature was kept below 30 ℃ . The reaction was diluted with EtOAc (18 kg) and the phases separated, the organic layer was washed with H₃PO₄ solution (1.1 kg of 85％H₃PO₄ and 12 kg of water) followed by a second H₃PO₄wash (0.55 kg of 85％H₃PO₄and 12 kg of water) . If 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-remained, the organic layer was washed again with H₃PO₄ solution (0.55 kg of 85％H₃PO₄ and 12 kg of water) . Finally the organic layer was washed sequentially with water (20 kg) and a NaCl and NaHCO₃ solution (2 kg of NaCl, 0.35 kg of NaHCO₃and 10 kg of water) . After the phase separation, residue water in organic solution was removed through an azeotropic distillation with EtOAc to ≤ 0.5％ (by KF) and then solution was concentrated to 20-30 L under a vacuum below 50 ℃ . The solvent was then swapped to MeOH using 35 kg of MeOH and then concentrated to between 20 and 30 L for the next step.

[0196]

Step 2: To the methanolic (S) -1- (2- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) ethyl) -4- (2- ( (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) amino) pyrimidin-4-yl) pyridin-2 (1H) -one (IX) solution in MeOH was added HCl (10.7 kg, 1.25 M in MeOH) at RT. It was slightly exothermic. After the addition was completed, the reaction was heated to 45 ℃ . If the reaction was incomplete after 14 to 16 h, additional HCl (1 kg, 1.25 M in MeOH) was added and agitation at 45 ℃ was continued for 2 h. The reaction was equipped with a distillation setup with acid scrubber. The reaction was concentrated to between 20 and 30 L under a vacuum below 50 ℃ . To the resulting solution was added MeOH (35 kg) and the reaction was concentrated to 20 to 30 L again under a vacuum below 50 ℃ . The solvent was then switched to EtOAc using 40 kg of EtOAc. The solvent ratio was monitored by Headspace GC and the solvent swap continued until it was less than 1/5. The solution was concentrated to between 20 and 30 L under a vacuum below 50 ℃ . After the solution was cooled below 30 ℃ , aqueous NaHCO₃ (1.2 kg of NaHCO₃ and 20 kg of water) was added slowly with a medium agitation and followed by EtOAc (40 kg) . The organic layer was washed with water (2 x 10 kg) then concentrated to 20-30 L under a vacuum below 50 ℃ . The solvent was then switched to MEK using 35 kg of MEK. The residue MeOH was monitored by Headspace GC and the solvent swap continued until the MeOH was < 0.3％. The solution containing (S) -1- (1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) -2-hydroxyethyl) -4- (2- ( (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) amino) pyrimidin-4-yl) pyridin-2 (1H) -one (VIII) was concentrated to 20 to 30 L under a vacuum below 50 ℃ for the next step.

[0197]

Step 3: The solution of VIII in MEK was transferred to a second 100 L cylindrical reaction vessel through a 1μm line filter. In a separate container was prepared benezenesulfonic acid solution (1.3 kg of benzenesulfonic acid, 1.4 kg of water and 4.4 kg of MEK) . The filtered VIII solution was heated to 75 ℃ and to the resulting solution was added 0.7 kg of the benzenesulfonic acid solution through a 1μm line filter. The clear solution was seeded with crystalline benzenesulfonic acid salt of VIII (0.425 kg) as a slurry in MEK (0.025 kg of VIIIb crystalline seed and 0.4 kg of MEK) which produced a thin slurry. The remaining benzenesulfonic acid solution was then added through a 1μm line filter in 2 h. After addition, the slurry was heated at 75 ℃ for additional 1 h and then cooled to 18 ℃ in a minimum of 3 h. The resulting thick slurry was agitated at 20 ℃ for 14 to 16 h. The solid was filtered using an Aurora dryer. The mother liquor was assayed by HPLC (about . 3％loss) . The solid was then washed with 1μm line filtered 15.8 kg of MEK and water solution (0.8 kg of water and 15 kg of MEK) and followed by 1μm line filtered 30 kg of MEK. Washes were assayed by HPLC (<1％loss) . The wet cake was dried under a vacuum and a nitrogen sweep at a jacket temperature of 45 ℃ for a minimum 12 h to afford the benzenesulfonic acid salt of VIII, which is labeled VIIIb.

[0198]

Additional Examples

[0199]

Step 1:

[0200]

[0201]

To a clean 100 L cylindrical reaction vessel was charged 13 kg of THF first. With a medium agitation, 5.0 kg of I and 1.1 kg of 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine was charged sequentially and followed by the rest of THF (18 kg) . At-35 ℃ to the resulting thin slurry was added 17.4 kg of LiHMDS (1.0 mol/L) in THF slowly and the internal temperature was remained below-25 ℃ . After addition, the reaction was held between-35 and-25 ℃ for 20 min. The reaction was monitored by HPLC. If the HPLC result indicated ≤ 98.5％conversion, additional 0.34 kg (0.05 mol％) of LiHMDS (1.0 mol/L) in THF was charged slowly at-35 ℃ . Otherwise, the reaction was quenched at the same temperature with 19.4 kg of H₃PO₄ solution (4.4 kg of 85％H₃PO₄and 15 kg of water) slowly and the internal temperature was remained below 30 ℃ . The reaction was diluted with 18 kg of EtOAc. After the phase separation, the organic layer was washed with 13.1 kg of H₃PO₄ solution (1.1 kg of 85％H₃PO₄ and 12 kg of water) and then with 12.6 kg of H₃PO₄solution (0.55 kg of 85％H₃PO₄ and 12 kg of water) . The organic layer was assayed for the 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine level by HPLC. If the HPLC result indicated ≥ 20 μg/mL of 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine, the organic layer needed an additional wash with 12.6 kg of H₃PO₄ solution (0.55 kg of 85％H₃PO₄ and 12 kg of water) . Otherwise, the organic layer was washed with 20 kg of water. The organic layer was assayed again for the 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine level. If the HPLC result indicated ≥ 2 μg/mL of 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine, the organic layer needed an additional wash with 20 kg of water. Otherwise, the organic layer was washed with 12.4 kg of NaCl and NaHCO₃ solution (2 kg of NaCl, 0.35 kg of NaHCO₃ and 10 kg of water) . After the phase separation, residue water in organic solution was removed through an azeotropic distillation with EtOAc to ≤ 0.5％ (by KF) and then the solution was concentrated to 20 to 30 L under a vacuum below 50 ℃ . The solvent was then swapped to MeOH using 35 kg of MeOH and then concentrated to 20 to 30 L for the next step.

[0202]

Step 2:

[0203]

[0204]

To the IX solution in MeOH from the last step was charged 10.7 kg of HCl (1.25 M in MeOH) at the ambient temperature. It was observed slightly exothermic. After addition, the reaction was heated to 45 ℃ . After 14-16 h, the reaction was monitored by HPLC. If the HPLC result indicated the conversion was ≤ 98％, an additional 1 kg of HCl (1.25 M in MeOH) was charged and the reaction was agitated at 45 ℃ for additional 2 h. Otherwise, the reaction was equipped with a distillation setup with acid scrubber. The reaction was concentrated to 20 to 30 L under a vacuum below 50 ℃ . To the resulting solution was charged 35 kg of MeOH and the reaction was concentrated to 20 to 30 L again under a vacuum below 50 ℃ . The solvent was then switched to EtOAc using 40 kg of EtOAc. The solvent ratio was monitored by Headspace GC. If the ratio of MeOH/EtOAc was greater than 1/5, the solvent swap should be continued. Otherwise, the solution was concentrated to 20 to 30 L under a vacuum below 50 ℃ . After the solution was cooled below 30 ℃ , 21.2 kg of NaHCO₃ solution (1.2 kg of NaHCO₃ and 20 kg of water) was charged slowly with a medium agitation and followed by 40 kg of EtOAc. After the phase separation, the organic layer was washed with 2 X 10 kg of water. The organic layer was concentrated to 20 to 30 L under a vacuum below 50 ℃ . The solvent was then switched to MEK using 35 kg of MEK. The residue MeOH was monitored by Headspace GC. If the level of MeOH was ≥ 0.3％, the solvent swap should be continued. Otherwise, the solution was concentrated to 20 to 30 L under a vacuum below 50 ℃ for the next step.

[0205]

Step 3:

[0206]

[0207]

The VIII solution in MEK from the last step was transferred to a second 100 L cylindrical reaction vessel through a 3 μm line filter. In a separated container was prepared 7.1 kg of benzenesulfonic acid solution (1.3 kg of benzenesulfonic acid, 1.4 kg of water and 4.4 kg of MEK) . The filtered G02584994 solution was heated to 75 ℃ and to the resulting solution was charged 0.7 kg of benzenesulfonic acid solution (10％) through a 3 μm line filter. To the clear solution was charged 0.425 kg of VIIIb crystalline seed slurry in MEK (0.025 kg of VIIIb crystalline seed and 0.4 kg of MEK) . This resulted in a thin slurry. The rest of benzenesulfonic acid solution was then charged through a 3 μm line filter in 2 h. After addition, the slurry was heated at 75 ℃ for additional 1 h and then cooled to 20 ℃ in a minimum of 3 h. The resulting thick slurry was agitated at 20 ℃ for 14-16 h. Solid was filtered using a filter dryer. Mother liquor was assayed by HPLC (about 3％loss) . Solid was then washed with 3 μm line filtered 15.8 kg of MEK and water solution (0.8 kg of water and 15 kg of MEK) and followed by 3 μm line filtered 30 kg of MEK. Washes were assayed by HPLC (<1％loss) . The wet cake was dried under a vacuum and the nitrogen sweep at a jacket temperature of 45 ℃ for a minimum 12 h.

[0208]

Recrystallization

[0209]

[0210]

To a clean 100 L cylindrical reaction vessel was charged 16 kg of EtOH first. With a medium agitation, 3.5 kg of VIIIb was charged and then followed by the rest of EtOH (8.5 kg) . The thick slurry was heated to 78 ℃ and water (～1.1 kg) was charge until a clear solution was obtained. The hot solution was filtered through a 3 μm line filter to a second clean 100 L cylindrical reaction vessel. The temperature dropped to 55-60 ℃ and the solution remained clear. To the resulting solution was charged with 0.298 kg of VIIIb crystalline seed slurry in EtOH (0.018 kg of VIIIb crystalline seed and 0.28 kg of EtOH) . The thick slurry was concentrated to 20 to 30 L at 60 ℃ under a vacuum and then cooled 20 ℃ in 3 h. The resulting slurry was agitated at 20 ℃ for 14 to 16 h. Solid was filtered using a filter dryer. The mother liquor was assayed by HPLC (about 10％loss) . Solid was then washed with 3 μm line filtered 11.1 kg of EtOH and water solution (0.56 kg of water and 11 kg of EtOH) and followed by 3 μm line filtered 21 kg of MEK. Washes were assayed by HPLC (3％loss) . The wet cake was dried under a vacuum and the nitrogen sweep at a jacket temperature of 45 ℃ for a minimum 12 h.

[0211]

An additional synthetic process is set forth below.

[0212]

Step 1:

[0213]

[0214]

To a clean 100 L cylindrical reaction vessel was charged 18 kg of THF first. With a medium agitation, 4.2 kg of I and 0.91 kg of 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine was charged sequentially and followed by the rest of THF (21 kg) . At-40 ℃ to the resulting thin slurry was added 14.9 kg of LiHMDS (1.0 mol/L) in THF slowly and the internal temperature was remained below-30 ℃ . After addition, the reaction was held between-35 and-40 ℃ for 20 min. The reaction was monitored by HPLC. The HPLC result indicated 99.1％conversion. The reaction was quenched at the same temperature with 16.7 kg of H₃PO₄ solution (3.7 kg of 85％H₃PO₄ and 13 kg of water) slowly and the internal temperature was remained below 30 ℃ . The reaction was diluted with 17 kg of EtOAc. After the phase separation, the organic layer was washed with 13.1 kg of H₃PO₄ solution (1.1 kg of 85％H₃PO₄ and 12 kg of water) and then with 10.5 kg of H₃PO₄ solution (0.46 kg of 85％H₃PO₄ and 10 kg of water) . The organic layer was assayed for the 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine level by HPLC. The HPLC result indicated 2 μg/mL of 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine. The organic layer was washed with 15.8 kg of NaCl solution (0.3 kg of NaCl and 15.5 kg of water) . The organic layer was assayed again for the G02586778 level. The HPLC result indicated 0.5 μg/mL of 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine. The organic layer was washed with 10.3 kg of NaCl and NaHCO₃ solution (1.7 kg of NaCl, 0.6 kg of NaHCO₃and 8 kg of water) . After the phase separation, residue water in organic solution was removed through an azeotropic distillation with EtOAc to ≤ 0.5％ (by KF) and then the solution was concentrated to 20 to 30 L under a vacuum below 50 ℃ . The solvent was then swapped to MeOH using 30 kg of MeOH and then concentrated to 20 to 30 L for the next step.

[0215]

Step 2:

[0216]

[0217]

To the IX solution in MeOH from the last step was charged 9.0 kg of HCl (1.25 M in MeOH) at the ambient temperature. It was observed slightly exothermic. After addition, the reaction was heated to 45 ℃ . After 16 h, the reaction was monitored by HPLC. The HPLC result indicated the conversion was 99.4％. The reaction was equipped with a distillation setup. The reaction was concentrated to 20 L under a vacuum below 50 ℃ . To the resulting solution was charged 35 kg of MeOH and the reaction was concentrated to 20 L again under a vacuum below 50 ℃ . The solvent was then switched to EtOAc using 40 kg of EtOAc. The solvent ratio was monitored by Headspace GC. If the ratio of MeOH/EtOAc was greater than 1/5, the solvent swap should be continued. Otherwise, the solution was concentrated to 20 L under a vacuum below 50 ℃ . After the solution was cooled below 30 ℃ , 18 kg of NaHCO₃ solution (1 kg of NaHCO₃ and 17 kg of water) was charged slowly with a medium agitation and followed by 34 kg of EtOAc. After the phase separation, the organic layer was washed with 2 X 8 kg of water. The organic layer was concentrated to 20 L under a vacuum below 50 ℃ . The solvent was then switched to MEK using 35 kg of MEK. The residue MeOH was monitored by Headspace GC. If the level of MeOH was ≥ 0.3％, the solvent swap should be continued. Otherwise, the solution was concentrated to 20 L under a vacuum below 50 ℃ for the next step.

[0218]

Step 3:

The VIII solution in MEK from the last step was transferred to a second 100 L cylindrical reaction vessel through a 1 μm polish filter. In a separated container was prepared 6.0 kg of benzenesulfonic acid solution (1.1 kg of benzenesulfonic acid, 1.2 kg of water and 3.7 kg of MEK) . The filtered solution was heated to 75 ℃ and to the resulting solution was charged 0.6 kg of benzenesulfonic acid solution (10％) through a 1 μm line filter. To the clear solution was charged 0.36 kg of VIIIb crystalline seed slurry in MEK (0.021 kg of VIIIb crystalline seed and 0.34 kg of MEK) . This resulted in a thin slurry. The rest of benzenesulfonic acid solution was then charged through a 1 μm line filter in 2 h. After addition, the slurry was heated at 75 ℃ for additional 1 h and then cooled to 18 ℃ in a minimum of 3 h. The resulting thick slurry was agitated at 18 ℃ for 14-16 h. Solid was filtered using an Aurora dryer. Solid was then washed with 1 μm line filtered 8.15 kg of MEK and water solution (0.35 kg of water and 7.8 kg of MEK) and followed by 1 μm line filtered 12 kg of MEK.

Recrystallization

To a clean 100 L cylindrical reaction vessel was charged 21 kg of EtOH first. With a medium agitation, 3.5 kg of VIIIb was charged and then followed by the rest of EtOH (9 kg) . The thick slurry was heated to 78 ℃ and water (1.2 kg) was charge until a clear solution was obtained. The hot solution was filtered through a 1 μm line filter to a second clean 100 L cylindrical reaction vessel. The temperature dropped to 69 ℃ and the solution remained clear. To the resulting solution was charged with 0.37 kg of VIIIb crystalline seed slurry in EtOH (0.018 kg of VIIIb crystalline seed and 0.35 kg of EtOH) . The thin slurry was concentrated to 20 L at 60-70 ℃ under a vacuum and then cooled 18 ℃ in 3 h. The resulting slurry was agitated at 18 ℃ for 14-16 h. Solid was filtered using a filter dryer. Solid was then washed with 1 μm line filtered 8.6 kg of EtOH and water solution (0.4 kg of water and 8.2 kg of EtOH) . The solution was introduced in two equal portions. The solid was then washed by 1 μm line filtered 6.7 kg of MEK. The wet cake was dried under a vacuum and the nitrogen sweep at a jacket temperature of 35-40 ℃ for a minimum 12 h.

Alternative Synthetic Route (Steps 1 to 10 below)

Step 1:

[0227]

[0228]

Procedure:

[0229]

1. Charge compound 1 and MeBrPPh₃ to a four-necked jacketed flask with a paddle stirrer under N₂

[0230]

2. Charge THF (5.0V., KF<0.02％) to the flask (Note: V is the volume of solution to mass of limited reagent or L/Kg)

[0231]

3. Stir the suspension at 0 ℃

[0232]

4. Add the NaH (60％suspended in mineral oil) portionwise to the flask at 0 ℃

[0233]

5. Stir at 0 ℃ for 30min

[0234]

6. Heat to 30 ℃ and stir for 6 hrs

[0235]

7. Cool to 0 ℃

[0236]

8. Charge PE (petroleum ether) (5.0V. ) to the flask

[0237]

9. Add the crystal seed of TPPO (triphenylphospine oxide) (1 to about 5％wt of total TPPO) to the flask

[0238]

10. Stir at-10 ℃ for 2hrs

[0239]

11. Filter, and wash the cake with PE (5.0V. )

[0240]

12. Concentrate the filtrate to dryness

[0241]

13. Purification of the product by distillation under reduced pressure affords 2 as colorless oil

[0242]

Step 2:

[0243]

[0244]

Procedure:

[0245]

1. Add (DHQD) 2PHAL, Na₂CO₃, K₂Fe (CN) ₆, K₂OsO₂ (OH) ₄ into a flask under N₂ (Ad-mix beta, Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) .

[0246]

2. Cool to 0 ℃

[0247]

3. Add tBuOH (5V) and H₂O (5V)

[0248]

4. Add 2

[0249]

5. Stir the mixture at 0 ℃ for 6h

[0250]

6. Cool to 0 ℃

[0251]

7. Add Na₂SO₃ to quench the reaction

[0252]

8. Stir at 0 ℃ for 2h

[0253]

9. Filter and wash the cake with EA (ethyl acetate)

[0254]

10. Separate the organic layer

[0255]

11. Filter and concentrate to dryness

[0256]

Step 3:

[0257]

[0258]

Procedure:

[0259]

1. Add IV (1 eq. ) and DCM (5V) to a flask under N₂

[0260]

2. Cool to 0 ℃

[0261]

3. Add DMAP (0.1 eq. ) , then TEA (1.5 eq. )

[0262]

4. Add TBSCl (1.05 eq. ) dropwise at 0 ℃

[0263]

5. Stir the mixture at 0 ℃ for 1h

[0264]

6. Add water to quench the reaction

[0265]

7. Separate the layers

[0266]

8. Dry the organic layer over Na₂SO₄

[0267]

9. Filter

[0268]

10. Concentrate the filtrate to dryness

[0269]

11. Use for next step directly

[0270]

Step 4:

[0271]

[0272]

Procedure:

[0273]

1. Add V (1.0 eq. ) and DCM (5V) into a flask under N₂.

[0274]

2. Cool to 0 ℃

[0275]

3. Add TEA (1.51 eq. )

[0276]

4. Add MsCl (1.05 eq. ) dropwise at 0 ℃

[0277]

5. Stir the mixture at rt for 1h

[0278]

6. Add DCM to dilute the mixture for better stirring

[0279]

7. Add water to quench the reaction

[0280]

8. Separate the layers

[0281]

9. Wash the organic layer with NaHCO₃

[0282]

10. Dry over Na₂SO₄

[0283]

11. Filter and concentrate the filtrate to dryness

[0284]

12. Used for next step directly

[0285]

Step 5:

[0286]

[0287]

Procedure:

[0288]

1. Add VII (1eq. ) and DGME (20V) into flask under N₂

[0289]

2. Cool to 0 ℃

[0290]

3. Add KHMDS (1M in THF, 1 eq. )

[0291]

4. Add VI (1.2-1.5 eq. ) in DGME solution

[0292]

5. Stir at 0 ℃ for 5min

[0293]

6. Heat to reflux (jacket 120 ℃) and stir for over 4h

[0294]

7. Cool down

[0295]

8. Quench with water and extraction with MTBE

[0296]

9. Wash with 20％NaCl

[0297]

10. Dry over Na₂SO₄

[0298]

11. Concentrate to dryness and use to next step directly

[0299]

Step 6:

[0300]

[0301]

Procedure:

[0302]

1. Charge XI (1eq. ) , DCM (8V) into flask under N₂

[0303]

2. Add mCPBA by portions

[0304]

3. Stir at room temperature for 2h

[0305]

4. Add 7％NaHCO₃ aq. to wash

[0306]

5. Quench with Na₂S₂O₄ aq.

[0307]

6. Wash with 20％NaCl aq.

[0308]

7. Dry over Na₂SO₄

[0309]

8. Filter and concentrate to dryness

[0310]

9. Slurry the result in MTBE (3V) to afford I

[0311]

Step 7:

[0312]

[0313]

Procedure:

[0314]

1. Add I (1eq. ) , 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (4 eq. ) , Cs₂CO₃, DMF (4V) into a flask under N₂

[0315]

2. Stir at room temperature for 3h

[0316]

3. Work-up to afford product.

[0317]

Step 8:

[0318]

[0319]

Procedure:

[0320]

1. IX was dissolved in MeOH

[0321]

2. HCl (1.25 M in MeOH) was charged at the ambient temperature.

[0322]

3. After addition, the reaction was heated to 45 ℃ for 16 h.

[0323]

4. The reaction was cooled to rt and quenched with aqueous NaHCO₃ and diluted with EtOAc

[0324]

5. After the phase separation, the organic layer was washed with water. The organic layer was concentrated to afford the crude VIII

[0325]

Step 9:

[0326]

[0327]

Procedure:

[0328]

1. Charge compound 6-2, XIII, Pd-catalyst and sodium bicarbonate to a four-necked jacketed flask with paddle stirrer under N₂

[0329]

2. Charge water and 1, 4-dioxane (5.0V., KF<0.02％) to the flask

[0330]

3. Stir the suspension at 85 ℃ for 16hrs

[0331]

4. Filter through the silica-gel (2.0 X) and diatomaceous earth (0.5X)

[0332]

5. Remove the 1, 4-dioxane by distillation under a vacuum

[0333]

6. Partition between water (2.0V) and EtOAc (5.0V)

[0334]

7. Separate the organic phase and concentrate

[0335]

8. Purify by re-crystallization from PE and EtOAc

[0336]

Step 10:

[0337]

[0338]

Procedure:

[0339]

● Add X into a flask

[0340]

● Add 2M HCl (10-15V)

[0341]

● Heat to 100 ℃ and stir for 3h

[0342]

● Cool down

[0343]

● Neutralize pH to 7 to 8 with 30％NaOH aq.

[0344]

● Extract with THF

[0345]

● Wash with 20％NaCl aq.

[0346]

● Dry over Na₂SO₄

[0347]

● Filter and concentrate to dryness

[0348]

Synthesis of Crystalline (S) -1- (1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) -2-hydroxyethyl) -4- (2- ( (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) amino) pyrimidin-4-yl) pyridin-2 (1H) -one benzenesulfonate salt

[0349]

(S) -1- (1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) -2-hydroxyethyl) -4- (2- ( (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) amino) pyrimidin-4-yl) pyridin-2 (1H) -one (21.1 mg, 0.048 mmol) was dissolved in MEK (0.5 mL) . Benzenesulfonic acid (Fluka, 98％, 7.8 mg, 0.049 mmol) was dissolved in MEK (0.5 mL) and the resulting solution added drop wise to the free base solution with stirring. Precipitation occurred and the precipitate slowly dissolved as more benzenesulfonic acid solution was added. A small amount of sticky solid remained on the bottom of the vial. The vial contents were sonicated for 10 minutes during which further precipitation occurred. The solid was isolated after centrifugation and vacuum dried at 40 ℃ using house vacuum.

A process for the preparation of a compound of formula VIII, the process comprising the steps of:

(a) contacting 4-bromo-1-chloro-2-fluorobenzene with a metallating agent in an aprotic organic solvent to afford an organomagnesium compound, which is reacted with 2-chloro-N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide to afford 2-chloro-1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) ethanone (II) ；

(b) contacting II with sodium formate and formic acid in aqueous ethanol to afford 1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) -2-hydroxyethanone (III)

(c) contacting III with a ketoreductase to afford (R) -1- (4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl) ethane-1, 2-diol (IV) ；

(d) contacting IV with a silyl chloride (R^a) ₃SiCl and at least one base in a non-polar aprotic solvent to afford (V) , and subsequently adding sulfonylchloride R^bS (O) ₂Cl to afford VI, wherein R^a is independently in each occurrence C_1-6 alkyl or phenyl and R^b is selected from C_1-4 alkyl or phenyl, optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from C_1-3 alkyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, or C_1-3 alkoxy；

(e) contacting 4- (2- (methylsulfonyl) pyrimidin-4-yl) pyridin-2 (1H) -one (VII) with a strong base in an organic solvent and subsequently adding VI to afford XI；

(f) treating XI with an oxidizing agent to afford I；

(g) treating 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine with a strong base in an aprotic solvent at reduced temperature and adding the compound of formula I to afford IX； and,

(h) contacting IX with a de-silylating agent to afford VIII.

PAPER

Development of a Practical Synthesis of ERK Inhibitor GDC-0994

Xin Linghu^*† , Nicholas Wong^†, Hans Iding^‡, Vera Jost^‡, Haiming Zhang^†, Stefan G. Koenig^†, C. Gregory Sowell^†, and Francis Gosselin^†

^† Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States

^‡ Process Research, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland

Org. Process Res. Dev., Article ASAP

DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00006

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00006

The process development of a synthetic route to manufacture ERK inhibitor GDC-0994 on multikilogram scale is reported herein. The API was prepared as the corresponding benzenesulfonate salt in 7 steps and 41% overall yield. The synthetic route features a biocatalytic asymmetric ketone reduction, a regioselective pyridone S_N2 reaction, and a safe and scalable tungstate-catalyzed sulfide oxidation. The end-game process involves a telescoped S_NAr/desilylation/benzenesulfonate salt formation sequence. Finally, the development of the API crystallization allowed purging of process-related impurities, obtaining >99.5A% HPLC and >99% ee of the target molecule.

///////////GDC 0994, Ravoxertinib, 1453848-26-4, GDC0994, UNII-R6AXV96CRH, R6AXV96CRH, RG7842, RG-7842, RG 7842, PHASE 1

CN1C(=CC=N1)NC2=NC=CC(=N2)C3=CC(=O)N(C=C3)C(CO)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)Cl)F

• Approved based on a first-line Phase III trial that met its primary endpoint of progression-free survival (PFS) at interim analysis due to superior efficacy compared to letrozole alone[1]
• At this interim analysis, Kisqali plus letrozole reduced risk of disease progression or death by 44% over letrozole alone, and demonstrated tumor burden reduction with a 53% overall response rate[1]
• Kisqali plus letrozole showed treatment benefit across all patient subgroups regardless of disease burden or tumor location[1]
• At a subsequent analysis with additional follow-up and progression events, a median PFS of 25.3 months for Kisqali plus letrozole and 16.0 months for letrozole alone was observed[2]

Basel, March 13, 2017 – The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Kisqali^®(ribociclib, formerly known as LEE011) in combination with an aromatase inhibitor as initial endocrine-based therapy for treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 negative (HR+/HER2-) advanced or metastatic breast cancer.

Kisqali is a CDK4/6 inhibitor approved based on a first-line Phase III trial that met its primary endpoint early, demonstrating statistically significant improvement in progression-free survival (PFS) compared to letrozole alone at the first pre-planned interim analysis[1]. Kisqali was reviewed and approved under the FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation and Priority Review programs.

“Kisqali is emblematic of the innovation that Novartis continues to bring forward for people with HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer,” said Bruno Strigini, CEO, Novartis Oncology. “We at Novartis are proud of the comprehensive clinical program for Kisqali that has led to today’s approval and the new hope this medicine represents for patients and their families.”

The FDA approval is based on the superior efficacy and demonstrated safety of Kisqali plus letrozole versus letrozole alone in the pivotal Phase III MONALEESA-2 trial. The trial, which enrolled 668 postmenopausal women with HR+/HER2- advanced or metastatic breast cancer who received no prior systemic therapy for their advanced breast cancer, showed that Kisqali plus an aromatase inhibitor, letrozole, reduced the risk of progression or death by 44 percent over letrozole alone (median PFS not reached (95% CI: 19.3 months-not reached) vs. 14.7 months (95% CI: 13.0-16.5 months); HR=0.556 (95% CI: 0.429-0.720); p<0.0001)[1].

More than half of patients taking Kisqali plus letrozole remained alive and progression free at the time of interim analysis, therefore median PFS could not be determined[1]. At a subsequent analysis with additional 11-month follow-up and progression events, a median PFS of 25.3 months for Kisqali plus letrozole and 16.0 months for letrozole alone was observed[2]. Overall survival data is not yet mature and will be available at a later date.

“In the MONALEESA-2 trial, ribociclib plus letrozole reduced the risk of disease progression or death by 44 percent over letrozole alone, and more than half of patients (53%) with measurable disease taking ribociclib plus letrozole experienced a tumor burden reduction of at least 30 percent. This is a significant result for women with this serious form of breast cancer,” said Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, MD, Professor of Medicine, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and MONALEESA-2 Principal Investigator. “These results affirm that combination therapy with a CDK4/6 inhibitor like ribociclib and an aromatase inhibitor should be a new standard of care for initial treatment of HR+ advanced breast cancer.”

Kisqali is taken with or without food as a once-daily oral dose of 600 mg (three 200 mg tablets) for three weeks, followed by one week off treatment. Kisqali is taken in combination with four weeks of any aromatase inhibitor[1].

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in American women[3]. The American Cancer Society estimates more than 250,000 women will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in 2017[3]. Up to one-third of patients with early-stage breast cancer will subsequently develop metastatic disease[4].

Novartis is committed to providing patients with access to medicines, as well as resources and support to address a range of needs. The Kisqali patient support program is available to help guide eligible patients through the various aspects of getting started on treatment, from providing educational information to helping them understand their insurance coverage and identify potential financial assistance options. For more information, patients and healthcare professionals can call 1-800-282-7630.

The full prescribing information for Kisqali can be found at https://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/sites/www.pharma.us.novartis.com/files/kisqali.pdf(link is external).

About Kisqali^® (ribociclib)
Kisqali (ribociclib) is a selective cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, a class of drugs that help slow the progression of cancer by inhibiting two proteins called cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6). These proteins, when over-activated, can enable cancer cells to grow and divide too quickly. Targeting CDK4/6 with enhanced precision may play a role in ensuring that cancer cells do not continue to replicate uncontrollably.

Kisqali was developed by the Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR) under a research collaboration with Astex Pharmaceuticals.

About the MONALEESA Clinical Trial Program
Novartis is continuing to assess Kisqali through the robust MONALEESA clinical trial program, which includes two additional Phase III trials, MONALEESA-3 and MONALEESA-7, that are evaluating Kisqali in multiple endocrine therapy combinations across a broad range of patients, including premenopausal women. MONALEESA-3 is evaluating Kisqali in combination with fulvestrant compared to fulvestrant alone in postmenopausal women with HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer who have received no or a maximum of one prior endocrine therapy. MONALEESA-7 is investigating Kisqali in combination with endocrine therapy and goserelin compared to endocrine therapy and goserelin alone in premenopausal women with HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer who have not previously received endocrine therapy.

About Novartis in Advanced Breast Cancer
For more than 25 years, Novartis has been at the forefront of driving scientific advancements for breast cancer patients and improving clinical practice in collaboration with the global community. With one of the most diverse breast cancer pipelines and the largest number of breast cancer compounds in development, Novartis leads the industry in discovery of new therapies and combinations, especially in HR+ advanced breast cancer, the most common form of the disease.

Kisqali^® (ribociclib) Important Safety Information
Kisqali^® (ribociclib) can cause a heart problem known as QT prolongation. This condition can cause an abnormal heartbeat and may lead to death. Patients should tell their healthcare provider right away if they have a change in their heartbeat (a fast or irregular heartbeat), or if they feel dizzy or faint. Kisqali can cause serious liver problems. Patients should tell their healthcare provider right away if they get any of the following signs and symptoms of liver problems: yellowing of the skin or the whites of the eyes (jaundice), dark or brown (tea-colored) urine, feeling very tired, loss of appetite, pain on the upper right side of the stomach area (abdomen), and bleeding or bruising more easily than normal. Low white blood cell counts are very common when taking Kisqali and may result in infections that may be severe. Patients should tell their healthcare provider right away if they have signs and symptoms of low white blood cell counts or infections such as fever and chills. Before taking Kisqali, patients should tell their healthcare provider if they are pregnant, or plan to become pregnant as Kisqali can harm an unborn baby. Females who are able to become pregnant and who take Kisqali should use effective birth control during treatment and for at least 3 weeks after the last dose of Kisqali. Do not breastfeed during treatment with Kisqali and for at least 3 weeks after the last dose of Kisqali. Patients should tell their healthcare provider about all of the medicines they take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements since they may interact with Kisqali. Patients should avoid pomegranate or pomegranate juice, and grapefruit or grapefruit juice while taking Kisqali. The most common side effects (incidence >=20%) of Kisqali when used with letrozole include white blood cell count decreases, nausea, tiredness, diarrhea, hair thinning or hair loss, vomiting, constipation, headache, and back pain. The most common grade 3/4 side effects in the Kisqali + letrozole arm (incidence >2%) were low neutrophils, low leukocytes, abnormal liver function tests, low lymphocytes, and vomiting. Abnormalities were observed in hematology and clinical chemistry laboratory tests.

Please see the Full Prescribing Information for Kisqali, available at https://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/sites/www.pharma.us.novartis.com/files/kisqali.pdf(link is external).

About Novartis
Novartis provides innovative healthcare solutions that address the evolving needs of patients and societies. Headquartered in Basel, Switzerland, Novartis offers a diversified portfolio to best meet these needs: innovative medicines, cost-saving generic and biosimilar pharmaceuticals and eye care. Novartis has leading positions globally in each of these areas. In 2016, the Group achieved net sales of USD 48.5 billion, while R&D throughout the Group amounted to approximately USD 9.0 billion. Novartis Group companies employ approximately 118,000 full-time-equivalent associates. Novartis products are sold in approximately 155 countries around the world. For more information, please visit http://www.novartis.com.

Novartis is on Twitter. Sign up to follow @Novartis and @NovartisCancer at http://twitter.com/novartis(link is external) and http://twitter.com/novartiscancer (link is external)
For Novartis multimedia content, please visit www.novartis.com/news/media-library
For questions about the site or required registration, please contact media.relations@novartis.com

References
[1] Kisqali (ribociclib) Prescribing information. East Hanover, New Jersey, USA: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; March 2016.
[2] Novartis Data on File
[3] American Cancer Society. How Common Is Breast Cancer? Available at https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/about/how-common-is-breast-cancer.html(link is external). Accessed January 23, 2017.
[4] O’Shaughnessy J. Extending survival with chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. The Oncologist. 2005;10(Suppl 3):20-29.

рибоциклиб , ريبوسيكليب , 瑞波西利

Ribociclib « New Drug Approvals

////////////////Novartis,  Kisqali®, ribociclib, LEE011,  FDA 2017, HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer, рибоциклиб , ريبوسيكليب , 瑞波西利

NEW DRUG APPROVALS BLOG HITS 16 LAKH VIEWS IN 213 COUNTRIES

Trelagliptin succinate, a novel once-weekly oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, was approved for the Japanese market on March 26, 2015

Trelagliptin exhibited a better potency against human DPP-4 than alogliptin and sitagliptin, along with its excellent selectivity and slow-binding properties that may partially contribute to its sustained efficacy. In phase III clinical studies, once-weekly oral trelagliptin provided long-term safety and efficacy in both monotherapy and combination with other antidiabetic medicines and was proved to be noninferior to its analogue alogliptin used once daily.

2-({6-[(3R)-3-Aminopiperidin-1-yl]-3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl}methyl)-4-fluorobenzonitrile Monosuccinate (1)

Synthesis of Trelagliptin Succinate

Shenghui Xu , Qun Hao, Hongyan Li, Zhenren Liu, and Weicheng Zhou^*

State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti-Infectives, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China

Org. Process Res. Dev., Article ASAP

DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00013

An improved process for the synthesis of antidiabetic drug trelagliptin succinate through unprotected (R)-3-aminopiperidine was described. The impurity profile with different conditions of the key substitution was illustrated, and then the best reaction condition was identified. The optimizations also included the bromination of 4-fluoro-2-methylbenzonitrile so that the process became efficient and concise.

• 1.
  Zhang, Z.; Wallace, M. B.; Feng, J.; Stafford, J. A.; Skene, R. J.; Shi, L.; Lee, B.; Aertgeerts, K.; Jennings, A.; Xu, R.; Kassel, D. B.; Kaldor, S. W.; Navre, M.; Webb, D. R.; Gwaltney, S. L.J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 510– 524, DOI: 10.1021/jm101016w
• 2.
  Feng, J.; Gwaltney, S. L.; Dipeptidyl Peptidase Inhibitors. PCT Int. Appl. WO 2005095381, October 13, 2005.
• 3.

  Grimshaw, C. E.; Jennings, A.; Kamran, R.; Ueno, H.; Nishigaki, N.; Kosaka, T.; Tani, A.; Sano, H.; Kinugawa, Y.; Koumura, E.; Shi, L.; Takeuchi, K. PLoS One 2016, 11, e0157509, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157509

• 4.

  Inagaki, N.; Onouchi, H.; Maezawa, H.; Kuroda, S.; Kaku, K. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.2015, 3, 191– 197, DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70251-7
• 5.

  Inagaki, N.; Sano, H.; Seki, Y.; Kuroda, S.; Kaku, K. J.Diabetes Investig. 2016, 7, 718– 726, DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12499

   6.

  Feng, J.; Gwaltney, S. L.; Dipeptidyl Peptidase Inhibitors. PCT Int. Appl. WO 2007035629, March 29, 2007.

//////////