Fluvoxamine

Fluvoxamine

• Molecular FormulaC₁₅H₂₁F₃N₂O₂
• Average mass318.335 Da
• 54739-18-3

(E)-5-Methoxy-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-pentanone O-(2-Aminoethyl)oxime1-Pentanone, 5-methoxy-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-, O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime, (1E)-2-[({(1E)-5-Methoxy-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pentylidene}amino)oxy]ethanamine
2-{[(E)-{5-Methoxy-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pentylidene}amino]oxy}ethanamine1-Pentanone, 5-methoxy-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime, (E)- 
387954739-18-3[RN]5583954[Beilstein]5-Methoxy-4′-(trifluoromethyl)valerophenone (E)-O-(2-aminoethyl)oximeA selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.

Fluvoxamine, sold under the brand name Luvox among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class^[5] which is used primarily for the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).^[6] It is also used to treat depression and anxiety disorders, such as panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.^[7][8]

FLUVOXAMINE MALEATE

C₁₉H₂₅F₃N₂O₆, 434.4 g/mol

1-Pentanone, 5-methoxy-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime, (E)-, (Z)-2-butenedioate (1:1)

(Z)-but-2-enedioic acid;2-[(E)-[5-methoxy-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pentylidene]amino]oxyethanamine

Luvox

61718-82-9

CAS 54739-20-7

Fevarin, Luvox CR

Synonyms

• 5-Methoxy-4′-(trifluoromethyl)valerophenone (E)-O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime, maleate (1:1)
• 5-Methoxy-4′-trifluoromethylvalerophenone (E)-O-2-aminoethyloxime monomaleate
• DU23000
• • Fevarin
  • Fluvoxamine maleate
  • Luvox
  • Luvox CR
  • SME 3110
  • UNII-5LGN83G74V

Medical uses

Fluvoxamine is approved in the United States for OCD,^[9][6] and social anxiety disorder.^[10] In other countries (e.g., Australia,^[11][12] the UK,^[13] and Russia^[14]) it also has indications for major depressive disorder. In Japan it is currently^[when?] approved to treat OCD, SAD and MDD.^[15][16] Fluvoxamine is indicated for children and adolescents with OCD.^[17] The drug works long-term, and retains its therapeutic efficacy for at least one year.^[18] It has also been found to possess some analgesic properties in line with other SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants.^[19][20][21]

There is tentative evidence that fluvoxamine is effective for social phobia in adults.^[22] Fluvoxamine is also effective for GAD, SAD, panic disorder and separation anxiety disorder in children and adolescents.^[23] There is tentative evidence that fluvoxamine may help some people with negative symptoms of chronic schizophrenia.^[24][25]

A double-blind controlled study found that fluvoxamine may prevent clinical deterioration in outpatients with symptomatic COVID-19. The study had important limitations: it was run fully remotely; it had a small sample size (150) and short follow-up duration (15 days).^[26] The accompanying editorial noted that, although this study is important enough to choose out of more than 10,000 other COVID-19 related submissions, it “presents only preliminary information” and “the findings should be interpreted as only hypothesis generating; they should not be used as the basis for current treatment decisions.”^[27] Similarly, the study authors themselves cautioned that “the trial’s results should not be treated as a measure of fluvoxamine’s effectiveness against COVID-19 but as an encouraging indicator that the drug warrants further testing.”^[28] A prospective open-labelled cohort study showed similar results.^[29]

Adverse effects

Gastrointestinal side effects are more common in those receiving fluvoxamine than with other SSRIs.^[30] Otherwise, fluvoxamine’s side-effect profile is very similar to other SSRIs.^{[2][9][11][13][31][32]}Common (1–10% incidence) adverse effects

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Weight loss
• Yawning
• Loss of appetite
• Agitation
• Nervousness
• Anxiety
• Insomnia
• Somnolence (drowsiness)
• Tremor
• Restlessness
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Palpitations
• Tachycardia (high heart rate)
• Abdominal pain
• Dyspepsia (indigestion)
• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Hyperhidrosis (excess sweating)
• Asthenia (weakness)
• Malaise
• Sexual dysfunction (including delayed ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, etc.)
• Xerostomia (dry mouth)

Uncommon (0.1–1% incidence) adverse effects

• Arthralgia
• Hallucination
• Confusional state
• Extrapyramidal side effects (e.g. dystonia, parkinsonism, tremor, etc.)
• Orthostatic hypotension
• Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. oedema [buildup of fluid in the tissues], rash, pruritus)

Rare (0.01–0.1% incidence) adverse effects

• Mania
• Seizures
• Abnormal hepatic (liver) function
• Photosensitivity (being abnormally sensitive to light)
• Galactorrhoea (expulsion of breast milk unrelated to pregnancy or breastfeeding)

Unknown frequency adverse effects

• Hyperprolactinaemia (elevated plasma prolactin levels leading to galactorrhoea, amenorrhoea [cessation of menstrual cycles], etc.)
• Bone fractures
• Glaucoma
• Mydriasis
• Urinary incontinence
• Urinary retention
• Bed-wetting
• Serotonin syndrome — a potentially fatal condition characterised by abrupt onset muscle rigidity, hyperthermia (elevated body temperature), rhabdomyolysis, mental status changes (e.g. coma, hallucinations, agitation), etc.
• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome — practically identical presentation to serotonin syndrome except with a more prolonged onset
• Akathisia — a sense of inner restlessness that presents itself with the inability to stay still
• Paraesthesia
• Dysgeusia
• Haemorrhage
• Withdrawal symptoms
• Weight changes
• Suicidal ideation and behaviour
• Violence towards others^[33]
• Hyponatraemia
• Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
• Ecchymoses

Interactions[edit]

Luvox (fluvoxamine) 100 mg film-coated scored tablets

Fluvoxamine inhibits the following cytochrome P450 enzymes:^{[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]}

• CYP1A2 (strongly) which metabolizes agomelatine, amitriptyline, caffeine, clomipramine, clozapine, duloxetine, haloperidol, imipramine, phenacetin, tacrine, tamoxifen, theophylline, olanzapine, etc.
• CYP3A4 (moderately) which metabolizes alprazolam, aripiprazole, clozapine, haloperidol, quetiapine, pimozide, ziprasidone, etc.^[43]
• CYP2D6 (weakly) which metabolizes aripiprazole, chlorpromazine, clozapine, codeine, fluoxetine, haloperidol, olanzapine, oxycodone, paroxetine, perphenazine, pethidine, risperidone, sertraline, thioridazine, zuclopenthixol, etc.^[44]
• CYP2C9 (moderately) which metabolizes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, phenytoin, sulfonylureas, etc.
• CYP2C19 (strongly) which metabolizes clonazepam, diazepam, phenytoin, etc.
• CYP2B6 (weakly) which metabolizes bupropion, cyclophosphamide, sertraline, tamoxifen, valproate, etc.

By so doing, fluvoxamine can increase serum concentration of the substrates of these enzymes.^[34]

The plasma levels of oxidatively metabolized benzodiazepines (e.g., triazolam, midazolam, alprazolam and diazepam) are likely to be increased when co-administered with fluvoxamine. However the clearance of benzodiazepines metabolized by glucuronidation (e.g., lorazepam, oxazepam, temazepam)^[45][46] is unlikely to be affected by fluvoxamine.^[47] It appears that benzodiazepines metabolized by nitro-reduction (clonazepam, nitrazepam) are unlikely to be affected by fluvoxamine.^[48] Using fluvoxamine and alprazolam together can increase alprazolam plasma concentrations.^[49] If alprazolam is coadministered with fluvoxamine, the initial alprazolam dose should be reduced to the lowest effective dose.^[50][51]

Fluvoxamine and ramelteon coadministration is not indicated.^[52][53]

Fluvoxamine has been observed to increase serum concentrations of mirtazapine, which is mainly metabolized by CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4, by 3- to 4-fold in humans.^[54] Caution and adjustment of dosage as necessary are warranted when combining fluvoxamine and mirtazapine.^[54]

Fluvoxamine seriously affects the pharmacokinetics of tizanidine and increases the intensity and duration of its effects. Because of the potentially hazardous consequences, the concomitant use of tizanidine with fluvoxamine, or other potent inhibitors of CYP1A2, should be avoided.^[55]

Fluvoxamine’s interaction with St John’s wort can lead to increased serotonin levels and potentially lead to serotonin syndrome.^{[citation needed]}

Pharmacology

Fluvoxamine is a potent selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor with around 100-fold affinity for the serotonin transporter over the norepinephrine transporter.^[35] It has negligible affinity for the dopamine transporter or any other site, with the sole exception of the σ₁ receptor.^[59][60] It behaves as a potent agonist at this receptor and has the highest affinity (36 nM) of any SSRI for doing so.^[59] This may contribute to its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects and may also afford it some efficacy in treating the cognitive symptoms of depression.^[61] Unlike fluoxetine, fluvoxamine’s metabolites are inactive, without a significant effect on serotonin or norepinephrine uptake.^[62]

History

Fluvoxamine was developed by Kali-Duphar,^[63] part of Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Belgium, now Abbott Laboratories, and introduced as Floxyfral in Switzerland in 1983.^[63] It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1994, and introduced as Luvox in the US.^[64] In India, it is available, among several other brands, as Uvox by Abbott.^[65] It was one of the first SSRI antidepressants to be launched, and is prescribed in many countries to patients with major depression.^[66] It was the first SSRI, a non-TCA drug, approved by the U.S. FDA specifically for the treatment of OCD.^[67] At the end of 1995, more than ten million patients worldwide had been treated with fluvoxamine.^{[68][failed verification]} Fluvoxamine was the first SSRI to be registered for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder in children by the FDA in 1997.^[69] In Japan, fluvoxamine was the first SSRI to be approved for the treatment of depression in 1999^[70][71] and was later in 2005 the first drug to be approved for the treatment of social anxiety disorder.^[72] Fluvoxamine was the first SSRI approved for clinical use in the United Kingdom.^[73]

Society and culture

Manufacturers include BayPharma, Synthon, and Teva, among others.^[74]

SYN

SYN

J. Zhejiang Univ. (Medical Sci.) (2003), 32 (5), 441-442

PATENT

WO 2014178064

The present invention relates to an improved and industrially applicable process for the preparation of fluvoxamine maleate of formula I,

Fluvoxamine or (E)-5-methoxy-1 -[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pentan- 1 -one-O-2-aminoethyl oxime is an antidepressant which functions as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Fluvoxamine is used for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and anxiety disorders such as panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Fluvoxamine CR (controlled release) is approved to treat social anxiety disorder.

Fluvoxamine maleate and compounds were first disclosed in US patent 4,085,225. According to said patent, Fluvoxamine maleate prepared by alkylation reaction of 5-methoxy-4′-trifluoromethylvalerophenone oxime, compound of formula III with 2-chloroethylamine hydrochloride in dimethylformamide in the presence of a base such as potassium hydroxide powder for two days at 25°C.

Subsequently the solvent is removed under vacuum then the residue is acidified and extracted with ether to remove the unreacted oxime followed by basification. The obtained fluvoxamine base in ether extract is washed with sodium bicarbonate solution. The fluvoxamine base is then treated with maleic acid in absolute ethanbl and the residue obtained by concentration under vacuum is recrystallized from acetonitrile to obtain fluvoxamine maleate. The process is very much tedious, time consuming as it requires two days for the reaction completion. Operations like removal of dimethylformamide, ether, ethanol makes process cumbersome at plant level. Requirement of

various solvents lead the process to be non-eco-friendly. Moreover the patent is silent about yield and purity of the product.

In an alternate route described in US patent 4,085,225, the oxime of formula III is converted to formula I in a five step process i.e. alkylation of formula III with ethylene oxide. The reaction solvent is ethanol in which lithium is already dissolved. The reaction further involves addition of acetic acid to give the hydroxyethyl compound of formula A as oil. The compound of formula A is purified chromatographically over the silica gel, which is converted to a mesylate compound of formula B by treating with methanesulfonyl chloride and triethylamine at -5 to 0°C, then aminated with ammonia in methanol at 100°C using autoclave for 16 hours followed by removal of methanol and extraction in ether to give fluvoxamine base.

The base is then converted to the maleate salt formula I, which is finally purified by recrystallization from acetonitrile.

There are lots of disadvantages involve like more unit operations, use of various solvents and handling of ethylene oxide which is also known for its carcinogen effect. More unit operations lead to long occupancy of reactors in the plant as well as man power, high energy consumption and require bigger plant. These all parameters make the process commercially unviable as wel l as environmentally non-feasible. Further, purification of the compound of formula A requires cumbersome technique i.e chromatography over silica gel as well as lengthy work-up procedure in U.S. Pat. No. 4,085,225 requires complete removal of organic solvents at various stages.

US patent 6,433,225 discloses the process for preparing fluvoxamine maleate, prepared by alkylating 5-methoxy-4′-trtfluoromethylvalerophenone oxime, compound of formula III with 2-chloroethylamine hydrochloride in toluene and PEG-400 (polyethyleneglycol-400) as facilitator in the presence of a base potassium hydroxide powder at 30-35°C to obtain fluvoxamine base in

toluene layer is then treated with maleic acid in water. The precipitated fluvoxamine maleate is filtered and washed with toluene and dried. The obtained dried cake recrystallized with water to get fluvoxamine maleate. The process disclosed in the patent is silent about actual purity of the product. As per our scientist’s observation alkylation reaction at the temperature of 30-35°C may lead to non completion of reaction and results lower yield. Additional step of purification may further lead to loss of yield.

Thus, present invention fulfills the need of the art and provides an improved and industrially applicable process for preparation of fluvoxamine maleate, which provides fluvoxamine maleate in high purity and overall good yield.

EXAMPLES:

Stage – 1 : Preparation of (1E)-N-hydroxy-5-methoxy-1-(4-trifluoromethyI pheny 1) pentan-1-imine formula III

To a stirred solution of 5-methoxy- 1 -(4-trifluoromethylphenyl) pentan-1 -one ( 150 gm) in methanol (750 ml), sodium carbonate (granule) (72 gm) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (59.64 gm) were added at temperature 25-30°C. The reaction mass was heated 45-50°C for 10- 15 minutes followed by maintaining the reaction mass at temperature 45-50°C for 8-9 hours under stirring. The reaction mass was cooled to 25-30°C and filtered under vacuum to remove unreacted inorganic matter, then distilled out the methanol completely from the collected filtrate under vacuum at temperature below 50°C. The obtained slurry was cooled to 25-30°C and water (300 ml) was added into the residue followed by the addition of hexane (300×2 ml) and stirred for 30 minutes. The layers were separated. The collected organic layer was stirred for 5- 10 minutes at temperature 25-30°C followed by cooling the mass at temperature -5°C to – 10°C, stirred for 30-40 minutes and filtered at the same temperature. The product was suck dried at -5 to -10°C and further in vacuum at 25-30°C for 2-3 hours to give 138 – 142 gm of title compound. HPLC purity: >98.5%

Stage – 2: Preparation of crude fluvoxamine maleate formula I

To a prepared solution of dimethyl sulphoxide (575 ml), potassium hydroxide flakes ( 1 14.64 gm) and water (69 ml), stage-1 (1 15 gm) was added at temperature 40-45°C. The reaction mixture was stirred to get clear solution followed by adding 2-chloroethylamine hydrochloride (86.36 gm) drop wise into the reaction mixture at temperature 40-45°C and maintained for 1 -2 hour. Water (1 150 ml) was added in to the reaction mixture at temperature 25-30°C and stirred for 20-25 minutes. Then toluene (575 ml x 2) was added and stirred for 30 minutes and preceded for separation of layers followed by washing the toluene layer with water ( 1 1 50 x 5 ml). The solution of maleic acid (48.47 gm) dissolved in water (98 ml) was added into above obtained toluene layer and stirred at temperature 25-30°C for 2-3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0-5°C and maintained for 30-40 minutes at the same temperature. The obtained material was washed with toluene, filtered and suck dried. The wet cake was then added hexane (600 ml) and stirred for 30 minutes at temperature 25-30°C, filtered, washed with hexane and dried to get 161 gm of title compound. HPLC purity: >98.5%

Stage – 3: Preparation of pure fluvoxamine maleate formula I

In to the reaction assembly, water (600 ml) was added and heated to 40-45°C. Stage -2 ( 1 50 gm) was added into the hot water under stirring. The reaction mixture was stirred for 5- 10 minutes, filtered and cooled to 25°C. Toluene (68 ml) was added into the reaction mixture at temperature 25°C and stirred for 30 minutes. Filtered the solid, washed with 10-15°C chilled water and dried to get the pure 127.5 gm fluvoxamine maleate. HPLC purity: >99.8%

Process for isolation of 5-methoxy-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pentan-1-one formula II

To a solution of cone. HCl (600 ml) and water ( 160 ml), organic residue (250 gm) of ( 1 £)+( 1 Z) of 1 -N-hydroxy-5-methoxy- 1 -[4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]pentan-1 -imine and traces of 5-methoxy- 1 -[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pentan- 1-one (obtained after hexane recovery from stage-1 filtrate) was added at temperature 25-30°C under stirring. The reaction mixture was heated to 67-75°C and maintained for 13-14 hours followed by cool ing the reaction mixture at temperature 25-30°C. Then after hexane (500 x 2 ml) was added into the reaction mixture and stirred for 15 minutes at 25-30°C. The organic layers were separated and sodium bicarbonate solution (25 gm sodium bicarbonate dissolved in 250 ml water) was added into the hexane layer and stirred for 15 minutes. The layers were separated and water (250ml) was added into hexane layer and stirred for 15 minutes at temperature 25-30°C. Further the layers were separated and hexane layer was added activated charcoal ( 12.5 gm) and stirred for 20-30 minutes at temperature 30-35°C. The reaction mixture was filtered and stirred for 5-10 minutes at 25-30°C followed by cooling at 0 to -5°C and stirred for 30-40 minutes at 0 to -5°C. The reaction mixture was filtered and dried to get 150 to l 75 gm of title compound. HPLC purity: >99%.

PATENT

 US 20140243544

 IN 2013MU01290/WO 2014178064

WO 2014035107

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/US9783492B2/en

Fluvoxamine or (E)-5-methoxy-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pentan-1-one-O-2-aminoethyl oxime is an antidepressant which functions as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Fluvoxamine is used for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and anxiety disorders such as panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Fluvoxamine CR (controlled release) is approved to treat social anxiety disorder.

Fluvoxamine maleate and compounds were first disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,085,225. According to said patent, Fluvoxamine maleate prepared by alkylation reaction of 5-methoxy-4′-trifluoromethylvalerophenone oxime, compound of formula III with 2-chloroethylamine hydrochloride in dimethylformamide in the presence of a base such as potassium hydroxide powder for two days at 25° C.

Subsequently the solvent is removed under vacuum then the residue is acidified and extracted with ether to remove the unreacted oxime followed by basification. The obtained fluvoxamine base in ether extract is washed with sodium bicarbonate solution. The fluvoxamine base is then treated with maleic acid in absolute ethanol and the residue obtained by concentration under vacuum is recrystallized from acetonitrile to obtain fluvoxamine maleate. The process is very much tedious, time consuming as it requires two days for the reaction completion. Operations like removal of dimethylformamide, ether, ethanol makes process cumbersome at plant level. Requirement of various solvents lead the process to be non-eco-friendly. Moreover the patent is silent about yield and purity of the product.

In an alternate route described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,085,225, the mine of formula III is converted to formula I in a five step process i.e. alkylation of formula III with ethylene oxide. The reaction solvent is ethanol in which lithium is already dissolved. The reaction further involves addition of acetic acid to give the hydroxyethyl compound of formula A as oil. The compound of formula A is purified chromatographically over the silica gel, which is converted to a mesylate compound of formula B by treating with methanesulfonyl chloride and triethylamine at −5 to 0° C., then aminated with ammonia in methanol at 100° C. using autoclave for 16 hours followed by removal of methanol and extraction in ether to give fluvoxamine base.

The base is then converted to the maleate salt formula I, which is finally purified by recrystallization from acetonitrile.

There are lots of disadvantages in like more unit operations, use of various solvents and handling of ethylene oxide which is also known for its carcinogen effect. More unit operations lead to long occupancy of reactors in the plant as well as man power, high energy consumption and require bigger plant. These all parameters make the process commercially unviable as well as environmentally non-feasible. Further, purification of the compound of formula A requires cumbersome technique i.e chromatography over silica gel as well as lengthy work-up procedure in U.S. Pat. No. 4,085,225 requires complete removal of organic solvents at various stages.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,433,225 discloses the process for preparing fluvoxamine maleate, prepared by alkylating 5-methoxy-4′-trifluoromethylvalerophenone oxime compound of formula III with 2-chloroethylamine hydrochloride in toluene and PEG-400 (polyethyleneglycol-400) as facilitator in the presence of a base potassium hydroxide powder at 30-35°C. to obtain fluvoxamine base in toluene layer is then treated with maleic acid in water. The precipitated fluvoxamine maleate is filtered and washed with toluene and dried. The obtained dried cake recrystallized with water to get fluvoxamine maleate. The process disclosed in the patent is silent about actual purity of the product. As per our scientist’s observation alkylation reaction at the temperature of 30-35° C. may lead to non completion of reaction and results lower yield. Additional step of purification may further lead to loss of yield.

EXAMPLES

Stage-1: Preparation of (1 E)-N-hydroxy-5-methoxy-1-(4-trifluoromethyl phenyl)pentan-1-imine Formula III

To a stirred solution of 5-methoxy-1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)pentan-1one (150 gm) in methanol (750 ml), sodium carbonate (granule) (72 gm) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (59.64 gm) were added at temperature 25-30° C. The reaction mass was heated 45-50° C. for 10-15 minutes followed by maintaining the reaction mass at temperature 45-50° C. for 8-9 hours under stirring. The reaction mass was cooled to 25-30° C. and filtered under vacuum to remove unreacted inorganic matter, then distilled out the methanol completely from the collected filtrate under vacuum at temperature below 50° C. The obtained slurry was cooled to 25-30° C. and water (300 ml) was added into the residue followed by the addition of hexane (300×2 ml) and stirred for 30 minutes. The layers were separated. The collected organic layer was stirred for 5-10 minutes at temperature 25-30° C. followed by cooling the mass at temperature −5° C. to −10° C., stirred for 30-40 minutes and filtered at the same temperature. The product was suck dried at −5 to −10° C. and further in vacuum at 25-30° C. for 2-3 hours to give 138-142 gm of title compound. HPLC purity: >98.5%

Stage-2: Preparation of Crude Fluvoxamine Maleate Formula I

To a prepared solution of dimethyl sulphoxide (575 ml), potassium hydroxide flakes (114.64 gm) and water (69 ml), stage-1 (115 gm) was added at temperature 40-45° C. The reaction mixture was stirred to get clear solution followed by adding 2-chloroethylamine hydrochloride (8636 gm) drop wise into the reaction mixture at temperature 40-45° C. and maintained for 1-2 hour. Water (1150 ml) was added in to the reaction mixture at temperature 25-30° C. and stirred for 20-25 minutes. Then toluene (575 ml×2) was added and stirred for 30 minutes and preceded for separation of layers followed by washing the toluene layer with water (1150×5 ml). The solution of maleic acid (48.47 gm) dissolved in water (98 ml) was added into above obtained toluene layer and stirred at temperature 25-30° C. for 2-3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0-5° C. and maintained for 30-40 minutes at the same temperature. The obtained material was washed with toluene, filtered and such dried. The wet cake was then added hexane (600 ml) and stirred for 30 minutes at temperature 25-30° C., filtered, washed with hexane and dried to get 161 gm of title compound. HPLC purity: >98.5%

Stage-3: Preparation of Pure Fluvoxamine Maleate Formula I

In to the reaction assembly, water (600 ml) was added and heated to 40-45° C. Stage-2 (150 gm) was added into the hot water under stirring. The reaction mixture was stirred for 5-10 minutes, filtered and cooled to 25° C. Toluene (68 ml) was added into the reaction mixture at temperature 25° C. and stirred for 30 minutes. Filtered the solid, washed with 10-15° C. chilled water and dried to get the pure 127.5 gm fluvoxamine maleate. HPLC purity: >99.8%

Process for isolation of 5-methoxy-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pentan-1-one Formula II

To a solution of conc. HCl (600 ml) and water (160 organic residue (250 gm) of (1 E)+(1 Z) of 1-N-hydroxy-5-methoxy-1-[4trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pentan-1-imine and traces of 5-methoxy-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pentan-1-one (obtained after hexane recovery from stage-1 filtrate) was added at temperature 25-30° C. under stirring. The reaction mixture was heated to 67-75° C. and maintained for 13-14 hours followed by cooling the reaction mixture at temperature 25-30° C. Then after hexane (500×2 ml) was added into the reaction mixture and stirred for 15 minutes at 25-30° C. The organic layers were separated and sodium bicarbonate solution (25 gm sodium bicarbonate dissolved in 250 ml water) was added into the hexane layer and stirred for 15 minutes. The layers were separated and water (250 ml) was added into hexane layer and stirred for 15 minutes at temperature 25-30° C. Further the layers were separated and hexane layer was added activated charcoal (12.5 gm) and stirred for 20-30 minutes at temperature 30-35° C. The reaction mixture was filtered and stirred for 5-10 minutes at 25-30° C. followed by cooling at 0 to −5° C. and stirred for 30-40 minutes at 0 to −5° C. The reaction mixture was filtered and dried to get 150 to 175 gm of title compound. HPLC purity: >99%.
Claims (5)Hide Dependent 

We claim:1. An improved process for the preparation of fluvoxamine maleate of formula I,

wherein the improvements comprises the steps of:a). condensing the compound of formula II,

with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of sodium carbonate granules at temperature 45-50° C. in suitable solvent to form a compound of formula III, wherein the compound of formula III comprises a mixture of (1E)+(1Z) isomers of 1-N-hydroxy-5-methoxy-1-[4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pentan-1-imine, and wherein the mixture of (1E)+(1Z) isomers of 1-N-hydroxy-5-methoxy-1-[4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pentan-1-imine comprises 98% of E-isomer and 2% of Z-isomer;

b). isolating compound of formula III;c). treating compound of formula III with 2-chloroethylamine hydrochloride in the presence of base in suitable solvent at 40-45° C. to form compound of formula IV;

d). extracting compound of formula IV with suitable solvent to form an organic layer;e). treating organic layer of step d) with maleic acid;f). isolating crude fluvoxamine maleate of formula I; andg). optionally purifying fluvoxamine maleate of formula I.

2. The process according to claim 1, wherein in step a), said suitable solvent is selected from the group consisting of alcohol, ketone, nitrile, and hydrocarbons in any suitable proportion or mixtures thereof;in step c), said base is selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, lithium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, lithium bicarbonate, triethylamine and diisopropylethyamine;in step c), said solvent is selected from the group consisting of dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) in any suitable proportion or mixtures thereof; andin step d) said suitable solvent is selected from the group consisting of toluene and xylene.3. A process for the isolation of 5-methoxy-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pentan-1-one of formula II from mixture of (1E)+(1Z) of 1-N -hydroxy-5-methoxy-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]pentan-1-imine of formula III by treating compound of formula III with aqueous hydrochloric acid, wherein the mixture of (1E)+(1Z) of 1-N-hydroxy-5-methoxy-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]pentan-1-imine of formula III comprises 98% of E-isomer and 2% of Z-isomer.4. The process according to claim 3, wherein the reaction is performed at temperature 65-75°C.5. The process according to claim 1, wherein in step a), said suitable solvent is methanol. 
Publication numberPriority datePublication dateAssigneeTitleUS4081551A *1975-03-201978-03-28U.S. Philips CorporationOxime ethers having anti-depressive activityUS4085225A1975-03-201978-04-18U.S. Philips CorporationOxime ethers having anti-depressive activityCN1079733A *1993-04-081993-12-22中国科学院成都有机化学研究所The synthetic method of a-benzoin oximeUS6433225B11999-11-122002-08-13Sun Pharamaceutical Industries, Ltd.Process for the preparation of fluvoxazmine maleateCN101654419A *2009-09-122010-02-24西北师范大学Preparation method of fluvoxamine maleate 
SynUS 6433225 SUN 

SYN US 4085225

SYNGB 1535226

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External links

• “Fluvoxamine”. Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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