Blarcamesine
ブラルカメシン;
[(2,2-diphenyloxolan-3-yl)methyl]dimethylamine
- Anavex 2-73
- Tetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenyl-3-furanemethanamine
- THD-DP-FM
- AE-37 / AE37 / ANAVEX 2-73 FREE BASE
- UNII 9T210MMZ3F
| Formula |
C19H23NO
|
|---|---|
| Cas |
195615-83-9
195615-84-0 HCL
|
| Mol weight |
281.392
|
Treatment of Rett syndrome, Investigated for use/treatment in breast cancer.
Anti-amnesic, Muscarinic/sigma receptor agonist
- Originator Anavex Life Sciences
- Developer ABX-CRO; Anavex Life Sciences; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinsons Research
- Class Antidementias; Antidepressants; Antiepileptic drugs; Antiparkinsonians; Anxiolytics; Behavioural disorder therapies; Dimethylamines; Furans; Neuroprotectants; Neuropsychotherapeutics; Nootropics; Small molecules
- Mechanism of Action Muscarinic receptor modulators; Sigma-1 receptor agonists
- Orphan Drug Status Yes – Epilepsy; Rett syndrome
- Phase II/III Alzheimer’s disease
- Phase II Parkinson’s disease; Rett syndrome
- Preclinical Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Angelman syndrome; Anxiety disorders; Autistic disorder; Fragile X syndrome; Multiple sclerosis
- No development reported Cognition disorders; Epilepsy; Stroke
- 28 Oct 2019 No recent reports of development identified for phase-I development in Cognition-disorders in USA
- 09 Oct 2019 Anavex Life Sciences initiates enrolment in the long term extension ATTENTION-AD trial for Alzheimer’s disease in (country/ies)
- 02 Oct 2019 Anavex Life Sciences has patent protection covering compositions of matter and methods of treating Alzheimer’s disease for blarcamesine in USA
- Anavex Life Sciences is developing ANAVEX-2-73 and its active metabolite ANAVEX-19-144, for treating Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, stroke and Rett syndrome.
ANAVEX2-73 is an experimental drug is in Phase II trials for Alzheimer’s disease, phase I trials for epilepsy, and in preclinical trials for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Rett syndrome, stroke.[1][2] ANAVEX2-73 acts as a muscarinic receptor and a moderate sigma1 receptor agonist.[1] ANAVEX2-73 may function as a pro-drug for ANAVEX19-144 as well as a drug itself. ANAVEX19-144 is the active metabolite of ANAVEX 1-41, which is similar to ANAVEX2-73 but it is not as selective for sigma receptor.[2]
Properties and uses
ANAVEX2-73 has an inhibitory constant (ki) lower than 500 nM for all M1–M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes, demonstrating that it acts as a powerful antimuscarinic compound.[2] ANAVEX2-73 was originally tested in mice against the effect of the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine, which induces learning impairment.[1] M1 receptor agonists are known to reverse the amnesia caused by scopolamine.[3] Scopolamine is used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and motion sickness by reducing the secretions of the stomach and intestines and can also decreases nerve signals to the stomach.[3] This is via competitive inhibition of muscarinic receptors.[3] Muscarinic receptors are involved in the formation of both short term and long term memories.[1] Experiments in mice have found that M1 and M3 receptor agonists inhibit the formation of amyloid-beta and target GSK-3B.[clarification needed]Furthermore, stimulation of the M1 receptor activates AF267B, which in turn blocks β-secretase, which cleaves the amyloid precursor protein to produce the amyloid-beta peptide. These amyloid-beta peptides aggregate together to form plaques. This enzyme[clarification needed] is involved in the formation of Tau plaques, which are common in Alzheimer’s disease.[clarification needed][4]Therefore. M1 receptor activation appears to decreases tau hyperphosphorylation and amyloid-beta accumulation.[4]
Sigma1 activation appears to be only involved in long-term memory processes. This partly explains why ANAVEX2-73 seems to be more effective in reversing scopolamine-induced long-term memory problems compared to short-term memory deficits.[1] The sigma-1 receptor is located on mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes and modulates the ER stress response and local calcium exchanges with the mitochondria. ANAVEX2-73 prevented Aβ25-35-induced increases in lipid peroxidation levels, Bax/Bcl-2ratio and cytochrome c release into the cytosol, which are indicative of elevated toxicity.[clarification needed] ANAVEX2-73 inhibits mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction and therefore prevents against oxidative stress and apoptosis. This drug prevented the appearance of oxidative stress. ANAVEX2-73 also exhibits anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant activity. This is due in part because sigma-1 agonists stimulate the anti-apoptoic factor Bcl-2 due to reactive oxygen species dependent transcriptional activation of nuclear factor kB.[5] Results from Marice (2016) demonstrate that sigma1 compounds offer a protective potential, both alone and possibly with other agents like donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, or the memantine, a NMDA receptor antagonist.[6]
PATENT
WO9730983
PATENT
Novel crystalline forms of A2-73 (blarcamesine hydrochloride, ANAVEX2-73, AV2-73), a mixed muscarinic receptor ligand and Sig-1 R agonist useful for treating Alzheimer’s disease.
PATENT
WO2017013498
SYN
By Foscolos, George B. et alFrom Farmaco, 51(1), 19-26; 1996
References
- ^ Jump up to:a b c “ANAVEX 2-73 – AdisInsight”. Adisinsight.springer.com. Retrieved 2016-05-25.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Malviya, M; Kumar, YC; Asha, D; Chandra, JN; Subhash, MN; Rangappa, KS (2008). “Muscarinic receptor 1 agonist activity of novel N-arylthioureas substituted 3-morpholino arecoline derivatives in Alzheimer’s presenile dementia models”. Bioorg Med Chem. 16: 7095–7101. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.06.053.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Leal, NS; Schreiner, B; Pinho, CM; Filadi, R; Wiehager, B; Karlström, H; Pizzo, P; Ankarcrona, M (2016). “Mitofusin-2 knockdown increases ER-mitochondria contact and decreases amyloid β-peptide production”. J Cell Mol Med. 20: 1686–1695. doi:10.1111/jcmm.12863. PMC 4988279. PMID 27203684.
- ^ Lahmy, V; Long, R; Morin, D; Villard, V; Maurice, T (2015-09-28). “Mitochondrial protection by the mixed muscarinic/σ1 ligand ANAVEX2-73, a tetrahydrofuran derivative, in Aβ25-35 peptide-injected mice, a nontransgenic Alzheimer’s disease model”. Front Cell Neurosci. 8: 463. doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00463. PMC 4299448. PMID 25653589.
- ^ Maurice, T (2015-09-28). “Protection by sigma-1 receptor agonists is synergic with donepezil, but not with memantine, in a mouse model of amyloid-induced memory impairments”. Behav. Brain Res. 296: 270–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.09.020. PMID 26386305.
//////////Blarcamesine, ブラルカメシン , Orphan Drug Status, PHASE 2
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